高考英語 語法 易錯(cuò)點(diǎn).doc

when和while的區(qū)別when是at or during the time that, 既指時(shí)間點(diǎn)，也可指一段時(shí)間； while是during the time that，只指一段時(shí)間，因此when引導(dǎo)的時(shí)間狀語從句中的動(dòng)詞可以是終止性動(dòng)詞，也可以是延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞，而while從句中的動(dòng)詞必須是延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞。 when 說明從句的動(dòng)作和主句的動(dòng)作可以是同時(shí)，也可以是先后發(fā)生；while 則強(qiáng)調(diào)主句的動(dòng)作在從句動(dòng)作的發(fā)生的過程中或主從句兩個(gè)動(dòng)作同時(shí)發(fā)生。 由when引導(dǎo)的時(shí)間狀語從句，主句用過去進(jìn)行時(shí)，從句應(yīng)用一般過去時(shí)；如果從句和主句的動(dòng)作同時(shí)發(fā)生，兩句都用過去進(jìn)行時(shí)的時(shí)候，多用while引導(dǎo)，如： a. When the teacher came in, we were talking. 當(dāng)此句改變主從句的位置時(shí)，則為： While we were talking, the teacher came in. b. They were singing while we were dancing. when和while 還可作并列連詞。when表示“在那時(shí)”；while表示“而，卻”，表對(duì)照關(guān)系。如： a. The children were running to move the bag of rice when they heard the sound of a motor bike. 孩子們正要跑過去搬開那袋米，這時(shí)他們聽到了摩托車的聲音。 b. He is strong while his brother is weak. 他長(zhǎng)得很結(jié)實(shí)，而他弟弟卻很瘦弱。 具體你可以參考這一段。 when，while，as引導(dǎo)時(shí)間狀語從句的區(qū)別 when，while，as顯然都可以引導(dǎo)時(shí)間狀語從句，但用法區(qū)別非常大。 一、when可以和延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞連用，也可以和短暫性動(dòng)詞連用；而while和as只能和延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞連用。 Why do you want a new job when youve got such a good one already？（get為短暫性動(dòng)詞）你已經(jīng)找到如此好的工作，為何還想再找新的？ Sorry，I was out when you called me（call為短暫性動(dòng)詞）對(duì)不起，你打電話時(shí)我剛好外出了。 Strike while the iron is hot（is為延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞，表示一種持續(xù)的狀態(tài)）趁熱打鐵。 The students took notes as they listened（listen為延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞）學(xué)生們邊聽課邊做筆記。 二、when從句的謂語動(dòng)詞可以在主句謂語動(dòng)作之前、之后或同時(shí)發(fā)生；while和as從句的謂語動(dòng)作必須是和主句謂語動(dòng)作同時(shí)發(fā)生。 1從句動(dòng)作在主句動(dòng)作前發(fā)生，只用 when。 When he had finished his homework，he took a short rest（finished先發(fā)生）當(dāng)他完成作業(yè)后，他休息了一會(huì)兒。 When I got to the airport，the guests had left（got to后發(fā)生）當(dāng)我趕到飛機(jī)場(chǎng)時(shí)，客人們已經(jīng)離開了。 2從句動(dòng)作和主句動(dòng)作同時(shí)發(fā)生，且從句動(dòng)作為延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞時(shí)，when，while，as都可使用。 When While As we were dancing，a stranger came in（dance為延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞）當(dāng)我們跳舞時(shí)，一位陌生人走了進(jìn)來。 When While As she was making a phonecall，I was writing a letter（make為延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞）當(dāng)她在打電話時(shí)，我正在寫信。 