英語長難句翻譯.doc

32. If the journalism did notice the essence of this issue , it would open up its diversity program, now focused narrowly on race and gender, and look for reporters who differ broadly by outlook, values, education, and class.【詞匯突破】diversity 多樣性differ 不同（不及物動詞）：例.Tastes differ.蘿卜青菜各有所愛。outlook 世界觀values 價值觀【主干識別】it would open up its diversity program and look for reporters.并列動詞【其他成分】If this group did notice the real difference 狀語從句；now focused narrowly on race and gender 過去分詞作狀語；who differ broadly by outlook, values, education, and class. 定語從句作后置定語?！倦y點揭秘】后置定語過長，影響對并列動詞的識別造成閱讀的難點。 56. Surely there is no more commanding moral imperative for people in the west than to urge each other, and their governments, to bring relief to the worlds poorest. 【詞匯突破】imperative 必須的，必須做的事，原則（常見的是形容詞性，但是這里是名詞表示必須做的事） commanding 急迫的，緊迫的 urge 敦促relief 援助 【主干識別】there is no more commanding moral imperative 【其他成分】for people in the west 狀語；than to urge each other, and their governments, to bring relief to the worlds poorest狀語。 【微觀解析】句中的比較對象為：any moral imperative 和to urge each other, and their governments, to bring relief to the worlds poorest 比較內(nèi)容為：commanding 急迫; 比較結(jié)果為：to urge each other, and their governments, to bring relief to the worlds poorest最為急迫. 【難點解析】確定出比較的三要素是這個句子理解的難點，加上no以后就確定出than之后的內(nèi)15. But the human mind can glimpse a rapidly changing scene and immediately disregard the 98 percent that is irrelevant, instantaneously focusing on the monkey at the side of a winding forest road or the single suspicious face in a big crowd.【詞匯突破】glimpse 快速的看一眼；disregard 拋棄，丟棄irrelevant 不相干instantaneously 立即winding 蜿蜒曲折的suspicious 可疑的【主干識別】the human mind can glimpse a rapidly changing scene and immediately disregard the 98 percent并列的兩個動詞glimpse和disregard【其他成分】that is irrelevant 修飾 the 98percent; focusing on the monkey at the side of a winding forest road or the single suspicious face in a big crowd. 現(xiàn)在分詞短語作狀語，focus 的動作發(fā)出者就是句子主語human mind?！疚⒂^解析】the monkey or the single suspicious face 為focus on 的并列賓語【難點揭秘】動詞的并列在主句中出現(xiàn)；而在現(xiàn)在分詞短語中出現(xiàn)并列賓語；【譯文賞析】但是人類的大腦可以只迅速地瞟一眼一個快速改變的場面，然后立刻放棄98的不相關(guān)信息，而馬上聚焦于一條崎嶇森林道路邊的一只猴子，或者在茫茫人海中的一張可疑的臉。16. A comparison of British geological publications over the last century and a half reveals not simply an increasing emphasis on the primacy of research, but also a changing definition of what constitutes an acceptable research paper.【詞匯突破】reveal 揭露 constitutes 包含primacy 重要性，首要地位【主干識別】A comparison reveals notbut also 主謂賓結(jié)構(gòu)【其他成分】of British geological publications定語修飾comparison, over the last century and a half定語修飾publications，an increasing emphasis on the primacy of research賓語，a changing definition of what constitutes an acceptable research paper并列賓語【微觀解析】an increasing emphasis on the primacy of research其中on the primacy of research修飾emphasis;research修飾definition ; what 引導(dǎo)一個賓語從句作of 的賓語，what為賓語從句中的主語?！倦y點揭秘】出現(xiàn)并列的賓語并且在賓語中的定語又出現(xiàn)一個賓語從句，這樣就增加了句子的復(fù)雜性，并且在句中出現(xiàn)了好幾個動態(tài)名詞。