初中-介詞講解及練習(xí)題.doc

介 詞 教師用 介詞是一種虛詞，它不能單獨(dú)擔(dān)任句子成分，必須與名詞或代詞或相當(dāng)于名詞的其他詞類(lèi)、短語(yǔ)或從句構(gòu)成介詞短語(yǔ)，才能擔(dān)任句子成分。1、介詞的種類(lèi)介詞由詞形上可分為簡(jiǎn)單介詞和短語(yǔ)介詞。簡(jiǎn)單介詞知識(shí)一個(gè)單詞，如：in，on，after等。短語(yǔ)介詞是由兩個(gè)以上單詞集合而成，如：out of，in front of，because of，instead of等。1、 表示時(shí)間的介詞表示“時(shí)間”的介詞如下： 表示年、月、日、時(shí)刻等用at，in，on 表示時(shí)間的前后用before，after 表示期限等用by，until，till 表示期間等用for，during，through 表示時(shí)間的起點(diǎn)等用from，since 表示時(shí)間的經(jīng)過(guò)等用in，within（1） at，on，inA. at：用于表示時(shí)刻、時(shí)間的某一點(diǎn)at lunch在午飯時(shí) at breakfast早餐時(shí) at noon正午時(shí) at that time那時(shí) at night在夜間 at the moment此刻，目前 at present目前 at nine（oclock）在九點(diǎn)鐘 at first開(kāi)始的時(shí)候，起初 at/on the weekend在周末 at last最后 at the same time同時(shí) at times偶爾，有時(shí) at the end of 1999在1999年末 at this time of（the）year在一年中的這個(gè)時(shí)候 We usually have lunch at noon/ at twelve.我們通常中午吃午飯（十二點(diǎn)吃午飯）注意：表示時(shí)間的名詞前有this，last，next，every等修飾時(shí)，其前面不加介詞。this morning今天早上；last Monday上周一；every week每周B. on用于表示某天，某一天的上、下午（指具體的某一時(shí)，一律用on）on Monday在周一on Tuesday morning在周二早上on June 6在6月6日on May 4,1996在1996年5月4日on a cold night在一個(gè)寒冷的夜晚on that day在那天on Christmas Day在圣誕節(jié)那天on time準(zhǔn)時(shí)on Monday evening在周一晚上on the night of July（the）first在七月一日的夜晚we didnt listen to the lecture on Wednesday afternoon.周三下午我們沒(méi)去聽(tīng)演講。C. in用于表示周、月、 季節(jié)、年和泛指的上午、下午、晚上（指在一段時(shí)間內(nèi)）。in the week在這周 in the holiday在假期中 in May 在五月 in summer在夏季in Spring在春季 in autumn 在秋季 in 1995在1995 in winter在冬季in September，1995在1995年9月in the morning在上午in the afternoon在下午in the evening在晚上in the 21st century在二十一世紀(jì)in time及時(shí) in an hour一個(gè)小時(shí)后 in a minute一會(huì)兒，立刻Jack was about to lock the door when just in time he remembered his key.杰克正要鎖門(mén)，忽然（正在那時(shí)他及時(shí)）想起了他要拿門(mén)鑰匙。The plane took off on time.飛機(jī)準(zhǔn)時(shí)起飛了。People go skating in winter.人們冬天去滑冰。Do they work in the day time or at night？他們是白天工作還是夜里工作？（2） before，after（注：兩個(gè)既可以作介詞又可以作連詞）A before在之前Wash your hands before dinner.（before作介詞）吃飯前請(qǐng)洗手。He will call me before he leaves here/before ten oclock.（前一個(gè)before作連詞；后一個(gè)before作介詞）他離開(kāi)這兒之前/十點(diǎn)之前，將給我打電話(huà)。B after在之后Lets sing some songs after school.（after作介詞）放學(xué)后咱們唱歌吧！Please close the door after you leave the room.（after作連詞）離開(kāi)房間后請(qǐng)關(guān)門(mén)。（3） by，until/tillA. by 在前（時(shí)間）；截止（到）How many English books had you read by the end of last year?到去年年底以前你看過(guò)多少本英文書(shū)？She had left by the time I arrived.我到時(shí)（之前）她已經(jīng)走了。例：by the end of在底（之前） by then 到那時(shí) by the time+從句 在之前B. until/till知道為止（時(shí)間）we didnt begin to watch TV until/till nine oclock.一直到九點(diǎn)，我們才開(kāi)始看電視。（begin是點(diǎn)動(dòng)詞，所以用否定式）I will wait for him until he comes here.