英美文學(xué)復(fù)習(xí)資料(全).doc

文學(xué)體裁：詩歌poem，小說novel，戲劇dramaOrigin起源：Christianity 基督教 bible 圣經(jīng) Myth 神話 The Romance of king Arthur and his knights 亞瑟王和他的騎士（筆記）一、The Anglo-Saxon period (449-1066)1、這個(gè)時(shí)期的文學(xué)作品分類： pagan(異教徒) Christian(基督徒)2、代表作： The Song of Beowulf 貝奧武甫 ( national epic 民族史詩 ) 采用了隱喻手法3、Alliteration 押頭韻（寫作手法）例子： of man was the mildest and most beloved,To his kin the kindest, keenest for praise.二、The Anglo-Norman period (1066-1350)Canto 詩章1、romance 傳奇文學(xué)2、代表作： Sir Gawain and the Green Knight (高文爵士和綠衣騎士) 是一首押頭韻的長(zhǎng)詩三、Geoffrey Chaucer (1340-1400) 杰弗里.喬叟 時(shí)期1、the father of English poetry 英國(guó)詩歌之父2、heroic couplet 英雄雙韻體：a verse unit consisting of two rhymed(押韻) lines in iambic pentameter(五步抑揚(yáng)格)3、代表作：the Canterbury Tales 坎特伯雷的故事 (英國(guó)文學(xué)史的開端)大致內(nèi)容：the pilgrims are people from various parts of England, representatives of various walks of life and social groups.朝圣者都是來自英國(guó)的各地的人,代表著社會(huì)的各個(gè)不同階層和社會(huì)團(tuán)體小說特點(diǎn)：each of the narrators tells his tale in a peculiar manner, thus revealing his own views and character.這些敘述者以自己特色的方式講述自己的故事，無形中表明了各自的觀點(diǎn)，展示了各自的性格。小說觀點(diǎn)：he believes in the right of man to earthly happiness. He is anxious to see man freed from superstitions(迷信) and a blind belief in fate(盲目地相信命運(yùn)).他希望人們能從迷信和對(duì)命運(yùn)的盲從中解脫出來。4、Popular Ballads 大眾民謠 ：a story hold in 4-line stanzas with second and fourth line rhymed(筆記)Ballads are anonymous narrative songs that have been preserved by oral transmission(書上).歌謠是匿名敘事歌曲,一直保存著口頭傳播的方式代表人物：Bishop Thomas Percy 托馬斯.帕希主教代表作：Robin Hood and Allin-a-Dale 羅賓漢和阿林代爾四、The Renaissance (16世紀(jì)) 文藝復(fù)興時(shí)期（Greek and Roman） 戲劇 drama 詩章 cantoThe term Renaissance originally indicated a revival of classical (Greek and Roman) arts and sciences.文藝復(fù)興最初是指經(jīng)典藝術(shù)和科學(xué)在英國(guó)的復(fù)興。The epoch of Renaissance witnessed a particular development of English drama文藝復(fù)興時(shí)期的英國(guó)戲劇也得到了迅速的發(fā)展。1、key work: humanism 人文主義： admire human beauty and human achievement2、代表人物：1)、Thomas More 托馬斯.莫爾 Utopia 烏托邦2)、Francis Bacon 弗朗西斯.培根 第一個(gè)散文家(essayist)3)、Thomas Wyatt 托馬斯.懷亞特 引入十四行詩的第一人sonnet(十四行詩)： form of poetry intricately rhymed(間隔押韻) in 14 lines iambic pentameter4)、Edmund Spenser 埃德蒙.斯賓塞 poets poet(詩人中的詩人) The Fairy Queen仙后(epic poem 史詩)5)、Christopher Marlowe 克里斯托弗.馬洛blank verse(無韻體：不押韻的五步抑揚(yáng)格) 是十六世紀(jì)英國(guó)戲劇的主要表現(xiàn)形式。6)、William Shakespeare 威廉姆.莎士比亞 戲劇 drama四大悲?。篐amlet(哈姆雷特)，Othello(奧賽羅)，King Lear(李爾王)，The Tragedy of Macbeth(麥克白)五、the period of Revolution and Restoration (17世紀(jì)) 資產(chǎn)階級(jí)革命與王權(quán)復(fù)辟 prose 散文1、文學(xué)特點(diǎn)：the Puritans(清教徒) believed in simplicity of life、disapproved of the sonnets and the love poetry、breaking up of old ideals.清教徒崇尚儉樸的生活、拒絕十四行詩和愛情詩、與舊思想脫離。2、代表人物：1)、John Donne 約翰.多恩 “metaphysical”poets (玄學(xué)派詩人) 的代表人物sonnet 十四行詩 Death be not proud(筆記)作品特點(diǎn)： strike the reader in Donnes extraordinary frankness and penetrating realism.(坦誠(chéng)的態(tài)度和現(xiàn)實(shí)描繪) novelty of subject matter and point(新穎的題材和視角) novelty of its form.(新穎的形式)2)、John Milton 約翰.