(精品)初中英語(yǔ)長(zhǎng)難句——語(yǔ)篇從句講義(初中學(xué)生版).doc

初中英語(yǔ)閱讀理解之長(zhǎng)難句分析講義語(yǔ)篇學(xué)語(yǔ)法從句I arrived in London on a foggy day, to go to a very important meeting. The place where the meeting was going to be held was on the other side of the town. All traffic came to a stopbecause the drivers were not able to see more than a yard in front of them. The meeting would begin at 9:00, so I decided to go there on foot.Minutes later, I was completely lost. I stood there and thought that I would have to phone to the meeting to explain that I was not able to arrive there on time. Then I heard a young mans voice coming out of the fog, “I suppose you are lost. Can I help you?” I was very glad to have a man who could take me to the meeting. Afterward I told him where I wanted to go, took his arm, and we started. We walked quite fast, turning corners and crossing roads.As I followed him through the dark streets, I wondered why he found his way so easily. “I know this part of London quite well,” he said. “But in such a fog its impossible to see anything,” I said.“I am blind, sir.” he answered, “In the fog, it is exactly the same for me as usual.”在英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法中，按照句子結(jié)構(gòu)，英語(yǔ)句子主要可以分為三種類型：簡(jiǎn)單句、并列句和復(fù)合句。1. 簡(jiǎn)單句：最基本的句子類型，一個(gè)句子中只含有一個(gè)主謂結(jié)構(gòu)。Eg：My uncle gives me a camera.2. 并列句：由兩個(gè)或兩個(gè)以上獨(dú)立的主謂結(jié)構(gòu)或簡(jiǎn)單句并列在一起的，通常用并列連詞來(lái)連接兩個(gè)或兩個(gè)以上的句子， Eg：Jim went to the party last night, but his wife didnt. Study hard and you will make progress.3. 復(fù)合句：由一個(gè)主句與一個(gè)或一個(gè)以上的從句（從句有相應(yīng)的連詞引導(dǎo)）組成的句子。 因此，復(fù)合句含有兩個(gè)或兩個(gè)以上的主謂結(jié)構(gòu)（完整的句子），句子與句子之間用連接詞連 接。其中，主句部分可以獨(dú)立存在，但從句擔(dān)當(dāng)了主句某一句子成分，故通常不能獨(dú)立存在。 根據(jù)從句在句子中充當(dāng)?shù)某煞?，可以將其分?類，即主語(yǔ)從句、表語(yǔ)從句、賓語(yǔ)從句、同位語(yǔ)從句、定語(yǔ)從句和狀語(yǔ)從句。從句的本質(zhì)： 名詞性從句1. 主語(yǔ)從句： ，而不是用單詞或短語(yǔ)來(lái)充當(dāng)主語(yǔ)。eg: (1) What you need is more practice.(2) When the meeting will be held has not been announced.(3) That he will not attend the meeting is clear.(4) Whether it will do us harm or good is unknown. 注：有時(shí)，為了避免將太長(zhǎng)的主語(yǔ)放在句首而使句子顯得頭重腳輕，通常用代詞it做形式主語(yǔ)，而將真正的主語(yǔ)從句放到句子的后面。例如：(1) It is clear that he will not attend the meeting.(2) It is unknown whether it will do us harm or good. 主語(yǔ)從句引導(dǎo)詞：連詞that （在從句中不擔(dān)任成分，本身沒(méi)有詞義）， 連詞whether（意思是“是否” ） 連接代詞what，whatever，who，whoever，which等引導(dǎo)， 連接副詞when，where，how，why等引導(dǎo)。2. 表語(yǔ)從句： 。跟在系動(dòng)詞后面的句子成分就是表語(yǔ)。eg: (1) That is what I want to say. （what在從句中充當(dāng) ，不能省略） (2) My opinion is that we should make a decision right now. (that只引導(dǎo)，本身無(wú)詞義，在從句中也不充當(dāng)任何句子成分，可以省略) (3) The problem is who should be responsible for this car accident. (who在從句中當(dāng) ，不能省略） (4) What I want to know （ 從句）is who is in charge of the work（ 從句）. (用于引導(dǎo) 從句的what和引導(dǎo) 從句的who都不能省略) (5) It looks as if its going to rain. （looks是系動(dòng)詞）3. 賓語(yǔ)從句： ，在動(dòng)詞或介詞的后面通常都跟有賓語(yǔ)。 引導(dǎo)賓語(yǔ)從句的連接詞與主語(yǔ)從句和表語(yǔ)從句一樣，是that, whether ( if ), who，whoever，which，when，where, how, why，what，whatever等。例如本文中出現(xiàn)的幾個(gè)賓語(yǔ)從句：(1) I stood there and thought that I would have to phone to the meeting to explain that I was not able to arrive there on time.