3當(dāng)主句、從句動(dòng)作同時(shí)進(jìn)行，從句動(dòng)作的時(shí)間概念淡化，而主要表示主句動(dòng)作發(fā)生的背景或條件時(shí)，只能用 as。這時(shí)，as常表示“隨著”；“一邊，一邊”之意。 As the time went on，the weather got worse（as表示“隨著”之意） The atmosphere gets thinner and thinner as the height increases隨著高度的增加，大氣越來越稀薄。 As years go by，China is getting stronger and richer隨著時(shí)間一年一年過去，中國(guó)變得越來越富強(qiáng)了。 The little girls sang as they went小姑娘們一邊走，一邊唱。 The sad mother sat on the roadside，shouting as she was crying傷心的媽媽坐在路邊，邊哭邊叫。 4在將來時(shí)從句中，常用when，且從句須用一般時(shí)代替將來時(shí)。 You shall borrow the book when I have finished reading it在我讀完這本書后，你可以借閱。 When the manager comes here for a visit next week，Ill talk with him about this下周，經(jīng)理來這參觀時(shí)，我會(huì)和他談?wù)劥耸隆?三、when用于表示“一就”的句型中（指過去的事情）。 sbhad hardly（scarcely） done sthwhenHardly Scarcely had sbdone sthwhen I had hardly scarcely closed my eyes when someone knocked at the doorHardly Scarcely had I closed my eyes when someone knocked at the door我剛一閉上眼，就有人在敲門了。 I had hardly scarcely entered my room when the telephone rangHardly Scarcely had I entered my room when the telephone rang我剛一走進(jìn)房門，電話就響了。1.I thought her nice and honest I met her. (1998年上海)A.for the first time B.the first time C. first time D. by the first time答案：B.the first time 用來引導(dǎo)狀語從句分析：for the first time是介詞短語，只能作狀語，不能接從句；the first time相當(dāng)于一個(gè)連詞，引導(dǎo)狀語從句，同時(shí)定冠詞the不能省略，故選B。透視the first time/day，the moment/minute/second, immediately, every time, next time等表示時(shí)間的名詞短語可用作連詞，引導(dǎo)時(shí)間狀語從句。time構(gòu)成的搭配還有：at a time 一次；at one time 曾經(jīng)；all the time 一直、總是；at times 時(shí)常；from time to time 間或；in time 及時(shí)；on time 準(zhǔn)時(shí)；time and time again 一次又一次；at the same time 與此同時(shí)。2.Its difficult for us to learn a lesson in life_ weve actually had that lesson.（2007天津）A.until B.since C.before D.when答案是A，為什么不能選C。望大伙給個(gè)說法解析：很多時(shí)候英語單選題的答案并不是說只有這個(gè)選項(xiàng)可以將句意補(bǔ)充完整，或者說只有這個(gè)選項(xiàng)符合要求，而是因?yàn)樗亲罘线壿?、語法、搭配等多方面的要求的一個(gè)，這個(gè)題目中until和before都可以將句子補(bǔ)充完整，但從句意邏輯上來比較一下，如果用before的話，意思就只有“在我們真切地經(jīng)歷一次教訓(xùn)之前，我們很難領(lǐng)會(huì)到其中真理”。但如果用until的話，句子的意思就更加有層次、更加豐富了，他可以直接翻譯為“直到我們真切地經(jīng)歷過一次教訓(xùn)，我們才會(huì)領(lǐng)會(huì)到其中真理”，這就直接表達(dá)出了前面的答案所要表達(dá)的真正意思，也就是說這句話包含了前者的真正意義，像這種能夠包含另一個(gè)正確答案意思的答案，一般就是最佳答案了。換句話說，包容性最強(qiáng)的正確答案就是最佳答案3. There were some chairs left over _A_ everyone had sat down.（2008四川）當(dāng)每人都坐下時(shí)那里還有些空位置，had sat 過去完成式A. when B. until C. that D. where4. The telephone _B_, but by the time I got indoors, it stopped.A. had rung B. was ringing（過去進(jìn)行時(shí)） C. rings D. has rung5.Never cross the street against a light _you dont see any traffic coming.A.in case B.so that C.even though D. even ifeven if一般引導(dǎo)的是把握不大或假設(shè)的事情, even though引出的是事實(shí)。