leadership training.doc

此文檔收集于網(wǎng)絡(luò)，如有侵權(quán)，請聯(lián)系網(wǎng)站刪除Leadership A-courseLeadership training program for youth sports leaders and coachesChapter 1. IntroductionThis leadership-training program has been developed to help youth leaders and coaches in their work. The program is partly based on the Norwegian Training Leadership A-course. In addition, theories concerning leadership skills, communication skills and management skills have been collected from various sources to give youth leaders a more complete picture.Mr. Oscar Mwaanga, founder of EDUSPORT, Zambia, has provided the chapter on health promotion through movement games.Hopefully, this compendium will help youth organizations in education of new leaders and peer-coaches.This leadership-training program was written during spring 2001. It has been somewhat shortened and revised during spring 2002.Student KRIK TrondheimJune 2002Contents精品文檔CHAPTER 1. INTRODUCTION2 CONTENTS3 PART 1:TRAINING ANDSPORT SKILLS4 INTRODUCTION5CHAPTER 2. HEALTH PROMOTION THROUGH SPORT AND PHYSICAL EDUCATION.5CHAPTER 3. BENEFITS OF TRAINING.8CHAPTER 4. WARMING UP9CHAPTER 5. TECHNIQUE TRAINING10CHAPTER 6. ENDURANCE.12CHAPTER 7. STRETCHING AND FLEXIBILITY16CHAPTER 8. STRENGTH18CHAPTER 9. PLANNING A SESSION20CHAPTER 10. PRINCIPLES OF TEACHING SPORT SKILLS21CHAPTER 11. SAFETY AND FIRST AID25 PART 2:LIFE SKILLS ANDLEADERSHIP SKILLS28CHAPTER 12. LEADERSHIP SKILLS29CHAPTER 13. RULES OF COMMUNICATION31CHAPTER 14. CREATING MOTIVATIONAL CLIMATES33CHAPTER 15. GROUP SKILLS35CHAPTER 16. ORGANISATIONAL STRUCTURES:38CHAPTER 17. PRACTICAL MANAGEMENT SKILLS39 APPENDIX40 VOLLEYBALL - GAME CHARACTERISTICS40Part 1:Training andsport skillsIntroductionThis part of the A-course deals with issues relevant to being a coach or a training leader in sports. Issues like benefits of physical training, how we should plan and conduct a training session, technique training, different instruction theories and safety on the training field are discussed. Basic knowledge according to warming up, endurance, flexibility and strength has also got some attention.The sport skills implemented in the A-course are mentioned in a general manner, an it is our hope that they may work as a fundament for further learning of skills in more specialized disciplines. Chapter 2. Health promotion through sport and physical education.Author: Mr. Oscar Mwaanga, EDUSPORT, Zambia.Sports and physical education is a suitable arena for health education and promotion for children and adolescents. I will try and restrict my discussion to showing why and how movement games are suitable for health promotion. This however, is not to say that tournaments, leagues and other activities build around the Physical activities are not suitable arenas for communicating health.In order to provide a frame of reference, in this workshop we shall adopt the following definitions:Physical education: education of and through the physical, or simply training the body and learning through this.Sports: sports are institutionalized competitive activities that involve vigorous physical exertion or the use of complex physical skills by individuals whose participation is motivated by a combination of intrinsic and extrinsic factors. (J.J Coakley)Play: Play is an enjoyable, serious, voluntary activity that the participants consider to be outside of the ordinary world.Games: games are activities confined by implicit rules and in which there is a contest between players in order to reproduce predictable outcomes.Though games may be considered contests, the important differences between games and other contests (such as professional sports, war, human relationships) are that: Games exist in a play modality (i.e., a step out of this real world); Winning or loosing is short-lived condition relevant only the game itself; Games may be replayed with the same opponents; and Games require cooperation by players in adhering to explicit rules and implicit game play behavior- in other words fair play.Reflections on gamesIt is interesting how games relate to culture. Anthropological studies have revealed that traditional games reward behaviors that have cultural value. It is interesting to me that in many children games in for example Zambia, the chaser is usually an animal considered dangerous such as a lion. It is clear that rules and observable actions mirror everyday life. This way, games can be said to prepare children for adult life. Some games may help children to develop hunting skills and others help them to develop cattle tending depending on what type of society they live in. Other games may mock and overrun rule of everyday life. In this way, I suggest that they relive the stress caused by rules, and even suggest ways these rules could or should be changed. Games to some extent require a degree of maturity of the players. At ages 7 to 12, children have matured to function in structured groups.Most teachers, coaches, recreation leaders, and parents want to contribute to the quality of young peoples lives and ultimately to the development of better communities. One way which I am convinced has not be fully exploited is through games. There is not a universal agreement, however on the value of games. Historically, games were often derogated as trivial and unimportant. Games are fun, the reasoning goes, they are not legitimate activities, especially in schools. Reality always slaps the critics in their faces when games show positive relationships with leadership development and even delinquency reduction. Only recently have educators begun to recognize games as important tools for improving instruction and transmitting important cultural values.A couple of theories have supported the above position. One of them states that children games are a laboratory of social relations. It