我將在這兒一直等到他來(lái)。（4） for，during，throughA. for 達(dá)之久（表示經(jīng)過(guò)了多少時(shí)間）可以和一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)、過(guò)去時(shí)、將來(lái)時(shí)連用，但經(jīng)常和完成時(shí)連用。He has lived here for 20 years.他在這兒已經(jīng)住了二十年了。We will stay in the city for two days.我們要在這座城市呆兩天。B. during在期間they are going to have a good rest during the summer holidays.暑假中他們打算好好休息一下。C. through一直（從開(kāi)始到結(jié)束）They played the cards through the night.他們打了一整夜的牌。He stayed in London through the winter.他整個(gè)冬天都待在倫敦。比較：for和during。for之后大多跟表示時(shí)間、具體天數(shù)等的數(shù)字名詞。而during后決不能跟表數(shù)字的名詞。（5） from，sinceA. from從起（時(shí)間）表示“從開(kāi)始”時(shí)，一般都是用詞組fromto，而單純表示確切的“從幾點(diǎn)開(kāi)始”時(shí)用at。The meeting will be held from eight to ten.這個(gè)會(huì)議將從8點(diǎn)開(kāi)到10點(diǎn)。The meeting will be held at eight.會(huì)議將從八點(diǎn)鐘開(kāi)始。B. since自從以來(lái)（表示從以前某時(shí)一直到現(xiàn)在仍在繼續(xù)）I have been sick since yesterday.我從昨天起就病了。（強(qiáng)調(diào)一直病到現(xiàn)在）The doctor has saved a lot of lives since he became a doctor.（since作連詞，引導(dǎo)時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句）這個(gè)醫(yī)生自從當(dāng)醫(yī)生以來(lái)已經(jīng)拯救了許多人的生命。（6） in，withinA. in過(guò)后（未來(lái)時(shí)間）大多用在將來(lái)時(shí)（一般將來(lái)時(shí)和過(guò)去將來(lái)時(shí)）。in an hour一小時(shí)之后in a week or so大約一星期之后he will be back in five hours.他五小時(shí)之后回來(lái)。They said they would arrive here in a week.他們說(shuō)他們一周后到達(dá)。注意：如果用于過(guò)去時(shí)，用after+時(shí)間。She went to Nanjing last May，and she came back after a month.去年五月她去了南京，一個(gè)月之后她又回來(lái)了。B. within不超過(guò)的范圍within 3 hours 3小時(shí)之內(nèi)；within a week一周之內(nèi)I must finish painting the cat within five minutes.我必須在五分鐘之內(nèi)畫(huà)好這只貓。比較：within和in。within強(qiáng)調(diào)“在時(shí)間之內(nèi)”，沒(méi)有時(shí)態(tài)的限制。in是以現(xiàn)在為基礎(chǔ)，in an hour是指從現(xiàn)在起一小時(shí)之后，所以in一般只用于將來(lái)時(shí)。2、 表示場(chǎng)所、方向的介詞（1） 表示場(chǎng)所的介詞：at，in，on，under，by，near，between，around，opposite（2） 表示方向的介詞：into，out of，along，across，through，up，past at，inA. at在某地（表示比較狹窄的場(chǎng)所）at school上學(xué)；at 2 Baker Street在貝克街2號(hào)；at home在家；stand at the door站在門(mén)邊；at a factory在一家工廠(chǎng)；at the bottom of在下面；at the party在聚會(huì)上；at the back of在后邊；at the end of在末尾；at the head of在排頭；at the table在桌旁；at Mikes house在邁克家；at table進(jìn)餐；at the crossroads在十字路口；at work在上班；at the bus stop在公共汽車(chē)站；at the station在火車(chē)站；sit at my desk坐在我書(shū)桌旁Ill meet him at the Beijing railway station.我將去北京站接他。B. in在某地（表示比較寬敞的場(chǎng)所）in Beijing在北京；in the world在世界上；in china在中國(guó)；in the street在街上；in bed躺在床上；in the yard在院子里；in a book/newspaper在書(shū)上/報(bào)紙上；in the photo/picture在照片里/圖畫(huà)里；in the middle在中部；in a queue/line/row排隊(duì)（在對(duì)、行、排里）；in a country在國(guó)家（里）；in the house在房子里His brother is in prison. He was arrested 2 years ago.