英語演講稿 TED英語演講：為什么你總認(rèn)為你是對的.doc

TED英語演講：為什么你總認(rèn)為你是對的 有時我們明明做錯了，卻還是堅持自己是正確的，一意孤行非做不可。究竟我們思維中有什么缺陷讓我們?nèi)绱斯虉?zhí)己見呢?Julia Galef帶我們重訪歷史上著名的故事，和日常中的經(jīng)典場景，探索人類行為模式中的這個謎團。下面是小編為大家收集關(guān)于TED英語演講：為什么你總認(rèn)為你是對的，歡迎借鑒參考。 演說題目：Remember to say thank you Why you think youre right - even if youre wrong 演說者：Julia Galef So Im here to tell you that we have a problem with boys, and its a serious problem with boys. Their culture isnt working in schools, and Im going to share with you ways that we can think about overcoming that problem. First, I want to start by saying, this is a boy, and this is a girl, and this is probably stereotypically what you think of as a boy and a girl. If I essentialize gender for you today, then you can dismiss what I have to say. 我在這兒是想告訴大家我們的對男孩的教育有問題，男孩子的教育是個嚴(yán)重問題。在學(xué)校，男孩文化沒有形成。我要和大家分享我們關(guān)于這一問題的解決方法。首先，我首先想說，這是個男孩，這是個女孩。這可能是你刻板的關(guān)于男孩和女孩的想法。如果我今天要講性別的事，然后大家可能不會理睬我要說的。 So Id like you to imagine for a moment that youre a soldier in the heat of battle. Maybe youre a Roman foot soldier or a medieval archer or maybe youre a Zulu warrior. Regardless of your time and place, there are some things that are constant. Your adrenaline is elevated, and your actions are stemming from these deeply ingrained reflexes, reflexes rooted in a need to protect yourself and your side and to defeat the enemy. 我想讓你們想象一下，你是一個身處激烈戰(zhàn)爭中的士兵。也許你是一個羅馬步兵或者中世紀(jì)的弓箭手, 或者是一個祖魯勇士。不管你是處在怎樣的時代和戰(zhàn)場，有些東西是相同的。你的腎上腺素上升，而你的行動源于那些最原始的條件反射，那種出于保護自己和戰(zhàn)友 并打敗敵人的需求的條件反射。 So now, Id like you to imagine playing a very different role, that of the scout. The scouts job is not to attack or defend. The scouts job is to understand. The scout is the one going out, mapping the terrain, identifying potential obstacles. And the scout may hope to learn that, say, theres a bridge in a convenient location across a river. But above all, the scout wants to know whats really there, as accurately as possible. 現(xiàn)在，再想象一下扮演一個完全不同的角色，那就是偵察員。偵察員的工作不是攻擊或者防守。偵察員的工作是認(rèn)清形勢。偵察員是那些走出營地去測定地形、識別出可能的障礙的人。偵察員也許很希望剛好在合適的位置有一座橋可以跨過某條河。但更重要的是，偵察員想要弄清楚那里到底有什么，越精確越好。 And in a real, actual army, both the soldier and the scout are essential. But you can also think of each of these roles as a mindset - a metaphor for how all of us process information and ideas in our daily lives. What Im going to argue today is that having good judgment, making accurate predictions, making good decisions, is mostly about which mindset youre in. 在一支精良的隊伍中， 士兵和偵察員都是必不可少的。但是你也可以把它們各自想象為一種思維模式一種關(guān)于我們?nèi)绾卧谌粘Ｉ钪刑幚硇畔⒑拖敕ǖ谋扔?。今天我將要討論的是不管是擁有好的判斷力，做出正確的預(yù)測，還是做出好的決策，幾乎都跟你處于哪種思維模式相關(guān)。 To illustrate these mindsets in action, Im going to take you back to 19th-century France, where this innocuous-looking piece of paper launched one of the biggest political scandals in history. It was discovered in 1894 by officers in the French general staff. It was torn up in a wastepaper basket, but when they pieced it back together, they discovered that someone in their ranks had been selling military secrets to Germany. 為了舉例說明這兩種思維模式，我將帶你們回到19世紀(jì)法國的一個地方。在那里，由這張看起來很普通的稿件，引發(fā)了歷史上最大的政治丑聞之一。它是在1984年被法國總參謀部的軍官發(fā)現(xiàn)的。被撕碎了扔在一個廢紙簍里，但是當(dāng)他們把它拼接起來后，發(fā)現(xiàn)他們中間有人在向德國出賣軍事機密。 