第句是thought的賓語(yǔ)從句，第句是explain的賓語(yǔ)從句。(2) I suppose you are lost.(這是suppose的賓語(yǔ)從句，省略了that).(3) Afterward I told him where I wanted to go, took his arm, and we started.（這是told的賓語(yǔ)從句，充當(dāng)間接賓語(yǔ)，引導(dǎo)詞where在從句中充當(dāng)狀語(yǔ)）(4) I wondered why he found his way so easily.(wondered的賓從，why在從句中充當(dāng)狀語(yǔ)）另外：賓語(yǔ)從句除了可以跟在及物動(dòng)詞之后外，還可以跟在介詞的后面，充當(dāng)介詞的賓語(yǔ)。Eg：Your composition is quite good except that there are some spelling mistakes. （充當(dāng)介詞except的賓語(yǔ)） What we should take with us （主語(yǔ)從句）depends on where well stay. （充當(dāng)介詞on的賓語(yǔ)）在使用賓語(yǔ)從句時(shí)，要注意：1）賓語(yǔ)從句的時(shí)態(tài)當(dāng)主句是過(guò)去時(shí)的某種時(shí)態(tài)時(shí)，從句的時(shí)態(tài)也要用相應(yīng)的過(guò)去時(shí)的時(shí)態(tài)。Eg：The teacher asked him whether he had studied English for 6 years.但如果主句是現(xiàn)在的時(shí)態(tài)，則從句的時(shí)態(tài)根據(jù)從句本身的實(shí)際情況而定。Eg：I am glad that you passed the exam.2）that在引導(dǎo)賓語(yǔ)從句通常都省略，如上文中的第句。3）如果主句中it做形式賓語(yǔ)，而that引導(dǎo)賓語(yǔ)從句是真正的賓語(yǔ)時(shí)，that不能省略。Eg：Many students take it for granted that their parents should do everything for them.（it是形式賓語(yǔ)，that引導(dǎo)的賓語(yǔ)從句是真正的賓語(yǔ)，不能省略that）形容詞性從句5. 定語(yǔ)從句： 。在全句中相當(dāng)于形容詞，用來(lái)修飾先行詞（即被定語(yǔ)從句修飾的詞）名詞或代詞，或修飾整個(gè)主句。定語(yǔ)從句屬于非獨(dú)立性從句，本身不能獨(dú)立存在，應(yīng)該緊跟在它的先行詞之后。根據(jù)與先行詞之間關(guān)系的密切程度，定語(yǔ)從句分為兩類：限制性定語(yǔ)從句和非限制性定語(yǔ)從句。由關(guān)系代詞(who, whom, whose, which, that, as)或關(guān)系副詞(when, where, why)引導(dǎo)的從句，限制性定語(yǔ)從句：與先行詞的關(guān)系密切，如果將定語(yǔ)從句刪掉，那么剩下的主句部分就會(huì)含混不清，另外，限制性定語(yǔ)從句之前不用標(biāo)點(diǎn)符號(hào)。如上文中：The place where the meeting was going to be held was on the other side of the town. I was very glad to have a man who could take me to the meeting.非限制性定語(yǔ)從句：對(duì)先行詞做進(jìn)一步的解釋或說(shuō)明，如果刪除掉，不影響整個(gè)句子的基本意思，通常用逗號(hào)與主句部分分開。例如：(1) A student, whose name I dont know, comes to see you.(2) They will fly to London, where they plan to stay for a week. (3) Tom didnt pass the maths exam, which made his parents angry.(4) One of the most senic areas is the Loire Valley, where you can visit the old castles in which the kings and queens of France used to live. 分析：在上文第句The place where the meeting was going to be held was on the other side of the town.中，主句部分是The place was on the other side of the town. 由關(guān)系副詞where引導(dǎo)的從句where the meeting was going to be held是表示地點(diǎn)的先行詞the place的定語(yǔ)，引導(dǎo)詞where在從句中充當(dāng)?shù)攸c(diǎn)狀語(yǔ), 相當(dāng)于in the place。注1：需要注意的是，當(dāng)先行詞是表示地點(diǎn)的名詞時(shí)，引導(dǎo)詞可以是關(guān)系代詞that或which，但有時(shí)也用關(guān)系副詞where。例如： (1) This is the place which / that we visited last year. (2) This is the place where I once worked.具體區(qū)別在于：引導(dǎo)詞that或which是關(guān)系代詞，在從句中要充當(dāng)主語(yǔ)或賓語(yǔ)。在第(1)句中，which / that在定語(yǔ)從句中相當(dāng)于 做 的 語(yǔ)；而引導(dǎo)詞where是關(guān)系副詞，在定語(yǔ)從句中只能擔(dān)當(dāng)狀語(yǔ)，如第(2)句中，where做 的 語(yǔ)，相當(dāng)于 ，從句可以理解為： .注2：另外，當(dāng)先行詞是表示時(shí)間的名詞時(shí)，定語(yǔ)從句的引導(dǎo)詞同樣可以是that或which，有時(shí)也用 when，其區(qū)別也是如此：that / which在定語(yǔ)從句中充當(dāng)主語(yǔ)或賓語(yǔ)，而關(guān)系副詞when則在所引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句中充當(dāng)時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)。