states that through games children learn the values of rules and they can test the limit of acceptable behavior. Games are a frame, which children learn first hand without adult interventions (this has important implication to the peer-coaching concept). This theory has important implications in our workshop.What can games do?I suggest that the value of a game lies in the purpose of which it has been designed. Some games may be designed solely for enjoyment. Others have more serious purposes, such as fostering certain attitudes and values, presenting academic subject matter, promoting socially desirable behaviors, enhancing physical skills, or assisting in the development of personal attributing such as honesty, bravery, perseverance, and acceptance of self and others. Still, the most important feature of game playing is that participants enjoy themselves more when they are playing than when they are not. Whatever is acquired during game playing is acquired with pleasure.Why movement games?There are games of chance, games of strategy, games of physical skill, academic games, board games, party games, and even funeral games! Our emphasis in this workshop is games that involve movement. That is not to say that each game will have movement as its primary focus. For many of the games we shall develop, movement is incorporated solely as a motivator. For some movement itself is a primary ingredient. No matter what role movement plays, we want all our games to offer the player an opportunity to move.By its very nature, movement is a powerful entity. It invites possibility not readily available through other means (e.g., reading, watching T.V, and listening to someone). Movement can be fun and thereby add to enjoyment. Enjoyable activities are motivating and motivation is an important ingredient for learning. Games are fun; movement games are double fun especially for children. Most important, movement comes naturally to kids which opens an exciting possibility; through games we can contribute to the development of the child and, at the same time, be rest assured that they are enjoying themselves.Activities involving movement afford unique opportunities and experiences. Through movement, for example, children can increase their potential for range and effectiveness of motion and for cardiovascular efficiency. They can also release tension, gain self-understanding, test prowess, learn teamwork, and simply derive pleasure from movement experiences. Thus while children are learning movement games, they are at the same time improving themselves without realizing it.Although movement and movement games can be easily justified from the academic standpoint, we also heed the more personal, emotionally appealing aspects of movement games. For example, one pleasant recollection is the joy that touched my heart watching a street kid peer coach facilitating a game with other street kids. Watching these kids completely and intensely consumed into trying to balance a ball on their heads, their brows creased with concentration, their eyes intent wit excitement, it was self evident that for a moment they forgot they where street kids, not certain where the next meal will come from. What fun it is to teach these little people, people to whom movement games are a world that provides more than just entertainment but also learning experience and a feeling of being home to family and friends. During the activity, these young people manage to lock the harsh and brutal society outside.Some purposes of movement games.Games can be used to assist any child reaching his or her maximum cognitive, social, emotional, and physical potential. What justifies the use of movement games is its unique contribution to each childs development. Although there is no common agreement regarding the nature and priority of game purposes, the following list typifies expectations of many people as they design and use games. It is my opinion that none of these need be selected at the exclusion of another. Enhance Movement Skill development Nurture feeling of self-worth Promote physical fitness Foster Enjoyment and satisfaction Invite use of cognitive Skills Encourage a sense of communityAs you can see, movement games offer a wealth of possibilities. They carry their own built-in motivation and can be particularly valuable for certain children-the reluctant learner for instance, or the child in need of remedial help. The fearful or rebellious, the bored or less-able children often play enthusiastically in a game, which then serves as a powerful incentive for learning and for further participation. Few of us doubt the usefulness of games. Our concern is suitable games for the purpose of health education.Why health promotion through sport and physical education?Integrating health promotion has obvious benefits. I suggest the following: Physical education as a subject has a possibility of acquiring status if it is seen as arena for health education inaddition to its subject objective. Because physical education is not examined in Zambia, it will make it easy for participants to view health education as a live long and not just an academic endeavor. Sports and physical education involve movement, which has a built-in motivation. Children love to be moving and they are familiar about aspects (e.g., games) in P.E and sports more than other academic subject areas. The problems of poor health in our community are reasons enough to find other ways of communicating health and the school is so much a suitable place to start. Health promotion programs lack methods of effecting people. P.E and sports given chance may prove a suitable vehicle to deliver health education.How can we use P.E and sports as an arena for health promotion and education? Movement games are certainly the most important way to