So they launched a big investigation, and their suspicions quickly converged on this man, Alfred Dreyfus.He had a sterling record, no past history of wrongdoing, no motive as far as they could tell. But Dreyfus was the only Jewish officer at that rank in the army, and unfortunately at this time, the French Army was highly anti-Semitic. They compared Dreyfuss handwriting to that on the memo and concluded that it was a match, even though outside professional handwriting experts were much less confident in the similarity,but never mind that. 因此他們開展了深入的調(diào)查，然后他們的懷疑很快集中到了這個人身上，阿爾弗勒德德雷福斯。他沒有過任何不光彩的記錄，沒做過什么壞事，也沒有所謂的動機。但是德雷福斯是軍隊里那個級別中的唯一猶太軍官，并且不幸的是，那時的法軍非常地反猶太。他們將德雷福斯的筆跡跟那張紙上的對照，然后得出了筆跡一致的結(jié)論，盡管外面的筆跡鑒定專家對此持懷疑態(tài)度， 但也于事無補。 They went and searched Dreyfuss apartment, looking for any signs of espionage.They went through his files, and they didnt find anything. This just convinced them more that Dreyfus was not only guilty, but sneaky as well, because clearly he had hidden all of the evidence before they had managed to get to it. 他們搜查了德雷福斯的寓所，尋找他從事間諜活動的蛛絲馬跡。他們翻遍了他的文件，但一無所獲。這使他們更加確信德雷福斯不僅有罪， 而且還很狡猾，因為很明顯在他們搜查之前 他就隱藏了所有的證據(jù)。 Next, they went and looked through his personal history for any incriminating details. They talked to his teachers, they found that he had studied foreign languages in school, which clearly showed a desire to conspire with foreign governments later in life. His teachers also said that Dreyfus was known for having a good memory, which was highly suspicious, right? You know, because a spy has to remember a lot of things. 接下來，他們審查了他的個人歷史尋找任何能表明他有罪的細(xì)節(jié)。他們跟他的老師談話。發(fā)現(xiàn)他在學(xué)校學(xué)過外語， 這清楚地表明了一種想要在以后的生活中跟外國政府相勾結(jié)的愿望。老師還說德雷福斯出了名的記憶力好，這不是非?？梢蓡? 因為間諜需要記住很多東西。 So the case went to trial, and Dreyfus was found guilty. Afterwards, they took him out into this public square and ritualistically tore his insignia from his uniform and broke his sword in two. This was called the Degradation of Dreyfus. And they sentenced him to life imprisonment on the aptly named Devils Island,which is this barren rock off the coast of South America. So there he went, and there he spent his days alone, writing letters and letters to the French government begging them to reopen his case so they could discover his innocence. But for the most part, France considered the matter closed. 因此經(jīng)過審訊，德雷福斯被判有罪。然后，他們把他帶到了公共廣場，儀式性地撕下了他制服上的徽章，并折斷了他的佩劍。這件事被稱作德雷福斯冤案。他們判處他終身監(jiān)禁，并將其押送到被稱為魔鬼島的地方服役，是個遠(yuǎn)離南美洲海岸貧瘠的巖石小島。在那里，他一個人孤零零地生活，給法國政府寫了一封又一封的信，乞求他們重審他的案子，并希望通過重審獲得清白。但是在大多數(shù)情形下，法國政府都認(rèn)為這件事已經(jīng)結(jié)案。 One thing thats really interesting to me about the Dreyfus Affair is this question of why the officers were so convinced that Dreyfus was guilty. I mean, you might even assume that they were setting him up, that they were intentionally framing him. But historians dont think thats what happened. As far as we can tell,the officers genuinely believed that the case against Dreyfus was strong. Which makes you wonder: What does it say about the human mind that we can find such paltry evidence to be compelling enough to convict a man? 在德雷福斯事件中讓我真正感興趣的一點是為什么這些軍官會如此確信德雷福斯是有罪的。我是說，你可能以為他們是在給他設(shè)套，他們在故意地誣陷他。但是歷史學(xué)家卻不這樣認(rèn)為。據(jù)我們所知，這些軍官由衷地相信德雷福斯是有罪的。這也就會使你感到好奇：如果在只有微不足道的證據(jù)的情況下我們就可以給一個人定罪，那么這對人類的思維來說意味著什么? Well, this is a case of what scientists call motivated reasoning. Its this phenomenon in which our unconscious motivations, our desires and fears, shape the way we interpret information. Some information, some ideas, feel like our allies. We want them to win. We want to defend them. And other information or ideas are the enemy, and we want to shoot them down. So this is why I call motivated reasoning, soldier mindset. 