讀寫任務(wù)中概要寫法分類例說1.doc

讀寫任務(wù)中概要寫法分類例說在讀寫任務(wù)中，學(xué)生普遍存在概括不全、照抄原文等現(xiàn)象。其中，概括不全是個(gè)大問題，因這會(huì)影響到下文表述自己的觀點(diǎn)。為了保證學(xué)生在寫作的過程當(dāng)中不漏掉要點(diǎn)，以下是在教學(xué)實(shí)踐中總結(jié)出五種類型閱讀材料，讓學(xué)生根據(jù)各類材料的特點(diǎn)逐步寫好summary。一、敘述型（記敘文）材料文章特點(diǎn)：一段經(jīng)歷或者一個(gè)故事。材料文章結(jié)構(gòu)：按照事情發(fā)展順序，特殊事件的時(shí)間和結(jié)果。Summary要點(diǎn)：時(shí)、地、人、事 + 注意特殊之處或者與眾不同的情節(jié) + 結(jié)果或者升華。同時(shí)要注意此類文章所特有的“客觀性”。There once was a happy monkey wandering the jungle, eating delicious fruit when hungry, and resting when tired. One day he came upon a house, where he saw a bowl of the most beautiful apples. He took one in each hand and ran back into the forest.He smelled the apples but smelled nothing. He tried to eat them, but hurt his teeth. They were made of wood, but they were beautiful, and when the other monkeys saw them, he held on to them even tighter.He admired his new possessions proudly as he wandered the jungle. They glistered （閃耀） red in the sun, and seemed perfect to him. He became so attached to them that he didn t even notice his hunger at first.A fruit tree reminded him of his empty stomach, but he felt the apples in his hands. He couldn t bear to put them down to reach for the fruit. In fact, he couldn t relax, either, if he was to defend his apples. A proud, but less happy monkey continued to walk along the forest pathsThe apples became heavier, and the poor little monkey thought about leaving them behind. He was tired, hungry, and he couldnt climb trees or collect fruit with his hands full. What if he just let go?Summary: _二、事例道理型 (夾敘夾議)材料文章特點(diǎn)：敘述一段經(jīng)歷或者一個(gè)事件，表達(dá)作者從中所受教育，或者說明一定的道理。材料文章結(jié)構(gòu)：有先擺道理再舉例子或者先說例子再總結(jié)道理兩種形式。Summary要點(diǎn)：概述例子的主要內(nèi)容（一般包括時(shí)、地、人、事，其中人和事是主要部分，時(shí)間和地點(diǎn)一般可以忽略），注意例子的特殊之處，即與眾不同之處，還要包括作者要說明的道理，或作者的態(tài)度。Last year my beliefs changed. （中心）Until last summer, I had a very comfortable life. My parents spent a lot of money on a private school, so they could get me into a competitive middle school. We never had to worry about today.Before last summer, I never thought much about the people in the world whose lives are controlled by poverty and hunger. Then I took part in a two-week program. We lived in a Tribal Village in a hot, dry and open grassland in Arkansas. I knew it was only a simulation（模擬） ,and I could go back to my regular life two weeks later, but the experience gave birth to a belief in helping others.Today, I am a tribal member in Mozambique. Every meal I make the fire for my family, and I blow to keep the fuel alive. I cook mush （糊狀物） with vegetables. This is all my family is ever given.Growing up comfortably in the U. S. , I ve never had to worry about my dinner. Now I believe in doing what ever I can to help find practical ways to defeat hunger. Today.If I ever feel tired, I remember laboring in the hot sun and think of the millions who still do. Now, I try to live for today and stop worrying so much about the future. When I eat or feel full, I am grateful for this fortunate life and want to extend the same feeling to others.I believe in offering help to those who need it. Right now.Summary:_三、現(xiàn)象分析型（說明文）材料文章特點(diǎn)：或分析一種現(xiàn)象，或解釋一個(gè)觀點(diǎn)。材料文章結(jié)構(gòu)：一般為“總分總”的結(jié)構(gòu)，開頭擺出“主題”，接著進(jìn)行“解釋”“說明”（一般包括各種各樣相關(guān)的例子或者不同的觀點(diǎn)和看法），最后“綜述”（提出“展望”或者升華主題）。Summary要點(diǎn)：現(xiàn)象中心內(nèi)容（注意中心詞，即關(guān)鍵詞或高頻詞）+ 優(yōu)缺點(diǎn)或正反面評(píng)論（這一部分如果敘寫篇幅多時(shí)要概述出來；篇幅少時(shí)只說文中提到了不同觀點(diǎn)就行）+ 現(xiàn)象中與眾不同的地方+“展望”或者“升華”。Professor Barry Wellman of the University of Toronto in Canada has invented a term to describe the way many North Americans interact （互動(dòng)） these days. The term is “networked individualism （網(wǎng)絡(luò)個(gè)體主義）”. This concept is not easy to understand because the words seem to have opposite meanings. How can we be individuals（個(gè)體） and be networked at the same time? You need other people for networks. （提出中心詞“networked individualism”）Here is what Professor Wellman means. Before the invention of the Internet and email, our social networks included live interactions with relatives, neighbors, and friends. Some of the interaction was by phone, but it was still voice to voice, person to person, in real time.A recent research studied by the Pew Internet and American Life Project showed that for a lot of people, electronic interaction through the computer has replaced this person-to-person interaction. However, a lot of people interviewed for the Pew study say that s a good thing. Why?In the past, many people were worried that the Internet isolated（孤立）us and caused us to spend too much time in the imaginary world of the computer. But the Pew study discovered that the opposite is true. The Internet connects us with more real people than expectedhelpful people who can give advice on careers, medical problems, raising children, and choosing a school or college. About 60 million Americans told Pew that the Internet plays an important role in helping them make major life decisions. （第2-3段解釋說明中心詞，擺出新舊不同觀點(diǎn)）Thanks to the computer, we are able to be alone and together with other people at the same time. （綜述）Summary: _四、論說觀點(diǎn)型（議論文）材料文章特點(diǎn)：議論文或者論說文。材料文章結(jié)構(gòu)：一般為：“總分”或者“分總”的結(jié)構(gòu)。如果分段敘述，注意每段的中心句（一般為第一句）；如果沒有分段，注意過渡詞(however, otherwise, therefore, thus, on one hand, on the other hand, the opposite.)