though 常表示一些已經(jīng)確定的消息，而if由它本身所帶的“如果”的含義，表示了一種對(duì)假設(shè)信息的不確定。 本題里的you dont see any traffic coming.，翻譯過來應(yīng)該是“就算你沒看見有車過來，”當(dāng)你過馬路等紅燈的時(shí)候，沒車過來是經(jīng)常會(huì)發(fā)生的事情，是個(gè)事實(shí)，不是把握性不大的事情，因此用even though，不用if。給你幾個(gè)例句：Shes going to have problems finding a job even if her gets she A levels. 就算她考試成績(jī)都是A，她找工作還會(huì)碰到問題。（考A是假設(shè)的情況）Even though hes 24 now, hes still like a little child.盡管他24歲了，但他仍然像個(gè)孩子。（他24歲了是事實(shí)）Even though he knows it, hell not let out the secret.（他知道這個(gè)秘密）. Even if he knows it, hell not let out the secret.（不確定他是否知道這個(gè)秘密）.6. _ the Internet is of great help, I dont think its a good idea to spend too much time on it. A. If B. While C. Because D. As 本題選擇B，但是我不太明白D為什么不可以？感謝您的回答！本句的意思是雖然網(wǎng)絡(luò)對(duì)人的幫助很大,但是我并不認(rèn)為在網(wǎng)絡(luò)上花費(fèi)太多時(shí)間是個(gè)好注意.請(qǐng)注意句子含義的轉(zhuǎn)折性.只有B有此含義.while-當(dāng).時(shí)候,雖然.although/though可能是最好的用詞.1.The old ladys hand shook frequently.She explained to her doctor_this shaking had begun half a year before,and _,only because of this,she had been forced to give up her job.A.when ; howB.how ; whenC.how ; howD.why ; why 此題選c,為什么不選b、d，這句話如何翻譯？這句話的意思是：這位老婦人的手常常發(fā)抖。她向她的醫(yī)生解釋這種抖動(dòng)是怎樣在半年前發(fā)生的，同時(shí)，由于手抖，她是怎樣被迫放棄她的工作的。其實(shí)由題目意思就可以推選出C答案。如果選why的選項(xiàng)，那就是說她自己已經(jīng)知道手抖的原因，那還何需想醫(yī)生咨詢呢？而后面only because of this已經(jīng)是對(duì)原因的解釋，很明顯不再是由why來提出疑問。獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)百科名片獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)（Independent Genitive）有兩部分組成，前一部份是名詞或者代詞，后一部分是非謂語動(dòng)詞(不定式、動(dòng)名詞和分詞)或形容詞、副詞、或介詞短語。前后兩部分具有邏輯主謂關(guān)系。獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)在句中做狀語，多用于書面語。 獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)本身不是句子，在句子中作狀語，表示時(shí)間、原因、條件、伴隨、目的等。目錄詳細(xì)概述 功能 1. 表示時(shí)間 2. 表示條件 3. 表示原因 4. 表示伴隨情況用法 1. 用作時(shí)間狀語 2. 用作條件狀語 3. 用作原因狀語 4. 用作伴隨狀語 5. 表示補(bǔ)充說明形式 1. 1一般獨(dú)立主格形式:與主句邏輯關(guān)系松散 2. 名詞/主格代詞+現(xiàn)在分詞 3. 名詞/主格代詞+過去分詞 4. 名詞/主格代詞+不定式 5. 名詞/主格代詞+形容詞 6. 名詞/主格代詞+副詞 7. 名詞/主格代詞+介詞短語 8. There being +名詞（代詞） 9. It being +名詞（代詞）特點(diǎn) 注意事項(xiàng) 示例詳細(xì)概述 功能 1. 表示時(shí)間 2. 表示條件 3. 表示原因 4. 表示伴隨情況用法 1. 用作時(shí)間狀語 2. 用作條件狀語 3. 用作原因狀語 4. 用作伴隨狀語 5. 表示補(bǔ)充說明形式 1. 1一般獨(dú)立主格形式:與主句邏輯關(guān)系松散 2. 名詞/主格代詞+現(xiàn)在分詞 3. 名詞/主格代詞+過去分詞 4. 名詞/主格代詞+不定式 5. 名詞/主格代詞+形容詞 6. 名詞/主格代詞+副詞 7. 名詞/主格代詞+介詞短語 8. There being +名詞（代詞） 9. It being +名詞（代詞）特點(diǎn) 注意事項(xiàng) 示例展開編輯本段詳細(xì)概述非謂語動(dòng)詞作狀語，其邏輯主語須與主句主語保持一致。