45. This, for those as yet unaware of such a disadvantage, refers to discrimination against those whose surnames begin with a letter in the lower half of the alphabet.【詞匯突破】discrimination：歧視alphabet：字母表【主干識別】This refers to discrimination against those加定語從句【其他成分】for those as yet unaware of such a disadvantage：插入語，可改寫為：for those who are unaware of such a disadvantage as yet理解起來會方便很多；as yet至今；whose surnames begin with a letter in the lower half of the alphabet定語從句?！疚⒂^解析】若是對于句中的插入語理解起來有困難，不妨試著改變它的句式結(jié)構(gòu)，將長定語還原為定語從句，而這種方法的逆向思維可以與寫作相結(jié)合，使文章的句式更加靈活多變?！倦y點揭秘】較長插入語的出現(xiàn)會混淆視聽，不容易把握主干。5. Much of the language used to describe monetary policy, such as steering the economy to a soft landing or a touch on the brakes , makes it sound like a precise science. Nothing could be further from the truth.【詞匯突破】steer 指揮，控制precise 精確的【主干識別】Much of the language makes it sound like precise science.主+謂+賓+賓補結(jié)構(gòu)【其他成分】used to describe monetary policy過去分詞短語做后置定語修飾the language；such as “steering the economy to a soft landing ”or “ a touch on the brakes”形容詞短語；形容詞短語做后置定語修飾the language33. Sad to say, this project has turned out to be mostly low-level findings about factual errors and spelling and grammar mistakes, combined with lots of head-scratching puzzlement about what in the world those readers really want.【詞匯突破】head-scratching：令人頭疼的puzzlement困惑【主干識別】This project has turned out to be findings 加上后面一系列的對于findings的修飾?！酒渌煞帧縮ad to say 插入語，遺憾的說。combined with lots of head-scratching puzzlement 非謂語結(jié)構(gòu)做定語（這里修飾的是findings）；about what in the world those readers really want.定語從句修飾puzzlement；in the world 做插入語。從句的主干為：what those readers really want.【微觀解析】factual errors and spelling and grammar mistakes。這個并列結(jié)構(gòu)是factual errors和spelling and grammar mistakes的并列。combined with 相當(dāng)一個連詞?！倦y點揭秘】非謂語結(jié)構(gòu)的加入會導(dǎo)致解析起來比較困難。43The notion is that people have failed to detect the massive changes which have happened in the ocean because they have been looking back only a relatively short time into the past.【詞匯突破】 detect ：檢測，偵查massive：巨大的，大規(guī)模的（寫作中可用到的替換詞）【主干識別】The notion is that 加表語從句【其他成分】people have failed to detect the massive changes 表語從句（表語從句是對主語的闡釋。）；which have happened in the ocean 定語從句，修飾為changes；because they have been looking back only a relatively short time into the past原因狀語從句?！疚⒂^解析】句子的主干是The notion is that+表語從句，而定語從句則是修飾表語從句中的一個詞，因此在理解翻譯時需要注意主次關(guān)系。對于fail這一類帶有否定意味的詞可直接作為not來理解。relatively 修飾short .【難點揭秘】原句中的從句較多，需要有層次的去理解，42. Apart from the fact that twenty-seven acts of Parliament govern the terms of advertising, no regular advertiser dare promote a product that fails to live up to the promise of his advertisements.【詞匯突破】apart from 除開；相當(dāng)于besides; in addition to 的意思。promote 促銷 parliament：議會live up to：不辜負，在翻譯時常處理為符合【主干識別】no regular advertiser dare promote a product 加定語從句【其他成分】Apart from the fact 介詞結(jié)構(gòu)作狀語；that twenty-seven acts of Parliament govern the terms of advertising同位語從句對fact的進一步闡釋；that fails to live up to the promise of his advertisements定語從句，修飾product。【難點揭秘】這句話的主干較為清晰，復(fù)雜的地方在于多重的否定。