他哥哥兩年前被捕的，現(xiàn)在他再監(jiān)獄中服刑。Mike works in the prison.邁克在這個(gè)監(jiān)獄工作。She was born in China.她是在中國(guó)出生的。 on，above，over，under，belowA. on在上面，有接觸面。on the desk在桌子上面；on the map在地圖上。There are two maps on the wall.墻上有兩張地圖。On在靠近的地方on the right在右邊；on the screen在屏幕上；on the river在河邊；on the farm在農(nóng)場(chǎng)；on the floor在地板上；on the island/beach在島上/海濱；on the pavement在人行道上B. above在上方Our plane flew above the clouds.我們的飛機(jī)在云端上飛行。C. over在正上方，是under的反義詞There is a light over Li Ming.李明的正上方有一盞燈。A few birds were flying over the sea.有幾只鳥(niǎo)在海上飛。D. under在下面；在之內(nèi)under the table桌子下面；under the jacket在夾克內(nèi)The dog is under the table.這只狗在桌子下面。E. below在下方（不一定是正下方）正下方是under，below是above的反義詞。There are a lot of fishes below the surface of the water.水面下有許多各式各樣的魚(yú)。 near，byA. near近的，不遠(yuǎn)的near=not far，是far的反義詞。Near還可以指時(shí)間，如：in the near future在不久的將來(lái)Is there a bus stop near here？這兒附近有公共汽車(chē)站嗎？B. By在旁邊，距離比near要近by the window在窗戶(hù)旁邊；by me在我旁邊The boy is standing by the window.這個(gè)男孩正站在窗戶(hù)旁邊。 between，among，aroundA. between在兩者之間my teacher is sitting between Tom and Mike.我們的老師正坐在湯姆和邁克之間。Whats the difference between A and B？A和B之間有什么區(qū)別？B. among在三者或更多的之中There is a beautiful house among the trees.在樹(shù)林之中有一間漂亮的房子。He is very popular among the students.他在學(xué)生之中很受歡迎（很出名）。C. around環(huán)繞，在周?chē)?，在四周We sat around the table.我們?cè)谧雷铀闹茏聛?lái)。The earth moves around the sun.地球圍繞太陽(yáng)轉(zhuǎn)。 in front of，behind，oppositeA. in front of早的前面；在的前部There is a tree in front of the house.在房屋前面有一棵樹(shù)。There is a big desk for the teacher in the front of the classroom.在教室的前部有一張大講桌。B. behind在后面behind是in front of的反義詞There is a tree behind my house.There is a tree at the back of my house.我家房子后面有一棵樹(shù)。C. opposite在對(duì)面Our school is opposite a university,我們學(xué)校在一所大學(xué)的對(duì)面。He stood opposite me.他站在我對(duì)面。 in，into，out of，upA. in在之內(nèi)，用于表示靜止的位置The students are in the classroom.學(xué)生們?cè)诮淌依?。B. into進(jìn)入用于表示有特定終點(diǎn)的運(yùn)動(dòng)的方向。通常用于表示動(dòng)作的動(dòng)詞之后，如：go，come，walk，run等。The students run into the classroom.學(xué)生們跑進(jìn)教室。He jumped into the water.他跳入水中。C. out of和into一樣，也表示有一定的運(yùn)動(dòng)方向the students rushed out of the room.學(xué)生們沖出房間。重要：out of的基本含義：從到外面，離開(kāi)；在范圍之外；從（某個(gè)數(shù)）之中D. up移動(dòng)The children climbed up the tree.孩子們爬上了樹(shù)。 along，across，past，throughA. along沿著I was walking along the river when it began to rain.我正沿著河邊散步，突然下起雨來(lái)了。B. across橫過(guò)I often swim across the river.我常游泳橫渡這條河。C. past經(jīng)過(guò)Every day he runs past the city hall.他每天跑步經(jīng)過(guò)市政府。D. through貫穿，通過(guò)The sun shone through the clouds.