2014全國職稱英語考試教材理工類新增文章.doc

2014全國職稱英語理工新增文章第二部分閱讀判斷第八篇What Is a Dream?For centuries, people have wondered about the strange things that they dream about. Some psychologists say that this nighttime activity of the mind has no special meaning. Others，however， think that dreams are an important part of our lives. In fact, many experts believe that dreams can tell us about a persons mind and emotions.Before modern times, many people thought that dreams contained messages from God. It was only in the twentieth century that people started to study dreams in a scientific way.The Austrian psychologist, Sigmund Freud1，was probably the first person to study dreams scientifically. In his famous book, The interpretation of Dreams (1900), Freud wrote that dreams are an expression of a persons wishes. He believed that dreams allow people to express the feelings, thoughts, and fears that they are afraid to express in real life.The Swiss psychiatrist Carl Jung2 was once a student of Freuds. Jung，however，had a different idea about dreams. Jung believed that the purpose of a dream was to communicate a message to the dreamer. He thought people could learn more about themselves by thinking about their dreams. For example, people who dream about falling may learn that they have too high an opinion of themselves. On the other hand, people who dream about being heroes may learn that they think too little of themselves.Modern-day psychologists continue to develop theories about dreams. For example, psychologist William Domhoff from the University of California, Santa Cruz，believes that dreams are tightly linked to a persons daily life, thoughts, and behavior. A criminal, for example, might dream about crime.Domhoff believes that there is a connection between dreams and age. His research shows that children do not dream as much as adults. According to Domhoff, dreaming is a mental skill that needs time to develop.He has also found a link between dreams and gender. His studies show that the dreams of men and women are different. For example, the people in mens dreams are often other men, and the dreams often involve fighting. This is not true of womens dreams.3 Domhoff found this gender difference in the dreams of people from 11 cultures around the world, including both modern and traditional ones.Can dreams help us understand ourselves? Psychologists continue to try to answer this question in different ways. However, one thing they agree on this: If you dream that something terrible is going to occur, you shouldnt panic. The dream may have meaning, but it does not mean that some terrible event will actually take place. Its important to remember that the world of dreams is not the real world.詞匯：第 13 頁，共 13 頁psychologist / sakldst / n心理學家psychiatrist /sai kaitrst/ n精神病學家(醫(yī)生)Austrian / strn / adj奧地利的gender / dend / n性別注釋：1Sigmund Freud西格蒙德弗洛伊德（18561939)，猶太人，奧地利精神病醫(yī)生及精神分析學家。精神分析學派的創(chuàng)始人。他認為被壓抑的欲望絕大部分是屬于性的，性的擾亂是精神病的根本原因。著有性學三論夢的釋義圖騰與禁忌日常生活的心理病理學精神分析引論精神分析引論新編等。2Carl Jung：卡爾榮格，瑞士著名精神分析專家，分析心理學的創(chuàng)始人。3For example, the people in mens dreams are often other men, and the dreams often involve fighting. This is not true of womens dreams.例如，男人做夢會夢到男人，并且常與打斗有關；女人做夢與男人則不同。練習：1Not everyone agrees that dreams are meaningful.ARightBWrongCNot mentioned2According to Freud, people dream about things that they cannot talk about.ARightBWrongCNot mentioned3Jung believed that dreams did not help one to understand oneself.ARightBWrongCNot mentioned4In the past, people believed that dreams involved emotions.ARightBWrongCNot mentioned5According to Domhoff, babies do not have the same ability to dream as adults do.ARightBWrongCNot mentioned6Men and women dream about different things.ARightBWrongCNot mentioned7Scientists agree that dreams predict the future.ARightBWrongCNot mentioned答案與題解1A這句話恰好表達了本文第一段的意思。即有些心理學家認為，人腦睡眠中的活動沒有特別意義；而有些人則認為，夢可以揭示人的思維和情感。2A第三段的最后一句講的是弗洛伊德認為夢反映了人們在現(xiàn)實情況下害怕表達的情感、想法或恐懼。此句與本敘述一致。3B第四段的第二句和第三句：Jung believed that the purpose of a dream was to communicate a message to the dreamer.（榮格認為夢的用途是向做夢者傳遞一個信息）He thought people could learn more about themselves by thinking about their dreams.（他認為人們通過思考所做的夢能夠更好地了解自己）。他給出了兩個例子來說明他的論點。4C文中沒有提及。5A依據(jù)第六段，Domhoff研究得出：嬰兒不像成人做那么多的夢，做夢是一種需要時間提高的技能。這就說明了嬰兒不具備成人做夢的能力。6A本文第七段講述了做夢與性別的關系。第二句更指出男人和女人做的夢是不同的。