我們可以找到no和fail這兩個具有否定意思的詞，根據(jù)漢語知識可知雙重否定為肯定，這樣一來句意就會清楚很多。對于否定詞的敏感度不夠會造成歧義。狀語部分的識別也有一定難度、14. But if robots are to reach the next stage of laborsaving utility, they will have to operate with less human supervision and be able to make at least a few decisions for them- selvesgoals that pose a real challenge.【詞匯突破】utility 運用 supervision 監(jiān)管【主干識別】they will have to operate and be able to make a few decisions. 并列的兩個謂語由and 連接；【其他成分】But if robots are to reach the next stage of laborsaving utility狀語；with less human supervision狀語；at least狀語；goals that pose a real challenge整個句子的同位語?！疚⒂^解析】同位語goals 被定語從句修飾；【難點揭秘】動詞的并列，狀語的隔離；同位語的識別需要關(guān)注。34. New ways of organizing the workplace-all that reengineering and downsizing-are only one contribution to the overall productivity of an economy, which is driven by many other factors such as joint investment in equipment and machinery, new technology, and investment in education and training.【詞匯突破】re-engineering and downsizing 重新設(shè)計、縮小規(guī)模contribution 原因和因素【主干識別】New ways of organizing the workplace are only one contribution to the overall productivity of an economy.主系表結(jié)構(gòu)【其他成分】 all that re-engineering and downsizing 同位語；which is driven by many other factors such as joint investment in equipment and machinery, new technology, and investment in education and training.非限定性定語從句?！疚⒂^解析】such as 做后置定語【難點揭秘】后置定語從句和后置定語的冗長會產(chǎn)生一定的閱讀障礙13. One leading authority says that these intensely powerful mental events can be not only harnessed but actually brought under conscious control, to help us sleep and feel better.【詞匯突破】authority 權(quán)威harness 使停止的意思；和stop 可以互換但是更加正式的表達；還有一個單詞是curb，這個單詞表示控制的意思相當(dāng)于control，原意是韁繩的意思，這個單詞為考研高頻詞。conscious 有意識的intensely powerful mental event在原文中就等于dreams;【主干識別】one leading authority says that+賓語從句；【其他成分】賓語從句的主干是these intensely powerful mental events can be not only harnessed but actually brought under conscious control; 并列連詞not only but also連接兩個并列的動詞harnessed 和 brought；to help us sleep and feel better 為目的狀語【難點揭秘】動詞的并列造成識別上的困難。47. The true enemies of science, argues Paul Ehrllch of Stanford University, a pioneer of environmental studies, are those who question the evidence supporting global warming, the depletion of the ozone layer and other consequences of industrial growth.【詞匯突破】depletion：消耗（consume的同義替換詞） ozone layer:臭氧層（碰到這種專業(yè)詞匯不要慌張，判斷出它是一個名詞即可） 【主干識別】the enemies are those 加定語從句 【其他成分】argues Paul Ehrllch of Stanford University插入語，相當(dāng)于上一句中的says Hofstadter，of Stanford University做定語修飾Paul Ehrllch；a pioneer of environmental studies：插入語；who question the evidence supporting global warming, the depletion of the ozone layer and other consequences of industrial growth定語從句修飾those。 【微觀解析】a pioneer of environmental studies插入語，改寫為who is a pioneer of environmental studies就 可以很快判斷出它是修飾Paul Ehrllch的，而并非是句子的主語。定語從句中supporting global warming作evidence的定語（仍舊是修飾形式的變化）。 【難點揭秘】在這個句子中，關(guān)于Paul Ehrllch的修飾成分作為插入語造成了主干隔離。句子的后半部分，定語從句中修飾evidence的定語以非謂語的形式出現(xiàn)。另外由于插入語的存在可能會導(dǎo)致判斷主語的失誤從而句意理解錯誤。54. A home without love is no more a home than a body without a soul is a man . 