然而，這就是科學(xué)家 稱之為動機性推理一個案例。正是這種存在于我們無意識的動機以及我們的欲望和恐懼，塑造了我們解讀信息的方式。有些信息和想法感覺就像是我們的盟友。我們希望它們能贏。我們想要保護它們。還有些信息和想法感覺就像是敵人，我們就想要打垮它們。這就是為什么我把動機性推理稱作士兵型思維模式。 Probably most of you have never persecuted a French-Jewish officer for high treason, I assume, but maybe youve followed sports or politics, so you might have noticed that when the referee judges that your team committed a foul, for example, youre highly motivated to find reasons why hes wrong. But if he judges that the other team committed a foul - awesome! Thats a good call, lets not examine it too closely. 可能你們大部分人從來都沒有做過以叛國罪去迫害一個法籍猶太軍官這樣的事，沒錯吧，但很可能你關(guān)注過體育或者政治新聞，因此你大概注意過，舉個例子來說，當(dāng)裁判判你支持的 隊伍犯規(guī)時，你會很積極地去找理由證明他的判罰是錯的。但是當(dāng)裁判判對方犯規(guī)時太棒了!判得很正確，沒必要深究了。 Or, maybe youve read an article or a study that examined some controversial policy, like capital punishment. And, as researchers have demonstrated, if you support capital punishment and the study shows that its not effective, then youre highly motivated to find all the reasons why the study was poorly designed. But if it shows that capital punishment works, its a good study. And vice versa: if you dont support capital punishment, same thing. 也許你讀過一些對于有關(guān)政策 有爭議的文章或研究報告， 比如說關(guān)于死刑的。就像研究人員已經(jīng)證實的一樣，如果你支持死刑 而研究的結(jié)果卻表明它并不能有效減少犯罪，那么你會很積極地尋找各種理由去證明這項研究有不妥之處。但是如果它表明死刑能夠有效減少犯罪，那你就會認(rèn)可這項研究。反之，如果你反對死刑，也一樣。 Our judgment is strongly influenced, unconsciously, by which side we want to win. And this is ubiquitous.This shapes how we think about our health, our relationships, how we decide how to vote, what we consider fair or ethical. Whats most scary to me about motivated reasoning or soldier mindset, is how unconscious it is. We can think were being objective and fair-minded and still wind up ruining the life of an innocent man. 我們的判斷無意識地受到個人喜好的強烈影響。而且這種現(xiàn)象是普遍存在的。它影響著我們?nèi)绾慰创】岛腿穗H關(guān)系，如何決定投誰的票，以及怎樣看待公平或道德。關(guān)于動機性推理或者說士兵型思維模式，最讓我覺得可怕的一點是它受潛意識影響之深。我們認(rèn)為自己是客觀公正的，但結(jié)果卻是毀掉了一個無辜者的一生。 However, fortunately for Dreyfus, his story is not over. This is Colonel Picquart. Hes another high-ranking officer in the French Army, and like most people, he assumed Dreyfus was guilty. Also like most people in the army, he was at least casually anti-Semitic. But at a certain point, Picquart began to suspect: What if were all wrong about Dreyfus? 然而，幸運的是對于德雷福斯來說，一切還沒結(jié)束。這是皮卡爾上校。他是法軍中的另一個高級軍官，像大多數(shù)人一樣，他也認(rèn)為德雷福斯有罪。跟軍隊中大多數(shù)人也一樣，他至少表面上是反猶太的。但是在某個時間點上，皮卡爾開始懷疑：如果我們所有人都錯怪了德雷福斯呢? What happened was, he had discovered evidence that the spying for Germany had continued, even after Dreyfus was in prison. And he had also discovered that another officer in the army had handwriting that perfectly matched the memo, much closer than Dreyfuss handwriting. So he brought these discoveries to his superiors, but to his dismay, they either didnt care or came up with elaborate rationalizations to explain his findings, like, Well, all youve really shown, Picquart, is that theres another spy who learned how to mimic Dreyfuss handwriting, and he picked up the torch of spying after Dreyfus left. But Dreyfus is still guilty. 當(dāng)時的情況是，他發(fā)現(xiàn)了一些證據(jù)表明德國間諜的活動還在繼續(xù)，即便是在德雷福斯入獄之后。