7B最后一段的倒數(shù)第二句講的是：夢可能會有意義，但并不表示一些恐怖事情就一定會發(fā)生。因而不能預測未來。免費提供各專業(yè)1000多個科目考試軟件，*第十篇The Biology of MusicHumans use music as a powerful way to communicate. It may also play an important role in love. But what is music, and how does it work its magic? Science does not yet have all the answers.What are two things that make humans different from animals? One is language, and the other is music. It is true that some animals can sing (and many birds sing better than a lot of people). However, the songs of animals, such as birds and whales, are very limited. It is also true that humans, not animals, have developed musical instruments. 1Music is strange stuff. It is clearly different from language. However, people can use music to communicate things especially their emotions. When music is combined with speech in a song, it is a very powerful form of communication. But, biologically speaking, what is music?If music is truly different from speech, then we should process music and language in different parts of the brain. The scientific evidence suggests that this is true.Sometimes people who suffer brain damage lose their ability to process language. However, they dont automatically lose their musical abilities. For example, Vissarion Shebalin, a Russian composer，had a stroke in 1953. It injured the left side of his brain. He could no longer speak or understand speech. He could, however, still compose music until his death ten years later. On the other hand，sometimes strokes cause people to lose their musical ability, but they can still speak and understand speech. This shows that the brain processes music and language separately.By studying the physical effects of music on the body，scientists have also learned a lot about how music influences the emotions. But why does music have such a strong effect on us? That is a harder question to answer. Geoffrey Miller, a researcher at University College, London, thinks that music and love have a strong connection. Music requires special talent, practice, and physical ability. Thats why it may be a way of showing your fitness to be someones mate. For example, singing in tune or playing a musical instrument requires fine muscular control. You also need a good memory to remember the notes. And playing or singing those notes correctly suggests that your hearing is in excellent condition. Finally, when a man sings to the woman he loves (or vice versa)， it may be a way of showing off.However, Millers theory still doesnt explain why certain combinations of sounds influence our emotions so deeply. For scientists，this is clearly an area that needs further research.詞匯：automatically adv.自動地note / nt/n音符stroke /strk/n中風注釋：1It is also true that humans, not animals, have developed musical instruments：人研制出了樂器，而動物則不能。Develop：研制，例如：Scientists are developing new drugs to treat cancer.科學家們正在研發(fā)新藥用以治療癌癥。免費提供各專業(yè)1000多個科目考試軟件，練習：1Humans, but not animals, can sing.ARightBWrongCNot mentioned2People can use music to communicate their emotions.ARightBWrongCNot mentioned3We use the same part of the brain for music and language.ARightBWrongCNot mentioned4Geoffery Miler has done research on music and emotions.ARightBWrongCNot mentioned5Its hard for humans to compose music.ARightBWrongCNot mentioned6Memory is not an important part in singing in tune.ARightBWrongCNot mentioned7Scientists does not know all the answers about the effects of music on humans.ARightBWrongCNot mentioned答案與題解：1B第二段的第三句：It is true that some animals can sing (and many birds sing better than a lot of people).可以看出有些動物會唱歌，而不只人類會唱歌。2A第三段的第三句：However, people can use music to communicate things especially their emotions.這句清楚表明，人們可以用音樂來表達情感。3B第四段說明：科學證明人們用大腦的不同區(qū)域處理語言和音樂。在第五段，作者用Vissarion Shebalin的例子進一步說明人腦處理語言和音樂的位置不同，Shebalin中風以后不能講話也聽不懂別人的話，但他卻能創(chuàng)作樂曲。4A第六段的第四句：Geoffrey Miller, a researcher at University College，London，thinks that music and love have a strong connection.這句說明Miller對音樂和愛（情感）的關系進行了研究，他得出的結論是：音樂和愛有密切的關聯(lián)。5C文中沒有提及創(chuàng)作樂曲是否困難。6B第六段有一句：You also need a good memory to remember the notes.此句說明必須具備好的記憶力記音符才能唱得符合調子。7A最后一段講的是：科學家們需要做更多的研究才能解釋為什么有些聲音影響我們的情感會如此之深。也就是說，科學家不能全部解釋音樂對人類的影響。