【主干識別】A home without love is no more a home. 【其他成分】than a body without a soul is a man狀語從句 【難點揭秘】這個句子難點在于no more than結(jié)構(gòu)的用法： （1）如果是對數(shù)量進行修飾的時候，no more than = only, 意為“僅僅，只有”，例如：There are no more than ten people in the room.（房間里只有十個人。） （2）在程度上進行比較時，no more than有“兩者都不”之意，表示說話者主觀上嫌其少（差、不足、 不好）等，例如：This book is no more interesting than that one.（這兩本書都沒趣。） 也就是說這個結(jié)構(gòu)在程度比較的時候than后面所接的句子或其他成分都受到了前面否定詞no的限制，例如：I can run no faster than he can.（我跑的不快，他跑的也不快。） 分為兩個句子為： i）A home without love is not home ii）A body without a soul is not a man. 用no more than 結(jié)構(gòu)連起來就成了上面的句子。任何固定結(jié)構(gòu)其實都是從簡單到復(fù)雜的一個過程，任何結(jié)構(gòu)都是可以從最基本的句子成分入手進行解析的。35. President Bush campaigned to move Social Security to a saving-account model, with retirees trading much or all of their guaranteed payments for payments depending on investment returns.【詞匯突破】 campaigned to do 致力于. (寫作替換詞：devote to，focus on, dedicate oneself to) social Security 社會保障 saving-account model 賬戶儲蓄模式(如果不能準確的理解這個詞的意思，提取主干時去掉它也不會有影響，只要理解是一種模式就好。)trade 交換 guaranteed 保障，確保 swear to , guarant to , assure to 都是保障和確保的意思?！局鞲勺R別】Bush campaigned to move Social Security to a model加獨立主格結(jié)構(gòu)【其他成分】with retirees trading much or all of their guaranteed payments for payments。depending on investment returns。在這里需要搞清楚獨立主格的本質(zhì)，就是將兩個主語不同但有內(nèi)在邏輯聯(lián)系的句子合為一個句子，因而這個結(jié)構(gòu)便可理解為retirees traded much or all of their guaranteed payments for payments。 depending on investment returns非謂語作后置定語修飾payments。【微觀解析】理解含有獨立主格的句子的關(guān)鍵在于分割，要將with后面的句子還原，單獨翻譯。而對payments修飾若是變?yōu)槎ㄕZ從句則為 which depended on investment returns.這種對于名詞修飾形式的轉(zhuǎn)變可以靈活的運用于寫作中的?！倦y點揭秘】獨立主格的存在會使直接翻譯略顯僵化。36. Its all deliciously ironic when you consider that Shakespeare, who earns their living, was himself an actor (with a beard) and did his share of noise-making.【詞匯突破】deliciously 美味的，但在這個句子里若是這樣翻譯就太死板了。在無法準確的理解副詞意思的情況下，大可將其做very 來理解【主干識別】it is ironic+時間狀語從句【其他成分】when you consider that 時間狀語從句；who earns their living 非限制性定語從句，修飾Shakespeare，它的特殊之處在于處于主謂之間，起到了主謂隔離的作用，這樣處理使句子內(nèi)部長短相間，錯落有致，寫作中可以靈活運用?！疚⒂^解析】首先要找清楚Shakespeare所搭配的動詞是 was,而且was himself an actor (with a beard) and did his share of noise-making.這個句子是強調(diào)句（部分強調(diào)），可還原為when you consider that Shakespeare was an actor (with a beard) and his share of noise-making.其次再找定語從句who earns their living的修飾對象是Shakespeare?！倦y點揭秘】這個句子的巧妙之處在于定語從句的位置以及為配合語氣所做的強調(diào)處理，建議寫作時適當(dāng)運用.24. Although it ruled that there is no constitutional right to physician-assisted suicide, the Court in effect supported the medical principle of double effect, a centuries-old moral principle holding that an action having two effectsa good one that is intended and a harmful one that is foreseenis permissible if the actor intends only the good effect./color/u【詞匯突破】constitutional 憲法的physician-assisted suicide 醫(yī)生幫助下的自殺permissible 可以被允許的【主干識別】the Court supported the medical principle of double effect 主謂賓結(jié)構(gòu)【其他成分】Although it ruled that there is no constitutional right to physician-assisted suicide狀語從句；in effect作狀語；a centuries-old moral principle holding that an action having two effectsa good one that is intended and a harmful one that is foreseenis permissible if the actor intends only the good effect整個都是the medical principle of double effect 的同位語?！