彌爾頓 a great poet 詩人 （ poem 詩歌 blank verse ） Defense for the English People為英國(guó)人辯護(hù)Paradise Lost失樂園 “Satan is not a villain”撒旦不是壞人Paradise Regained復(fù)樂園)、John Bunyan 約翰.拜揚(yáng) a great prose writer “give us the only great allegory(寓言)” Pilgrims Progress天路歷程 prose 散文該書采用的寫作手法“written in the old-fashioned(舊體形式), medieval form of allegory(比喻) and dream”六、The Age of Enlightenment (18世紀(jì)) 啟蒙運(yùn)動(dòng)prose 散文1、Emphasized formality or correctness of style, to write prose like Addison, or verse like Pope.強(qiáng)調(diào)正確的格式和寫作規(guī)范，像艾迪生一樣創(chuàng)作散文，和蒲柏一樣創(chuàng)作詩歌。The Enlightenment was an expression of struggle of the then progressive class of bourgeoisie against feudalism.啟蒙運(yùn)動(dòng)實(shí)際上是當(dāng)時(shí)先進(jìn)的資產(chǎn)階級(jí)同落后的封建主義斗爭(zhēng)的一種形式。The enlighteners repudiate the false religious doctrines about the viciousness of human nature, and prove that man is born kind and honest, and if he becomes depraved, it is only due to the influence of corrupted social environment.啟蒙主義者顛覆了宗教所宣揚(yáng)的人類本惡的觀點(diǎn)；論證了人生誠(chéng)實(shí)而友善，而腐化墮落則是后天腐敗的社會(huì)環(huán)境所致。Contrary to all reasoning, social injustice still held strong, found the power of reason to be insufficient, and therefore appealed to sentiment as a means of achieving happiness and social justice.無論怎樣講究理性，社會(huì)不平等現(xiàn)象仍然普遍存在，理性的力量明顯不足。因此呼吁把情感的訴求作為一種謀求幸福和社會(huì)公平的手段。2、18th century 文學(xué)的三個(gè)方面：Classicism(古典主義)、revival of romantic poetry(新興的浪漫主義詩歌)、beginnings of the modern novel(剛啟萌的現(xiàn)代派小說)3、代表人物：1)、Daniel Defoe 丹尼爾.笛福 realistic novel 現(xiàn)實(shí)主義小說Novel：Robinson Crusoe魯賓遜漂流記 Jonathan Wild喬納森.威爾德 Moll Flanders摩爾.弗蘭德斯2)、Henry Fielding 亨利.菲爾丁 father of modern fiction(現(xiàn)代小說之父)Joseph Andrews約瑟夫.安德魯斯 受到了理查森的帕美勒的啟發(fā)作家之間的不同：Richardson no humor, minces words, moralizes. 不幽默，咬文嚼字，說教Fielding direct, vigorous, hilarious, and coarse to the point of vulgarity，full of animal spirits, tells the story of a vagabond life 語言直接、生動(dòng)、歡快、粗糙，甚至有點(diǎn)俗,精神煥發(fā)，講述流浪者的故事。The History of Tom Jones, a foundling棄嬰湯姆.瓊斯的故事 the best novel of him3)、Jonathan Swift 喬納森.斯威夫特Gullivers Travels格列佛游記 novel 反諷作品特點(diǎn)：no visible sign of anger, nor raising the voice; the tone is cold, restrained, ironic, varied only by some flashes of fooling when Swifts sense of the ridiculour gets the better of him.努不動(dòng)顏，罵不揚(yáng)聲，語調(diào)冷酷，鋒芒暗藏，諷刺辛辣，僅在諷喻之情難以抑制時(shí)才偶露揶揄之態(tài)。A Modest Proposal一個(gè)溫和的建議4)、Samuel Richardson 塞繆爾.理查森Pamela帕美勒 The method of psychological analysis 心理分析的方法In the form of letters 書信體小說5)、Richard B. Sheridan 理查德.B.謝爾丹School for Scandal造謠學(xué)校，喜劇 comedy6)、Oliver Goldsmiths 奧利佛.哥爾德斯密斯 散文作家 essayistThe Vicar of Wakefield威克菲爾德的牧師，小說 novelShe Stoops to Conquer委曲求全，歡樂喜劇 rollicking comedyThe Deserted Village荒村，詩歌 poems4、Sentimentalism 感傷主義 no belief 沒有信仰The representatives of sentimentalism continued to struggle against feudalism but they vaguely sensed at the same time the contradictions of bourgeois progress that brought with it enslavement and ruin to the people.感傷主義的代表人物在繼續(xù)反對(duì)封建主義的同時(shí)又模糊的感覺到資本主義進(jìn)程中出現(xiàn)的種種矛盾，感覺到資本主義制度對(duì)人性的奴役和破壞。代表人物：Thomas Gray 托馬斯.