+第十一篇Bill Gates: Unleashing Your CreativityIve always been an optimist and I suppose it is rooted in1 my belief that the power of creativity and intelligence can make the world a better place.For as long as I can remember, Ive loved learning new things and solving problems. So when I sat down at a computer for the first time in seventh grade, I was hooked. It was a clunky old teletype machine and it could barely do anything compared to the computers we have today.2 But it changed my life.When my friend Paul Allen and I started Microsoft 30 years ago，we had a vision of “a computer on every desk and in every home”, which probably sounded a little too optimistic at a time when most computers were the size of refrigerators. But we believed that personal computers would change the world. And they have.And after 30 years, Im still as inspired by computers as I was back in seventh grade.I believe that computers are the most incredible tool we can use to feed our curiosity and inventiveness to help us solve problems that even the smartest people couldnt solve on their own.Computers have transformed how we learn，giving kids everywhere a window into all of the worlds knowledge. Theyre helping us build communities around the things we care about and to stay close to the people who are important to us, no matter where they are.3Like my friend Warren Buffett, I feel particularly lucky to do something every day that I love to do. He calls it “tap-dancing to work”4. My job at Microsoft is as challenging as ever, but what makes me “tap-dancing to work” is when we show people something new, like a computer that can recognize your handwriting or your speech, or one that can store a lifetimes worth of photos, and they say, “I didnt know you could do that with a PC5! ”But for all the cool things that a person can do with a PC，there are lots of other ways we can put our creativity and intelligence to work to improve our world6. There are still far too many people in the world whose most basic needs go unmet7. Every year, for example, millions of people die from diseases that are easy to prevent or treat in the developed world.I believe that my own good fortune brings with it a responsibility to give back to the world. My wife, Melinda, and I have committed to8 improving health and education in a way that can help as many people as possible.As a father, I believe that the death of a child in Africa is no less poignant or tragic than9 the death of a child anywhere else, and that it doesnt take much to make an immense difference in these childrens lives10.Im still very much an optimist, and I believe that progress on even the worlds toughest problems is possible and its happening every day. Were seeing new drugs for deadly diseases, new diagnostic tools，and new attention paid to the health problems in the developing world.Im excited by the possibilities I see for medicine, for education and, of course, for technology. And I believe that through our natural inventiveness, creativity and willingness to solve tough problems, were going to make some amazing achievements in all these areas in my lifetime.詞匯：unleash / nli: / vt解開；放縱；使自由inspire / nspa(r) / vt鼓舞optimist /Dptmst/ n樂觀主義者incredible / nkredbl/ adj難以置信的clunky (clonky) /klnk/ adj發(fā)出沉悶金屬聲的curiosity /kjurDst/ n好奇心inventiveness n.發(fā)明創(chuàng)造的能力teletype /teltap/ (teletype-writer) n.電傳打字機poignant / pnjnt / adj令人悲痛的，可憐的tragic /traed3k/ adj悲劇的，悲慘的vision /v3n/ n想象；幻想；美景immense /Imens/ adj巨大的注釋：免費提供各專業(yè)1000多個科目考試軟件，1be rooted in：扎根于；深深地存在于2It was a clunky old teletype machine and it could barely do anything compared to the computers we have today.那是一臺笨重的舊式電傳打字機，跟我們今天的電腦相比幾乎干不了什么事。本句中，barely意為almost not；compare to在美國英語中也可以等同于compare with（與相比）。3Theyre helping us build communities around the things we care about and to stay close to the people who are important to us, no matter where they are.電腦幫助我們就我們所關心的事情建立一個交流的場所，并且與那些我們認為對我們有重要意義的人密切相處，不管他們身在何處。care about指不管喜歡或不喜歡的事情都很關心、介意、在乎、計較。4“tap-dancing to work”：“跳著踢踏舞工作”。tap原意是“叩擊、輕敲”；tap dance是“踢踏舞”。這里實際意思是“（手指）輕輕敲擊鍵盤的工作”。5PC (personal computer)：個人計算機6But for all the cool things that a person can do with a PC, there are lots of other ways we can put our creativity and intelligence to work to improve our world.除了我們能用計算機做的所有神奇的事情，還有很多其他方式發(fā)揮我們的創(chuàng)造力和智慧，從而使世界更加美好。7go unmet：得不到滿足。在這里go是系動詞，unmet是過去分詞作表語。8commit to此處意為承諾，保證做某事。9no less. than：和一樣，不亞于10. and that it doesnt take much to make an immense difference in these childrens lives.