例如： (1)We often think of the days which / that we spent together on the island. (2)We often think of the days when we worked together in the town.雖然這兩個(gè)句子的先行詞都是the days，但是在第一句中，which / that相當(dāng)于 ，在定語(yǔ)從句中做謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞 的 語(yǔ)；在第二句中，when相當(dāng)于 ,，在定語(yǔ)從句中做 語(yǔ)： 還有一個(gè)關(guān)系副詞why可以用于引導(dǎo)限制性定語(yǔ)從句，其先行詞只能是reason，why指原因，在定語(yǔ)從句中只能做原因狀語(yǔ)。例如：The reason why I was late for the class was that I missed the bus. 在上文的第句中：I was very glad to have a man who could take me to the meeting.主句部分是I was very glad to have a man，定語(yǔ)從句是由關(guān)系代詞who引導(dǎo)的，其先行詞是a man。當(dāng)先行詞是人時(shí)，其定語(yǔ)從句的引導(dǎo)詞可以是who，whom,也可以是that。例如：Where is the man (who / whom / that) I saw yesterday.用于引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句中引導(dǎo)詞還有關(guān)系代詞whom, whose, which和as，其具體用法如下：1. whom: 先行詞必須是人，whom在定語(yǔ)從句中只能做賓語(yǔ)。例如：He is the man whom I met yesterday. 該句中的whom可以換成who或that，也可以省略。who和that在定語(yǔ)從句中可以充當(dāng)主語(yǔ)和賓語(yǔ)，因此，當(dāng)定語(yǔ)從句的引導(dǎo)詞在從句中擔(dān)當(dāng)賓語(yǔ)時(shí)，who， that和whom可以互換，也可以省略。但是，如果在引導(dǎo)詞前面出現(xiàn)了介詞，則只能使用whom。例如：I like my English teacher, from whom I learn a lot.如果先行詞是并列情況，既有人又有物時(shí)，只能用that。例如：They talked about the teachers and schools that they had visited.（先行詞既有人teachers，又有物schools）2. whose:相當(dāng)于形容詞性的物主代詞，是唯一一個(gè)可以在所引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句中充當(dāng)定語(yǔ)的引導(dǎo)詞，其先行詞可以是物，也可以是人。例如：(1) You are the only person whose advice he might listen to. （先行詞是人）(2) Id like a room whose window faces south. （先行詞是物）3. which: 其先行詞只能是物，在定語(yǔ)從句中做主語(yǔ)或賓語(yǔ)，在做賓語(yǔ)時(shí)，可以省略。多數(shù)情況下可以與that互換。例如：(1) This is the photo which shows my little pet cat. （which在定語(yǔ)從句中做主語(yǔ)，不能省略，可以換成that）(2) Ive lost the watch which I bought last week. （which在定語(yǔ)從句中做bought的賓語(yǔ)，可以省略，可以換成that）但是，which可以引導(dǎo)非限制性定語(yǔ)從句，或指代前面整個(gè)主句的意思，而that卻不可以。eg：They have three houses, which are built of stone. （which在引導(dǎo)一個(gè)非限制性定語(yǔ)從句）She married Tom, which surprised everyone. (which指She married Tom這件事，不能用that)如果在表示物的先行詞后面有介詞，引導(dǎo)詞不能用that，只能用which。例如： The train on which she was traveling was late.4. as:關(guān)系代詞，常用于兩個(gè)句型中：suchas（像一樣的），the same as （和同樣的），其中，such和same作定語(yǔ)，修飾主句中的名詞或代詞先行詞，as在所引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句中擔(dān)任主語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)和表語(yǔ)。例如：Such countries as lie in the Middle America are small in area.（such修飾先行詞countries，as在所引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句中充當(dāng)主語(yǔ)）He is not the same man as he was.（the same修飾先行詞man，as在所引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句中充當(dāng)表語(yǔ)）另外，as還可以引導(dǎo)非限制性定語(yǔ)從句，所引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句可以位于主句的后面，也可以位于主句的前面，用來(lái)指代整個(gè)句子或主句的一部分，并對(duì)其加以補(bǔ)充或說(shuō)明。例如：This elephant is like a snake, as / which everybody can see. (which 在引導(dǎo)非限制性定語(yǔ)從句的時(shí)候，只能放在主句的后面。)As everybody can see, this elephant is like a snake.副詞性從句6. 狀語(yǔ)從句： ，可以修飾謂語(yǔ)或整個(gè)句子?？梢员硎镜攸c(diǎn)、 時(shí)間、原因、目的、結(jié)果、讓步、方式、比較、條件等。時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句：常用于引導(dǎo)時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句的連詞有：when, while, as, as soon as, before, after, till, until, since, directly, immediately, the moment / second / minute / instant (that)（一就）, every time（每次）, each time（每次）等。