疚⒂^解析】a centuries-old moral principle其后被 holding that an action having two effectsa good one that is intended and a harmful one that is foreseen-is permissible if the actor intends only the good effect. 所修飾。holding that +賓語從句，其中主干為：an action is permissible；having two effects修飾 an action；a good one and a harmful one為two effects的同位語，被that is intended和that is foreseen兩個定語從句所修飾；if the actor intends only the good effect為賓語從句的狀語?！倦y點揭秘】這個句子的復(fù)雜就在于同位語的復(fù)雜，同位語中有現(xiàn)在分詞短語帶上賓語從句，在賓語從句中又出現(xiàn)同位語，同位語中又出現(xiàn)定語從句。這樣的句子雖然復(fù)雜但是還是從最簡單的結(jié)構(gòu)一步步搭建出來的。the Court supported the medical principle of double effect解釋什么叫double effect；“holding that+賓語從句”修飾 double effect；an action having two effects is permissible為賓語從句的主干；a good one that is intended and a harmful one that is foreseen 解釋什么是two effects；if the actor intends only the good effect 為狀語從句。46. From the beginning of our history, says Hofstadter, our democratic and populist urges have driven us to reject anything that smells of elitism.【詞匯突破】democratic：民主的populist：平民主義的 【主干識別:】our democratic and populist urges have driven us to reject anything+定語從句【其他成分】says Hofstadter插入語；our democratic and populist urges have driven us to可提煉出sth has driven sb to do 這個句型；that smells of elitism定語從句，修飾anything。（注意smell的介詞搭配） 【微觀解析】若是覺得插入語干擾了正常的理解，可將這個句子變?yōu)镠ofstadter aid ,”From the beginning of our history, our democratic and populist urges havedriven us to reject anything that smells of elitism?！边@樣的由直接引語構(gòu)成的賓語從句會降低句子的難度 【難點揭秘】靈活的利用插入語改變句式是這個句子給我們的啟示37. To those who are unaware that animal research was needed to produce these treatments, as well as new treatments and vaccines, animal research seems wasteful at best and cruel at worst.【詞匯突破】 vaccines 疫苗unaware 沒有注意到cruel殘忍【主干識別】animal research seems wasteful at best and cruel at worst 加定語從句【其他成分】who are unaware that 定語從句；that animal research was needed to produce these treatments賓語從句，to produce these treatments表示目的的不定式；these treatments, as well as new treatments and vaccines三個事物的并列，理解為these treatments 和new treatments and vaccines的并列?！疚⒂^解析】句子的語序若是調(diào)整為animal research seemsto those who這樣的結(jié)構(gòu)會更加的條理。進而再解析其中的定語從句，以及定語從句中的賓語從句?！倦y點揭秘】 原句中的語序調(diào)整，以及狀語部分的長度會給找句子主干帶來困難。48. The test of any democratic society, he wrote in a Wall Street Journal column, lies not in how well it can control expression but in whether it gives freedom of thought and expression the widest possible latitude, however disputable or irritating the results may sometimes be.【詞匯突破】Wall Street Journal：華爾街日報 latitude：緯度（the widest possible latitude：盡可能大的自由，寫作中可運用。） 【主干識別】the test lies in 加賓語從句。 【其他成分】he wrote in a Wall Street Journal column插入語；lies not inbut in（是在于而不在于），寫作句式，在理解句意時大可忽略not 后的內(nèi)容而關(guān)注but后的內(nèi)容。