格雷 Elegy, Written in a Country Churchyard墓園挽歌七、the Romantic Period (1798-1832)浪漫主義散文 prose1、前浪漫主義代表人物：William Blake 威廉.布萊克 詩人 poetRobert Burns 羅伯特.彭斯 蘇格蘭詩人 poetPre-Romanticism was greatly influenced by the Industrial Revolution and the French Revolution前浪漫主義極大地影響了工業(yè)革命和法國(guó)大革命。2、教育意義Educational：liberty, equality and fraternity 自由，平等，博愛3、開始的標(biāo)志：beginning with the publication of William Wordsworths Lyrical Ballads 從威廉.華茲華斯發(fā)表的抒情歌謠開始4、lake poets(湖畔詩人)：Coleridge Southey Wordsworth5、代表人物： 1)、William Wordsworth 威廉.華茲華斯 poet-laureate (桂冠詩人)The Prelude序曲 自傳性詩歌Autobiographical poetryWith S.T.coleridge, they jointly published the “Lyrical Ballads”. 與s.t.coleridge一起,聯(lián)合發(fā)表了“抒情民謠”作品特點(diǎn)：simplicity and purity of the language, fighting against the conventional forms of the 18th century poetry簡(jiǎn)單而純潔的語言,反傳統(tǒng)形式的18世紀(jì)詩歌 2)、Lord Byron 拜倫 Childe HaroldPilgrimage查爾德?哈羅德游記 cantos 詩章 成名作 Don Juan唐璜 poem 詩 satiric masterpiece 諷刺的杰作 Hours of Idleness閑散時(shí)刻 poem 詩 the first volume of poem 首卷詩 3)、Percy Bysshe Shelley 雪萊 Prometheus Unbound解放的普羅米修斯 drama 戲劇 Ode to the West Wind西風(fēng)頌 poem 詩 4)、John Keats 濟(jì)慈 poet 詩人 The Eve of St. Agnes圣阿格良斯之夜 poem On a Greeian Urn希臘古甕頌 poem To a Nightingale致夜鶯 poem “Beauty is truth, truth beauty”美學(xué)原則 5)、Walter Scott 沃特.斯科特 He is the creator and a great master of the historical novel. 他是創(chuàng)造者和歷史小說大師 6)、Jane Austen 簡(jiǎn).奧斯丁 女 Pride and Prejudice傲慢與偏見 Sense and Sensibility理智與情感 Emma愛瑪 寫作特點(diǎn)：the love-making of her young people, though serious and sympathetic, is subdued by humor to the ordinary plane of emotion on which most of us live. She was the founder of the novel which deals with unimportant middleclass people. 她是中產(chǎn)階級(jí)小說的發(fā)起人。 7)、Charles Lamb 查爾斯.蘭伯 essayist散文家6、十九世紀(jì)散文的特點(diǎn)：In the first of these two periods Addison and Steelesocialized the essay, so to speak; they brought it into everyday life and made it familiar and delightful to the multitude. 在這兩個(gè)時(shí)期的開始，艾迪生和斯蒂爾的社會(huì)散文把散文帶入日常生活,并使其熟悉和并令人愉快。 Early in the nineteenth century it became more definitely a means of intimate self-expression.在十九世紀(jì)前期，散文變得對(duì)自我的表達(dá)越來越肯定八、Critical Realism 批判現(xiàn)實(shí)主義 ，Victorian Period 維多利亞時(shí)期 humanism 人文主義1、意義：Chartism signified the first great political movement of the proletariat in English history.在英國(guó)的歷史中，憲章運(yùn)動(dòng)是偉大的無產(chǎn)階級(jí)政治運(yùn)動(dòng)。2、代表人物： 1)、Charles Dickens 狄更斯 Hard Times艱難時(shí)刻 Pickwick Papers匹克威克外傳 Oliver Twist霧都孤兒 A Tale of Two Cities雙城記(描述了法國(guó)大革命French Revolution)特點(diǎn)：describing the misery and sufferings of common people.描述苦難和苦難的群眾。 2)、Charlotte Bronte 夏洛特.勃郎特 女 Shirley雪利 Jane Eyre簡(jiǎn).愛 Emily Bronte 艾米麗.勃郎特Wuthering Heights呼嘯山莊（主人公：Mr. Heathcliff） 特點(diǎn)：brought to the novel an introspection and an intense concentration on the inner life of emotion which before them had been the province of poetry alone. 3)、Mrs. Gaskell Mary Barton, North and South瑪麗.巴頓，北方和南方 4)、William Makepeace Thackeray Vanity Fair名利場(chǎng) this title was borrowed by Thackeray from The Pilgrims Progress by Bunyan. Thackeray draws a broad panorama of social life in his novel, ruthlessly criticizing money worship, cruelty and unscrupulousness. 