例如上文中的第句：As I followed him through the dark streets, I wondered why he found his way so easily.Eg:Ill tell him the news the minute he gets here. I was watching TV when my mother came in. Do not stop every time you come to a word or phrase you dont know.Ill speak to him as soon as he comes back.The young man phoned his mother immediately he reached the university.He had scarcely entered the room when it began to rain.地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ)從句：常用于引導(dǎo)地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ)從句的連詞有where和wherever。例如：Where there is a will, there is a way.原因狀語(yǔ)從句：常用于引導(dǎo)原因狀語(yǔ)從句的連詞有：because, since(now that), as, for等。例如上文中的第句話：All traffic came to a stop because the drivers were not able to see more than a yard in front of them.目的狀語(yǔ)從句：常由連詞so that, so that, in order that引導(dǎo)。例如：Eg: He studies very hard so that he may pass the final exam.He studies so hard that he may pass the final exam.結(jié)果狀語(yǔ)從句：常由連詞so that, so that, such that等引導(dǎo)。例如：He spoke very clearly so that I understood him quite well.讓步狀語(yǔ)從句：多由連詞though（雖然）, although（雖然）, even if（即使）, even though（即使）, while（然而）, whereas（盡管，但是）等引導(dǎo)。例如：Although it is winter, it is not very cold. （although同于though，注意不要與but連用）Even if it is raining, well go. （同于even though）They want a house, whereas we would rather live in a flat.方式狀語(yǔ)從句：多由as, as if, though引導(dǎo)。例如：I have changed the plan as you suggest.Out teacher loves us as if / as though we were her children.（從句中使用了虛擬語(yǔ)氣）比較狀語(yǔ)從句：常用than和as引導(dǎo)。例如：This question is more difficult than I thought.條件狀語(yǔ)從句：由連詞if, unless (= if not)（如果不）, given (that)（鑒于、如果）, supposing (that)（假如）, assuming (that)（假如）, providing (that)（假如）等引導(dǎo)。例如：If it rains tomorrow, we will not go to the park.Unless he studies hard, he will never pass the examination.注意：if引導(dǎo)的條件狀語(yǔ)從句有兩種情況：一種是表示可能成為現(xiàn)實(shí)的情況，即真實(shí)條件句；但是如果假設(shè)的情況完全不存在或?qū)崿F(xiàn)的可能性極小，可以說(shuō)幾乎沒(méi)有時(shí)，就是非真實(shí)條件句，即虛擬條件句（虛擬語(yǔ)氣）。結(jié)論：無(wú)論是哪一類從句，本質(zhì)都是 ，必須是一個(gè)完整的句子，要具備完整的句子結(jié)構(gòu)；其次，必須有連詞引起句子；第三，從句都應(yīng)使用陳述語(yǔ)序（這是為什么呢？ ）。 大顯身手：Directions: There are 20 incomplete sentences in this section. For each sentence, there are 4 choices of words marked A, B, C and D. Choose the ONE answer that best completes the sentences.1. Do you remember the day _ he fell off the tree?A. whichB. thatC. whenD. where2. It wasnt such a good dinner _ she had promised us.A. thatB. whichC. asD. what3. The baby didnt stop crying _ the mother came in.A. untilB. whenC. as soon asD. as4. You see the lightning _ it happens, but you hear the thunder later.A. in the minuteB. the minuteC. for the minuteD. on the minute5. I have not found my book yet; I am not sure _ I could have done with it.A. whetherB. whyC. whatD. when6. Although Anne is happy with her success , she wonders _ will happen to her family.A. thatB. whatC. itD. this7. There is no doubt _ he will soon come .A. thatB. whyC. ifD. whether8. Dont go into that old house _ there are many mice.A. whichB. thatC. whatD. where9. The speaker talked of some