而且要改善這些孩子們的命運，其實不難。此處it是形式主語，真正的主語是不定式短語to make an immense difference in these childrens lives。練習：1A computer was as big as an icebox when Bill Gates was a high school student.ARightBWrongCNot mentioned2Bill Gates has been dreaming of the popularity of computers for his lifetime.ARightBWrongCNot mentioned3Bill Gates compares his hard work on a PC to “tap-dancing to work”.ARightBWrongCNot mentioned4To Bill Gates mind, there is a big difference between the death of the poors children and the death of the richs children.ARightBWrongCNot mentioned5So far Bill Gates has contributed several dozen billion dollars to the charities.ARightBWrongCNot mentioned6Bill Gates and his wife consider it their duty to help the poor better their health and education as much as possible.ARightBWrongCNot mentioned7Bill Gates will leave only a small portion of his wealth for his children.ARightBWrongCNot mentioned答案與題解：1A文章第三段中比爾蓋茨說，當他念七年級時，電腦就是冰箱那么大小。2A文章第三段比爾蓋茨說，他30年前與Paul Allen一起創(chuàng)辦微軟公司時就夢想一桌一機、一戶一機，而且從其他各段也可以看到他對電腦有很多的期待。3B從第七段第二句可以看到作這樣比較的是他的朋友Warren Buffett，而不是他自己。4B在倒數(shù)第三段，比爾蓋茨已經明確說，所有這些兒童的死亡都一樣令人傷心和悲痛，沒有什么區(qū)別。5C文章沒有提到他給慈善機構捐款的事。6A倒數(shù)第四段比爾蓋茨認為他一生好運，就理應回報社會，所以他和他的妻子做出了承諾，要幫助盡可能多的人改善醫(yī)療和教育條件。7C文章沒有提到。免費提供各專業(yè)1000多個科目考試軟件，+第十四篇Stage Fright1Fall down as you come onstage. Thats an odd trick. Not recommended. But it saved the pianist Vladimir Feltsman when he was a teenager back in Moscow. The veteran cellist Mstislav Rostropovich tripped him purposely to cure him of pre-performance panic,2 Mr. Feltsman said, “ All my fright was gone. I already fell. What else could happen?”Today, music schools are addressing the problem of anxiety in classes that deal with performance techniques and career preparation. There are a variety of strategies that musicians can learn to fight stage fright and its symptoms: icy fingers, shaky limbs, racing heart, blank mind.3Teachers and psychologists offer wide-ranging advice, from basics like learning pieces inside out,4 to mental discipline, such as visualizing a performance and taking steps to relax. Dont deny that youre jittery，they urge; some excitement is natural, even necessary for dynamic playing. And play in public often, simply for the experience.Psychotherapist Diane Nichols suggests some strategies for the moments before performance, “Take two deep abdominal breaths, open up your shoulders, then smile, she says. “And not one of these please dont kill me smiles. Then choose three friendly faces in the audience, people you would communicate with and make music to, and make eye contact with them.” She doesnt want performers to think of the audience as a judge.Extreme demands by mentors or parents are often at the root of stage fright，says Dorothy Delay, a well-known violin teacher. She tells other teachers to demand only what their students are able to achieve.When Lynn Harrell was 20，he became the principal cellist of the Cleverland Orchestra, and he suffered extreme stage fright. “There were times when I got so nervous I was sure the audience could see my chest responding to the throbbing. It was just total panic. I came to a point where I thought, If I have to go through this to play music, I think Im going to look for another job.”5 Recovery, he said, involved developing humility-recognizing that whatever his talent, he was fallible，and that an imperfect concert was not a disaster.6It is not only young artists who suffer, of course. The legendary pianist Vladimir Horowitzs nerves were famous. The great tenor Franco Corelli is another example. “They had to push him on stage,” Soprano Renata Scotto recalled.Actually，success can make things worse. “In the beginning of your career, when youre scared to death, nobody knows who you are, and they dont have any expectations,” Soprano June Anderson said. “Theres less to lose. Later on, when youre known, people are coming to see you, and they have certain expectations. You have a lot to lose.”Anderson added，“I never stop being nervous until Ive sung my last note.”詞匯：veteran / vetrn / adj經驗豐富的jittery / dtri / adj緊張不安的mentor / ment: / n指導者soprano / sprpr:n / n女高音；女高音歌手cellist/ telst / n大提琴演奏家abdominal / bdmnl / adj腹部的fallible/ flbl / adj易犯錯誤的tenor /ten/ n男高音注釋：1Stage Fright：舞臺恐懼2The veteran cellist Mstislav Rostropovich tripped him purposely to cure him of pre-performan