consider in delivering health education through sport activities. Non-movement games and other activities such role play, songs and dance can be integrated into practice and P.E classes as ice breakers to discussions, or as in between activities at tournaments and during league games. Although non-movement games shall be useful in our health promotion through sport and P.E, I shall concentrate on how movement games can be used for health education.Chapter 3. Benefits of training.We are created for movement, and by using the body actively, we will function and feel more comfortable in the daily doings, at school and at work.Training is different types of activities that we do in order to improve our physical skills. The body will always try to adjust itself to the demands it is exposed to. This condition is the actual assumption for all kinds of training. If you increase the demands to your body, the organs being affected usually respond to the added demands, and the skills will improve. Through training, we may affect and improve qualities like-endurance-strength-elasticity-quickness and reaction-movability -technique and co-ordinationImage 1.1. From a KRIK training session in Maganjo, Kampala.At the same time, physical activities do also have important mental and social consequences because it provides a natural and stimulating interaction with other human beings. Physical activities can be a nice recreation from daily struggle at school, work , and everyday problems. Physical training can give profits that everyone can make use of; -increased life quality-play and life enjoyment-better sleep and self-esteem-better relation to our own body-increased experience of managing Anyway, the most important consequence of physical activity, is that it creates an arena for informal contact and establishment of friendships. Chapter 4. Warming upWarm-up activities take place at the beginning of a training session or prior to a competition The intention is to increase the performing ability and prevent injuries.The purpose of warm up: -prevent injuries -improved physical performance -the temperature of the body and working muscles rises Warming up to different disciplines.Different disciplines require different types of warm-up activities. Disciplines that contain fast movements, maximum joint deflections, great strain, and those who require difficult technical performance demand careful warming up. The muscles also have to be warmed up before less extreme activities, but then we dont have to be that intense.In general, warm-ups before a competition have to be more extensive than before a practice. However, this doesnt mean that we should care less about the warming up before a session. If we are going to exercise endurance by running, the warm-up can be done easily. We can begin the trip running at a low speed, and then gradually increase it. When the body is warm, we should take a break and stretch the actual muscles.The duration of the warm-up should depend on the physical condition of the athlete. People in a poor shape should warm up for a shorter period of time than those who are in good shape. There is no reason to use all your strength during the warm-up.What the warm-up should containThe warm-up can be active or passive. Active warm-up implies that muscles themselves work and produce heat. Passive warm-up means that external heat is used to increase the body temperature. This can be heat from the sun, or from several layers of clothing. In the following, we are going to look at some circumstances that can guide you through the warm-up according to sports.- Active warm-up is better than passive warm-up (heating).- The warm-up is to be started slowly, involving large muscle groups. Large muscles must be used in order to produce enough heat (examples of large muscles; thigh and seat muscles).- Increase the intensity gradually until all muscles are warm.- Start with a general warm-up of your entire body, continue with specific warm-ups connected to the sport activity you are going to perform later. (E.g. basketball needs more arm and shoulder warm-ups than football).- In the specific warm-up part, the muscles and joints will be prepared to take the stress and deflection they will be exposed to.- To avoid injuries, it is important to avoid great joint deflection, sudden starts and stops. This is especially important at the early phase of the warm-ups.- End the warm-up by stretching the muscles.- The warm-ups should last from 10 to 25 minutes.Main effects of warming upWarming up leads to an increase of the temperatures in the muscles that work and in the body. The body temperature is normally at 36-37C. With an increase to 38-39C, many of the organs will function better. Good warm-up will result in the following:- the muscles and tissue can take more strain and become more flexible.- the transport of blood goes faster, the oxygen will more easily be absorbed in the blood, and will more easily be transferred to the working muscles.- chemical reactions go faster, also those due to energy liberation.- the signals in the nerve system go quicker, and the co-ordination between nerves and muscles will improve.Warming up prior to competition or training helps us focus on the activities afterwards. We “forget” the daily doings and we get motivated to do our best.Chapter 5. Technique trainingWhat is technique?By training technique, we train how to solve a technical skill at the best proper way. We do this through training of co-ordination of nerves and muscles in sport, for example in soccer. A well trained technique is stable, and wont be influenced by stress, weather conditions, the mood, or by an unfit field. How to train technique?Technique training should always take place early in a training-session, when the sportsmen are rested and have the ener