how well it can control expression賓語從句；whether it gives freedom of thought and expression the widest possible latitude賓語從句，however disputable or irritating the results may sometimes be.讓步狀語從句，注意however的用法在前面狀語部分的第六個例句有詳細的講解。 【微觀解析】賓語從句主干為 whether it gives freedom the widest possible latitude. give sb sth 是我們熟悉的表達，但是give sth sth 也是同樣可以的。調(diào)整插入語的位置可較容易的找到句子主干，要清楚notbut結(jié)構(gòu)中強調(diào)的but后面的內(nèi)容，同時準確把握從句的主干。 【難點揭秘】特殊的句式，較長的從句會使句子理解起來比較困難。55. Certainly people do not seem less interested in success and its signs now than formerly：summer homes, European travel, BMWsthe locations, place names and name brands may change, but such items do not seem less in demand today than a decade or two years ago. 【詞匯突破】sign 標(biāo)志summer home 避暑山莊 【主干識別】people do not seem less interested in success and its signs 【其他成分】now than formerly狀語；冒號后的句子summer homes, European travel, BMWsthe locations, place names and name brands may change, but such items do not seem less in demand today than a decade or two years ago.對前面主句進行解釋。 【微觀解析】summer homes, European travel, BMWs名詞詞組表示列舉，松散的句子結(jié)構(gòu)?！啊敝髏he locations, place names and name brands may change，but such items do not seem less in demand today than a decade or two years ago.對summer homes, European travel, BMWs進行解釋；主句中比較對象為：Now 和formerly；比較內(nèi)容為：人們對這些事物的興趣；比較結(jié)果為：人們的興趣沒有減弱；從句中比較對象為：today 和 a decade or two years ago；比較內(nèi)容是：人們對其的需求程度；比較結(jié)果為：現(xiàn)在的需求也以前的需求是一樣的。 【難點解析】出現(xiàn)比較結(jié)構(gòu)，而比較中又包含有否定；且出現(xiàn)由標(biāo)點引起的松散句子結(jié)構(gòu)，但是在局部的分析中句子結(jié)構(gòu)也是很嚴密的。38. I have discovered, as perhaps Kelsey will after her much-publicized resignation from the editorship of She after a build-up of stress, that abandoning the doctrine of juggling your life, and making the alternative move into downshifting brings with it far greater rewards than financial success and social status.【詞匯突破】 much-publicized：公開的resignation：辭職 build-up: 集結(jié)的，巨大的（寫作詞匯）doctrine：信條downshifting：降檔，這里根據(jù)語境應(yīng)靈活翻譯為悠閑，閑適。【主干識別】I have discovered that 加賓語從句【其他成分】as perhaps Kelsey will after her much-publicized resignation from the editorship of She after a build-up of stress非限制性定語從句，可還原主干為 as Kelsey will （discover），after a build-up of stress作狀語；that后面是一個賓語從句，主干為bandoning the doctrine and making the move brings with it rewards.【微觀解析】解析這個句子應(yīng)該先找discovered后的賓語從句的主干，再解析。of juggling your life是doctrine的定語，far greater rewards than financial success and social status.是關(guān)于回報的一個比較。而as所引導(dǎo)的非限制性定語從句則是對整個句子的一個修飾，應(yīng)放到最后來解析?！倦y點揭秘】過長的狀語時閱讀的一大障礙，as引導(dǎo)的句子中省略了動詞這個句子中的非限制性定語從句中應(yīng)還原discover,且它修飾整個句子。這個知識點常用于寫作當(dāng)中。39. Last year Mitsuo Setoyama, who was then education minister, raised eyebrows when he argued that liberal reforms introduced by the American occupation authorities after World WarII had weakened the Japanese morality of respect for parents.【詞匯突破】argue 認為introduce 制定，引入raised eyebrows: 表示驚訝，不可思議，輿論一片嘩然（把別人的眉毛給抬起了）morality 道德American occupation authorities：美國占領(lǐng)當(dāng)局【主干識別】Mitsuo Setoyama raised eyebrows+時間狀語從句【其他成分】who was then education minister 定語從句，修飾Mitsuo Setoyama；when引導(dǎo)的時間狀語從句的主干為he argued t