在他的小說中描繪了廣闊的社會(huì)生活，無情抨擊了殘酷和不擇手段的拜金主義 人物：Rebecca Sharp a perfect embodiment of the spirit of Vanity Fair as her only aspiration in life is to gain wealth and position by and means.唯一的愿望人生就是在名利場(chǎng)中，完美的獲取財(cái)富和地位的手段。 特點(diǎn)： novels mainly containa satirical portrayal of the upper strata of society。小說是一個(gè)含有諷刺意味的上流社會(huì)寫照。 5)、George Eliot 喬治.艾略特 女 Adam Bedenovel The mill on the flossMiddlemarch Her preoccupation was always with the serious consideration of the moral position of the individual in the universe, but her psychological insight into thedevelopment of character.她最認(rèn)真考慮的是個(gè)人的道德立場(chǎng)，但是她的心洞察了個(gè)性的發(fā)展。 特點(diǎn)：the significance of G. Eliots work lies in the portrayal of the pettiness and stagnancy of English provincial life 艾略特寫作的意義在于瑣碎的描繪和英國(guó)生活的停滯。3、桂冠詩人(poet-laureate)：1)、Alfred Tennyson 2)、Robert Browning My last duchess已故的公爵夫人 Jealousy(嫉妒) Stingy(小氣) 貢獻(xiàn)：Dramatic monologues 戲劇獨(dú)白 dramatic lyrics 戲劇抒情詩 dramatic romances 戲劇傳奇九、The transition from 19th to 20th century in English literature 19到20世紀(jì)英國(guó)文學(xué)的過渡期1、Aestheticism 唯美主義 “art for arts sake” 為藝術(shù)而藝術(shù) 2、代表人物。1)、Thomas Hardy 悲觀主義者 Pessimists Tess of the DUrbervilles 苔絲 Jude the obscure裘德 novel 特點(diǎn)：His career is thus divided sharply between his Victorian novels and his post-Victorian poetry. 他的生涯就是他的小說和他的后維多利亞詩歌之間的尖銳分歧。2)、Oscar Wilde “art for arts sake” 為藝術(shù)而藝術(shù) 3)、George Bernard Shaw 劇作家(playwright) Mrs. Warrens profession華萊夫人的職業(yè)4)、D. H. Lawrence Lady Chatterleys Lover查泰萊夫人的情人 The Rainbow彩虹 Sons and lovers兒子與情人3、 “stream of consciousness”意識(shí)流代表人物：1)、Virginia Woolf Mrs. Dalloway A Room of Ones Own Woolf was much concerned with the position of women. 非常重視婦女的地位 2)、James Joyce UlyssesPart 1 The AngloSaxon Period（449-1066）秧格魯-撒克遜時(shí)期 1. Historical Background Celts 400B.C. Romans 50B.C. AngloSaxons 450A.D Norman Invasion 1066A.D. Roman empire從albion撤軍，teutonic tribes(包括angles, Saxons,jutes)（條頓人or日耳曼人）陸續(xù)登陸此地 2. Literature 1,pagan異教徒文學(xué) 2 christian基督徒文學(xué) alliterative verse頭韻詩 Epic: Beowulf貝奧武甫（Denmark背景）（the hall heorot鹿庁，grendel:a monster half-human）1) Oral origin, recited in court, handed down in generations until finally it was recorded by certain poet.上下部分由pagan寫，插入由christian寫 2) a mixture of history and legend.，englands national epic民國(guó)史詩 Part II The Anglo-Norman Period(1066-1350)秧格魯-諾曼時(shí)期1. Historical Background Roman conquest,接著是english conquest，最后是norman conquest。 The Norman Conquest in 1066 Duke William of Normandy claimed himself William I, King of England.（the battle of hastings希斯廷戰(zhàn)役） KingsBarons男爵Knights, a feudal system of hierarchy統(tǒng)治集團(tuán) was formed 2. The language Upper classes: French, Latin The common people: Old English Three languages co-existed in England. French became the official language used by the king and the Norman lords; Latin became the principal tongue of church affairs and in universities; and Old English was spoken only by the common English people. 