他還發(fā)現(xiàn)軍隊中另一個軍官的筆跡跟那張紙上的筆跡完全匹配， 比德雷福斯的筆跡更加相符。因此他帶著這些疑點找到他的上級，令人沮喪的是，他們要么不在乎，要么提出一些精心編造，想當(dāng)然的理由去解釋他的發(fā)現(xiàn)。比如說，嗯，你的發(fā)現(xiàn)剛好證明另一個間諜模仿了德雷福斯的筆跡，并且接替了德雷福斯的間諜位置。但是德雷福斯仍然是有罪的。 Eventually, Picquart managed to get Dreyfus exonerated. But it took him 10 years, and for part of that time, he himself was in prison for the crime of disloyalty to the army. 最終，皮卡爾讓德雷福斯重獲清白。但是花了他20xx年的時間， 而且在這期間他自己也以對軍隊不忠的罪名被投入了監(jiān)獄。 A lot of people feel like Picquart cant really be the hero of this story because he was an anti-Semite and thats bad, which I agree with. But personally, for me, the fact that Picquart was anti-Semitic actually makes his actions more admirable, because he had the same prejudices, the same reasons to be biasedas his fellow officers, but his motivation to find the truth and uphold it trumped all of that. 很多人覺得，在這個故事中皮卡爾算不上真正的英雄，因為他反猶太，我也同意這是他不好的一點。但就我個人而言，正是因為他反猶太，才使得他的行為更令人軟佩，因為他跟那些同僚帶有相同的偏見，也有相同的理由去傾向于有罪結(jié)論，但是他那種找出并維護真相的動力戰(zhàn)勝了一切。 So to me, Picquart is a poster child for what I call scout mindset. Its the drive not to make one idea win or another lose, but just to see whats really there as honestly and accurately as you can, even if its not pretty or convenient or pleasant. This mindset is what Im personally passionate about. And Ive spent the last few years examining and trying to figure out what causes scout mindset. Why are some people, sometimes at least, able to cut through their own prejudices and biases and motivations and just try to see the facts and the evidence as objectively as they can? 所以對我而言，皮卡爾就是我稱之為 偵察員型思維模式中的典型代表。這不是非讓兩個想法分出輸贏不可，而是盡可能誠實和準(zhǔn)確地找出事實真相的一種驅(qū)動力，即使真相并不那么令人賞心悅目。這種思維模式是我個人所推崇的。過去幾年我一直在調(diào)查并想找出偵察員型思維模式的成因。為什么有些人，至少在有些時候，能夠去掉自己內(nèi)心的歧視、偏見和傾向，而是盡可能嘗試著客觀地找出事實和證據(jù)。 And the answer is emotional. So, just as soldier mindset is rooted in emotions like defensiveness or tribalism, scout mindset is, too. Its just rooted in different emotions. For example, scouts are curious.Theyre more likely to say they feel pleasure when they learn new information or an itch to solve a puzzle.Theyre more likely to feel intrigued when they encounter something that contradicts their expectations. 而答案就是情感。就像士兵型思維模式是出于像防御性和部落主義這樣的情感，偵察員型思維模式也一樣。只不過是來源于不同的情感。例如，偵察員都有很強的好奇心。他們更可能會因為獲得新的信息或渴望解開一個謎題而感到開心。他們會對那些與他們的預(yù)期不相符的事情更感興趣。 Scouts also have different values. Theyre more likely to say they think its virtuous to test your own beliefs, and theyre less likely to say that someone who changes his mind seems weak. And above all, scouts are grounded, which means their self-worth as a person isnt tied to how right or wrong they are about any particular topic. So they can believe that capital punishment works. If studies come out showing that it doesnt, they can say, Huh. Looks like I might be wrong. Doesnt mean Im bad or stupid. 偵察員也擁有不同的價值觀。他們可能會覺得檢驗自己的信仰是一件善事，而可能不會說那些改變想法的人看起來很懦弱?？傊瑐刹靻T是以事實為根據(jù)的，也就是說他們的自我價值觀不是跟他們在某個事件上的 對錯綁在一起的。所以他們可能相信死刑能減少犯罪。 但如果研究表明它不能，他們可能會說呵，看起來是我錯了，但這并不說明我壞或者蠢。 This cluster of traits is what researchers have found - and Ive also found anecdotally - predicts good judgment. And the key takeaway I want to leave you with about those traits is that theyre primarily not about how smart you are or about how much you know. In fact, they dont correlate very much with IQ at all. Theyre about how you feel. Theres a quote that I keep coming bac