若不一致，非謂語動(dòng)詞形式須另帶主語，從而構(gòu)成復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)的形式作狀語。這種結(jié)構(gòu)稱為“獨(dú)立結(jié)構(gòu)”。其中，非謂語動(dòng)詞主動(dòng)用V-ing，被動(dòng)用V-ed。 非謂語動(dòng)詞及其短語前面帶有邏輯主語，邏輯主語的代詞又是主格，故常稱為“獨(dú)立主格”?！蔼?dú)立結(jié)構(gòu)”在句中起狀語作用，相當(dāng)于狀語從句，表示時(shí)間、原因、條件、方式或伴隨等情況。 編輯本段功能獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)主要用于描繪性文字中，其作用相當(dāng)于一個(gè)狀語從句，常用來表示時(shí)間、原因、條件、行為方式或伴隨情況等。例如： 表示時(shí)間The meeting being over, all of us went home. 開完會(huì)后我們都回家了。 Her work done, she sat down for a cup of tea. 她干完了活，坐下來喝茶。 表示條件The condition being favourable, he may succeed. 若條件有利，他或許能成功。 表示原因There being no taxis, we had to walk. 沒有出租車，我們只好步行。 He wrapped her up with great care, the night being dark and frosty. 夜又黑又冷，所以他把她裹得嚴(yán)嚴(yán)實(shí)實(shí)的。 表示伴隨情況Almost all metals are good conductors, silver being the best of all. 幾乎所有的金屬都是良導(dǎo)體，而銀則是最好的導(dǎo)體。(=Almost all metals are good conductors, and silver is the best of all.) 編輯本段用法獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)主要表示謂語動(dòng)詞發(fā)生的時(shí)間、原因、條件或伴隨情況等，相當(dāng)于一個(gè)狀語從句或并列句。 用作時(shí)間狀語The work done(=After the work had been done), we went home. 工作完成后，我們就回家了。 用作條件狀語Weather permitting(=If weather permits), they will go on an outing to the beach tomorrow. 如果天氣允許的話，他們將在明天組織一次海濱小游。 用作原因狀語An important lecture to be given tomorrow(=As an important lecture will be given tomorrow), the professor has to stay up late into the night. 因?yàn)槊魈煲l(fā)表一個(gè)重要的演講，教授不得不熬夜到很晚。 用作伴隨狀語He was lying on the grass,his hands crossed under his head(=and his hands were crossed under his head).他躺在草地上，兩手交叉枕在腦后。 表示補(bǔ)充說明We redoubled our efforts, each man working like two. 我們加倍努力，一個(gè)人干兩個(gè)人的活。 *注：獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)表示時(shí)間、條件或原因時(shí)，相當(dāng)于一個(gè)狀語從句，一般放在句首，表示原因時(shí)還可放在句末；表伴隨狀況或補(bǔ)充說明時(shí)，相當(dāng)于一個(gè)并列句，通常放于句末。 編輯本段形式1一般獨(dú)立主格形式:與主句邏輯關(guān)系松散形式為: n. + -ed/-ing形式;n. + 不定式 ; n. + 介詞短語; n. + 形容詞;n. + 副詞. ; 名詞/主格代詞+現(xiàn)在分詞名詞/主格代詞與現(xiàn)在分詞之間是主謂關(guān)系。如： The girl staring at him(= As the girl stared at him), he didnt know what to say. 姑娘兩眼望著他，他不知道說什么好。 Time permitting(= If time permits), we will go for an outing tomorrow. 如果時(shí)間允許的話，我們明天去郊游。 名詞/主格代詞+過去分詞名詞/主格代詞與過去分詞之間是動(dòng)賓關(guān)系。如： The problems solved(= As the problems were solved), the quality has been improved. 隨著問題的解決，質(zhì)量已經(jīng)提高了。 Her glasses broken(= Because her glasses were broken), she couldnt see the words on the blackboard. 