3.The literature Romance was a type of literature that was very popular in the Middle Ages. It is about the life and adventures undertaken by a knight. It reflected the spirit of chivalry騎士制度. The content of romance: love, chivalry and religion. It involves fighting, adventures. Subject matter: Geoffreys History杰弗里史記，riming chronicles押韻編年史，metricalverse格律詩體，doggerel verse打油詩體 1) the Matter of France eg. Charlemagne and his peers查理曼大帝和他的騎士2) Matter of Greece and Rome eg Akexabder亞歷山大大帝 3) Matter of Britain tales having for their heroes Arthur and his knights of the Round Table 3. main literature Sir Gawain and the green knight.高文爵士和綠衣騎士（arthur，gawain,green knight, morgain the fay-woman妖精摩根, the green girdle綠腰帶） Part III Geoffrey Chaucer (13401400)杰弗里.喬叟時(shí)期1. Historical Background He was living at the same time as the writer of Sir Gawain. In 1350 AD, 100 Years War between England and France. The English won, they controlled large French territory領(lǐng)土. The Henry VI lost it all. He is father of English poetry War of the Roses 1455-1485 AD 2. Whats middle ages like? 1). The medieval society: hierarchy 等級(jí)制度social system. 2). Another important thing in the medieval society is Christianity基督God-centered thinking, mind ideology思想體系 3. Life and work of Chaucer Chaucer lived between (1340-1400). His life is closely connected with the King and the royal family. Chaucer is working in a royal family as a page小侍臣. He married the sister of Gaunts wife. He became a government official.He is very much exposed to the influence of Italy of the culture. E. G. Dante但丁, Patriarch,主教 Boccaccio-the Decameron薄伽丘著十日談,Chaucer chose the metrical form which laid the foundation of the English tonico-syllabic verse.喬叟第一次在英國(guó)用韻腳韻律詩形式來創(chuàng)作詩歌，開創(chuàng)了英國(guó)文學(xué)以重音-音節(jié)為基礎(chǔ)的格律詩先河。首創(chuàng)heroic couplet英雄雙行體。 His career can be divided into several periods 1. French 1360-1370 translate French poetry 2. Italian 1372-1386 3. English The Canterbury tales 4. The Canterbury tales He got his stories from various sources, Greek authors, Roman authors, Italian, French, but there is no doubt about Chaucers originality. He retells the stories in his own way. The stories are told by a group of people on their way to and back from Canterbury. Pilgrims 朝圣者tell stories to pass the time. The journey is used as a kind of device to unite the various tales Nun修女:Her enthusiasm for grace, trying to become someone that she is not, she cannot possibly be. -Pretentiousness, pretending偽裝too much Chaucer has different attitude to different characters 第一句：as soon as april pierces to the root, the drought of march, and bathes each bud and shoot The significance of his writing 1) it gives a comprehensive廣泛的 picture of Chaucers time 2) the dramatic structure 3) Chaucers humor 4) Chaucers contribution to the English language. Ever since the Norman Conquest the French language was the language at the court and the upper classes, and Latin was the language of the learned and the church. Chaucer used the native language English and proved that the English language is a beautiful language. He increased the prestige 威信of the English language. 