。注意最后是否有提出解決辦法或者作者態(tài)度。相關(guān)話題：成功與失敗、樂觀與悲觀、競(jìng)爭(zhēng)與壓力、誠信.Summary要點(diǎn)：論題+不同觀點(diǎn)+解決辦法或作者態(tài)度。注意：如果文章用一些例子進(jìn)行證明，例子不用概述進(jìn)去。In our modern society marked by competition, people have to be faced with various kinds of pressure, the pressure from work, from family, from study and even from your heart. And a lot of people are afraid of the pressure. They keep complaining about every thing and appear very anxious. However, a certain measure of pressure is not necessarily bad. Just suppose without pressure how a high school student can pass the entrance to the university? And the fear of losing one s job keeps a worker working hard. Therefore, it is no exaggeration to say that pressure runs the world around. Of course too much pressure is harmful to our life. He who cannot handle the pressure might collapse someday if it is too much to endure. We ve already heard too many examples of this. Thus the question is that we must learn how to relieve ourselves of the burden of work and study at the same time,let the stimulus continue to drive us to efforts.Summary:_五、概述針對(duì)型材料文章特點(diǎn)：文章類型多樣，但是題目只要求針對(duì)其中某些方面進(jìn)行概述，例如2007年高考題。材料寫概要時(shí)應(yīng)注意審題，根據(jù)試題要求有針對(duì)性地進(jìn)行概述。An Internet war of words is violent between China s younger generations-the 1980s and the 1990s-commonly known as the Strawberries and the Jellies . It s about values and identity, whos patriotic and responsible, who s spoiled.The Strawberries see the Jellies as self-centered and irresponsible, materialistic, spoiled kids, while the Jellies see the Strawberries as out-of-date.Retired English teacher Paul Wang has taught both the 1980s and 1990s students and worries more about kids the latter I worry more about the 1990s because kids from the 1980s, although naughty and rebellious, would still listen to teachers, if not fear teachers. They have different opinions and would argue with me, but there was still respect. Kids today are different, says Wang. They know your salary, they know that you won t criticize them and many of them don t respect us anymore.Since the earthquake on May 12th, media have shown a greater appreciation of the 1980s generation. We used to feel disappointed about the 1980s, but they showed unbelievable courage and energy after the earthquake and proved they are patriotic and responsible enough to support this nation. However, the 1990s generation is listless. They don t know what they want because they have everything. They don % care about anything else except themselves.Summary要求：概述文中對(duì)90后的觀點(diǎn)。Summary: _如果抓住以上材料的五種類型，就可以加快閱讀速度，寫概要時(shí)也不至于漏掉要點(diǎn)。同學(xué)們應(yīng)該在此基礎(chǔ)上多加練習(xí)，善于把學(xué)習(xí)中閱讀到的文章進(jìn)行歸類，才能更有效地利用五種類型，完成質(zhì)量更優(yōu)的summary。鞏固練習(xí)：A：There is a growing debate about the most effective way for students to study. Traditionally studying alone was thought to be the best way to ensure good exam results. When studying alone you can focus your mind better than when you are with others. You also have the freedom to choose what topic to study and when, as you dont need file agreement of others. Students that prefer to study alone often say that when they study with their classmates they waste a lot of time because the discussion is often about non-study topics such as television or holidays.In the last few years, however, more and more students have started studying in groups. There are several reasons many students prefer this method. First, they find that studying is more fun as they can share the experience with others rather than staying in their rooms. In groups, they can discuss the subject together and when something is not understood they can ask each other questions. They can use the knowledge of their classmates to help improve their own knowledge. Finally by discussing the topic they are able to both understand and remember it better.Summary:_B：“Depend on yourself”is what nature says to everyone. Parents can help you. Teachers can help you. Others still can help you. But all these only help you to help yourself.There have been great men in history. But many of them were very poor in childhoods and no uncles, aunts or friends to help them. Schools were few and not very good. They could not depend upon them for an education. They saw how it was, and set to work with all their strength to know something. They worked their own way up to fame.One of the most famous teachers in England used to tell his pupils. “I can not make worthy men of you but I can help you make men of yourself.”But some young men tend to totally depend on others to help them out. They can never achieve much unless they see their weak points and change their course. They are nothing now, and will be nothing as long as they live, unless they accept the advice of their parents and teachers and depend on their own honest efforts.Summary:_讀寫任務(wù)中概要寫法分類例說（答案）一、 A monkey got some beautiful wooden apples（時(shí)地人事） and became so attached to them that he forgot to eat food（特殊之處）. Then he became hungry and weak, yet he still didn t want to throw them away. （結(jié)果）二、The author told us his experience as a tribal member（主要內(nèi)容） ,working in the hot sun and eating simple food（特殊之處）, from which he got a belief to help those in nee