由于眼鏡摔壞了，她看不見黑板上的字。 名詞/主格代詞+不定式名詞/主格代詞與不定式之間是主謂關(guān)系，且強(qiáng)調(diào)的是一次具體性的動(dòng)作。如： He is going to make a model plane, some old parts to help. 借助于一些舊零件，他要做一個(gè)飛機(jī)模型。 They said good-bye to each other, one to go home, the other to go to the bookstore. 他們道別后，一個(gè)回了家，一個(gè)去了書店。 名詞/主格代詞+形容詞如： An air accident happened to the plane,nobody alive. 那架飛機(jī)遭遇了空難，無一人生還。 So many people absent, the meeting had to be called off. 這么多人缺席，會(huì)議不得不取消。 名詞/主格代詞+副詞如： He put on his sweater wrong side out. 他把毛衣穿反了。 The meeting over, they all went home. 會(huì)議一結(jié)束，他們就都回家了。 名詞/主格代詞+介詞短語如： The boy goes to the classroom,book in hand. 那男孩手里拿著書去教室。 Mary was sitting near the fire, her back towards the door. 瑪麗靠近火爐坐著，背對(duì)著門。 2with 引導(dǎo)的獨(dú)立主格:與主句邏輯關(guān)系緊密 形式為: with + n. + -ed/-ing形式; with + n. +abj.; with +n. + 介詞短語 3each引導(dǎo)的強(qiáng)調(diào)型獨(dú)立主格:強(qiáng)調(diào)句尾的復(fù)數(shù)名詞 形式為:句子 + 復(fù)數(shù)名詞結(jié)尾 , each + 介詞短語/形容詞短語/名詞短語/-ing形式/-ed形式 如: Under the restructuring, the huge organization that operates the companys basic businesses will be divided into five groups, each with its own executive.（題源:GMAT語法全解白勇著，Page38） 4其他形式 There being +名詞（代詞）如： There being nothing else to do, we went home. 沒有別的事可做，我們就回家了。 There being no further business, I declare the meeting closed. 沒有再要討論的事了，我宣布散會(huì)。 It being +名詞（代詞）如： It being Christmas, the government offices were closed. 由于圣誕節(jié)的緣故，政府機(jī)關(guān)都休息。 It being a holiday, all the shops were shut. 由于今天是假日，所有商店都關(guān)門了。 編輯本段特點(diǎn)1）獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)的邏輯主語與句子的主語不同，它獨(dú)立存在。 2）名詞或代詞與后面的分詞，形容詞，副詞，不定 式，介詞等是主謂關(guān)系。 3）獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)一般有逗號(hào)與主句分開。 舉例： The test finished, we began our holiday. = When the test was finished, we began our holiday. 考試結(jié)束了，我們開始放假。 The president assassinated, the whole country was in deep sorrow. = After the president was assassinated, the whole country was in deep sorrow. 總統(tǒng)被謀殺了，舉國(guó)上下沉浸在悲哀之中。 Weather permitting, we are going to visit you tomorrow. 如果天氣允許，我們明天去看你。 This done, we went home. 工作完成后，我們才回家。 The meeting gone over, everyone tired to go home earlier. 會(huì)議結(jié)束后，每個(gè)人都想早點(diǎn)回家。 He came into the room,his ears red with cold. 他回到了房子里，耳朵凍壞了。 He came out of the library, a large book under his arm. 他夾著本厚書，走出了圖書館 注：獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)有時(shí)可在其前加上介詞with。 如：Dont sleep with the windows open.別開著窗睡覺。 He was lying on the bed with all his clothes on. 他和衣躺在床上。 She came in with a book in her hand. 