5. Popular ballads大眾民謠 A ballad is a narrative敘述 poem that tells a story. It is about particular incidents, usually dramatic. Ballets tell stories-about tragic悲劇的 incidents. They are written in a special musical pattern, ballad meter-four meters, couplets（相連并押韻的兩行詩） two line in a unit or quatrain 四行詩_ ababcdcd Characteristics: 1) The beginning is often abrupt突然地. No introduction of the characters and the background of the tale 2) There are strong dramatic elements. A ballad deals with a single episode插曲 3) the story is often told through dialogue and action 4) the theme is often tragic悲劇的 5) The ballad meter is used. It contains four-line stanza節(jié)，段 在英國(guó)把民謠當(dāng)文學(xué)形式研究的第一人是托馬斯.帕西主教Bishop Thomas Percy,他將民謠收錄到英詩輯古Reliques of Ancient English Poetry中。 Robin Hood and Allin-a-Dale羅賓漢和阿林代爾 Get Up and Bar the Door.起來去關(guān)門 Sir Patrick Spens派屈克。斯賓塞爵士 Part IV The Renaissance文藝復(fù)興時(shí)期 1. Historical Background 1) The reign of Queen Elizabeth (1558_1603) England enjoyed a period of peace and prosperity2) The defeat of the Spanish Armada艦隊(duì) by the English navy in 1588. After the battle,England gradually became a mighty naval海軍的power. 3) Humanism人文主義 Renaissance: it is a French word that means “rebirth”復(fù)活 in English. In the 15th and 16th century, scholars in western European countries had a keen interest in the Greek and Latin culture. That is the art and science of ancient Greece and Rome were being born again after long years of neglect.忽略 Humanism: The welfare幸福 of human being is very important. It emphases the worth of life in this world, and the dignity of human being. 4）主要作者介紹 Thomas More : Utopia托馬斯。莫爾：烏托邦 Thomas Wyatt:懷亞特：把sonnet十四行詩引入英國(guó)第一人 Edmund Spenser: the Fairy Queen埃德蒙。斯賓塞：仙后 John Lyly: Eupheus約翰。黎里：艷詞，首創(chuàng)euphuism絢麗體 Christopher Marlowe:克里斯托弗。馬洛：把blank verse無韻詩作為英語戲劇主要表達(dá)方式的開創(chuàng)者 English drama是英國(guó)文藝復(fù)興的主流 2. The writers William Shakespeare (15641616) 1) His life and work 1592, arrived in London doing very mean jobs, then he joined Lord chamberlains國(guó)王侍從 company, became very famous. He became a shareholder股東 in the Globe and bought a big house in his hometown. He bought a coat of arms for his father。出生地：Stratford-on-Avon, Warwickshire -2 poems, 37 plays, 154 sonnets His plays-1,Histories and comedies 2.Tragedies 3.Romances The importance of his writing( more can be added) 1) Shakespeare represented the tread腳步 of history in giving voice to the desires and aspirations of the people.( peace) 2) Shakespeares humanism. His plays reflected the spirit of his age. 3He was a great poet 4） He was a master of the English language. 5） His first original play written in about 1590 was King Henry VI 6） Hmalet,哈姆雷特 Othello,奧賽羅 King Lear,李爾王and the Tragedy of Macbeth麥克白 are regarded as Shakespeares four great tragedies. Hamblet:講的是丹麥故事，反映的是英國(guó)的事情 主要人物：Claudius克勞迪斯，死去國(guó)王的弟弟，Queen Gertrude喬特魯?shù)茫和踝拥哪赣H，Polonius波洛琉斯：愛說閑話的官員，Ophelia奧菲利亞：官員的女兒，Laertes雷歐提斯：官員的兒子 The Merchant of Venice威尼斯商人 主要人物：Bassanio巴薩尼奧，Antonio安東尼奧，Shylock夏洛克:a wealthy Jew猶太人，Portia鮑西亞：Bassanios girlfriend, Jessica杰西卡：shylocks daughter, Lorenzo羅蘭佐：Bassanios friend and Jessicas boyfriend,