她手里拿著一本書走了進(jìn)來。 He fell asleep with the lamp burning. 他沒熄燈就睡著了。 I wont be able to go on holiday with my mother being ill. 因?yàn)閶寢層胁?，我無法去度假。 He sat there with his eyes closed. 他閉目坐在那兒。 All the afternoon he worked with the door locked.整個(gè)下午他都鎖著門在房里工作。 I cant go out with all these clothes to wash. 要洗這些衣服，我無法出去了。 編輯本段注意事項(xiàng)1.獨(dú)立主格與狀語從句的轉(zhuǎn)換當(dāng)狀語從句的主語與主句的主語不是指同一個(gè)對(duì)象時(shí)，可用獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)取代狀語從句，但不再保留連詞。如：After class was over (=Class being over / Class over), the students soon left the classroom.下課后，學(xué)生很快離開了課室。 2. 不能省略being (having been)的情形：在下列兩種情況下，獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)中的being（或having been）不能省略。 (1) 獨(dú)立主格的邏輯主語是代詞時(shí)。如：It being Sunday, we went to church.因?yàn)槭切瞧谔?，我們?nèi)チ俗龆Y拜。 (2)在There being名詞的結(jié)構(gòu)中。如：There being no bus, we had to go home on foot.因?yàn)闆]有公共汽車，所以我們不得不步行回家。 3. 在“名詞（或代詞）介詞短語”構(gòu)成的獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)中，一般不用形容詞性物主代詞和冠詞。如： Miss Smith entered the classroom, book in hand.史密斯小姐走進(jìn)了課室，手里拿著一本書。比較with的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)。如：Miss Smith entered the classroom, with a book in her hand. 4. 獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)沒有所有格形式The chief-editor arriving, we began the meeting. 主編來了，我們開始開會(huì)。(比較動(dòng)名詞復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)。) 編輯本段示例請(qǐng)看下面一道題： Not far from the school there was a garden, _ owner seated in it playing chess with his little grandson every afternoon. A. its B. whose C. which D. that 【分析】此題很容易誤選B，許多同學(xué)會(huì)認(rèn)為句中逗號(hào)后是一個(gè)非限制性的定語從句，whose 在定語從句中用作定語修飾其后的名詞 owner。此分析從表面上看，似乎天衣無縫，但實(shí)質(zhì)上是錯(cuò)的，原因是空格后根本不是一個(gè)句子，因?yàn)闆]有謂語。盡管句中有兩個(gè)動(dòng)詞，但它們都是非謂語動(dòng)詞。也許有的同學(xué)認(rèn)為，其中的 seated 可視為謂語動(dòng)詞，但是注意，seat 用作動(dòng)詞時(shí)，它總是及物的，其后要么接賓語，要么它就用于被動(dòng)語態(tài)，所以若在 seated 前加上助動(dòng)詞 is，則可以選擇B（當(dāng)然若將 seated 改為sitting，也應(yīng)選擇B）。所以此題最佳答案選A。 請(qǐng)?jiān)倏匆粋€(gè)類似的例子： (1) He wrote a lot of novels, many of _ translated into foreign languages. A. it B. them C.which D. that (2) He wrote a lot of novels, many of _ were translated into foreign languages.A. it B. them C. which D. that 第(1)應(yīng)選B，而不能選C，是因?yàn)榫渲械?translated 是過去分詞(非謂語動(dòng)詞)，若選C，則該從句無謂語；第(2)應(yīng)選C，該句是典型的非限制性定語從句，因?yàn)樵摼湫揎椀氖乔懊娴膎ovels，即指物，所以只能用which做of的賓語，故本題選C。 再請(qǐng)看下面一例： (3) He wrote a lot of novels, and many of _ were translated into foreign languages. A. it B. them C. which D. that 【分析】此題與上面的第(2)題不同，兩句間多了一個(gè)并列連詞and，說明這是一個(gè)并列句，故應(yīng)選B，則不能選C。 請(qǐng)做做以下三題(答案均為B)： (1) There I met several people, two of _ being foreigners. A. which B. them C. whom D. that (2) There I met several people, two of _ were foreigners. A. which B. whom C. who D. that (3) There I met several people, and two of _ were foreigners. A. which B. them C. whom D. that1.The country has already sent up three unmanned spacecraft, the most recent _at the end of last March . (2007山東)A. has been launched B. having been launched C. being launched D. to be launched 選B 解析上說此句前后句沒連詞，只有逗號(hào)是不能連接兩個(gè)句子的,所以后邊the most recent _ at the end of last March就是獨(dú)立主格的形式了，在句中做伴隨狀語這個(gè)是獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu) 解釋是正確的首先一個(gè)句子在沒有連詞的情況下,只能有一個(gè)謂語動(dòng)詞.著句話前面已經(jīng)有了has already sent up做謂語動(dòng)詞了,逗號(hào)不能連接兩個(gè)完整的句子,所以A答案是最迷惑的,如果是分號(hào)或者有個(gè)連詞and就可以用A.如Everyone being ready, the teacher began his class.后面一句是個(gè)完整的句子,前面一句謂語就用ing分詞的形式做伴隨狀語.相當(dāng)于when everyone is ready.The boy leading the way, we had no trouble finding the strange cave.這句也是一樣,the boy leading the way也是獨(dú)立主格,不過是做原因狀語.相當(dāng)于beasue the boy led the way My health allowing, I will work far into the night.這個(gè)前面部分也是獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu),不過是做條件狀語,相當(dāng)與if my health allows .注意如果有連詞了,句子的謂語動(dòng)詞和做獨(dú)立主格的句子的謂語部分的區(qū)別.2007年的山東高考卷中有這樣一道高考題： The country has already sent up three unmanned spacecraft, the most recent _ at the end of last March.(2007年山東卷) A. has been launched B. having been launched C. being launched D. to be launched 此題答案為 C。考查獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)的用法。由于動(dòng)作于去年的三月底就已經(jīng)發(fā)生，所以不能選表示未來動(dòng)作的不定式，即不能選 D；又由于句子用了具體的過去時(shí)間狀語(at the end of last March)，故不能選完成式，即不能選 A 和 B。 英語中的獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)從語法上看，它是一個(gè)獨(dú)立的成分，而不是句子（因?yàn)榫渲袥]有謂語），在句中主要用作狀語，通常可轉(zhuǎn)換成狀語從句。下面談?wù)動(dòng)⒄Z獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)的幾種常構(gòu)成方式。 1. 名詞或代詞+現(xiàn)在分詞 名詞或代詞通常是動(dòng)作的執(zhí)行者，與現(xiàn)在分詞構(gòu)成邏輯上的主謂關(guān)系，表示主動(dòng)的或正在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作。如： She ran up to me, her hair flying in the wind. 她向我跑來，秀發(fā)在風(fēng)中飄揚(yáng)著。 All this time, they were fast asleep, all of them knowing nothing about what had happened. 那段時(shí)間，他們都很快就入睡了，沒有人知道發(fā)生了什么事。 2. 名詞或代詞+過去分詞 名詞或代詞是動(dòng)作的承受者，與過去分詞構(gòu)成邏輯上的動(dòng)賓關(guān)系或系表結(jié)構(gòu)，表示被動(dòng)或已完成的動(dòng)作。如： This done, we went home. 做完此事，我們就回家了。(表時(shí)間) She gazed, her hands clasped to her breast. 她凝