陽(yáng)光穿過(guò)云層照射下來(lái)。The river was through the city.這條河穿過(guò)這個(gè)城市。 to，from，forA. to到達(dá)地點(diǎn)（目的地）或方向He came to Japan in 1980.他1980年來(lái)到日本。B. for表示目的地，“向”for表目的時(shí)，一般都是和固定動(dòng)詞搭配。leaver for動(dòng)身去；start for出發(fā)去I will leaver for America next week.下周我將動(dòng)身去美國(guó)。C. from從地點(diǎn)起Its about ten minutes walk from here to the cinema.從這兒到電影院大約需步行十分鐘。3、 其他介詞（介詞除了可以表示“時(shí)間”、“場(chǎng)所”以外，有些也可以表示“手段”、“材料”等。）（1） 表示手段和材料的介詞with，in，by with A.和在一起Will you please go with me?你和我一起去好嗎？ B.具有、帶有 He was a handsome boy with large bright eyes.他是有著一雙明亮大眼睛的英俊男孩。 C.用某種工具或辦法 Li Li cut her hand with a knife.莉莉用刀把手指弄破了。 I see with my eyes.我用眼睛看。 He wrote the letter with a new pen.他用一只新鋼筆寫(xiě)這封信。說(shuō)明：“with（+形容詞）+名詞”構(gòu)成的介詞短語(yǔ)可以作定語(yǔ)，放在其所修飾名詞的后面，表示名詞的特征。With ones help在某人的幫助下Eg. With the teachers help I have made progress.在老師的幫助下，我取得了進(jìn)步。 in表示用什么材料（如用墨水，鉛筆等），或用什么語(yǔ)言，或者表示衣著、聲調(diào)特點(diǎn)時(shí)，不用with，而用in。she wrote a letter in black ink.她用黑色的墨水寫(xiě)信。Dont write it in pencil but in ink.別用鉛筆寫(xiě)，用鋼筆（水）寫(xiě)。Can you speak in English？你能用英語(yǔ)說(shuō)嗎？比較：in和with用in，with表示工具或方法時(shí)，在譯成中文時(shí)區(qū)別不大，但在英語(yǔ)上的用法卻不大相同。用“with”時(shí)，后面的名詞要加上冠詞或代詞。With my ears.用我的耳朵。With a pencil.用一只鉛筆。用in時(shí)，后面加物質(zhì)名詞，不能加冠詞。In ink用墨水（鋼筆）in pencil用鉛筆。 by通過(guò)方法、手段必背：“by+交通工具”的詞組：by bicycle騎自行車(chē)；by train坐火車(chē)；by plane/by air坐飛機(jī)；by taxi坐出租車(chē)；by car坐小汽車(chē)；by ship坐船；by bus坐公共汽車(chē)（2） of，from of（屬于）的；表示的數(shù)量或種類(lèi)This is a map of china.這是一幅中國(guó)地圖。Will you please give me a cup of tea？請(qǐng)您給我一杯茶好嗎？ From來(lái)自（某地、某人）；以起始（時(shí)間或地點(diǎn)）Im from Nanjing.我是南京人。I have got a letter from my friend.我收到了一封我朋友的來(lái)信。We work from Monday to Friday.我們從星期一到星期五上班。（3） Without，like，as without沒(méi)有，是with的反義詞。Man cant live without air and water.人類(lèi)沒(méi)有空氣和水不能生存。I cant read the book without using a dictionary.不用字典，我看不了這本書(shū)。Please give me a cup of coffee with（without） milk.請(qǐng)給我一杯（不）加牛奶的咖啡。 like像一樣Nancy is just like her mother.南希和她的媽媽一樣。注意：Nancy looks like her mother.（南希和她媽媽長(zhǎng)得一樣。）用look時(shí)，強(qiáng)調(diào)外表。 作為He is famous as a scientist here.他在此地作為一個(gè)科學(xué)家而聞名。They treated me as a hero.他們像對(duì)待英雄那樣對(duì)待我。The room is dirty as usual.這房間像平時(shí)一樣臟。（4） against，about against反對(duì)；靠著he is against the plan（Li Ming）.他反對(duì)這個(gè)計(jì)劃。（他反對(duì)李明）the teacher is standing against the blackboard.老師正靠著黑板站著。 about A.關(guān)于；各處；身旁 Tell me something about your life.告訴我你的生活情況。 He looked about himself.他向四處張望。 I have no money about/with me.我身上沒(méi)帶錢(qián)。 B詢(xún)問(wèn)某人/某物的情況或提出建議 What about your sister？你姐姐情況如何？ How about going to the park？去公園怎么樣？4、 介詞短語(yǔ)介詞和動(dòng)詞、形容詞或名詞相結(jié)合后，形成復(fù)合詞，有特定的意思。如下：（1） 動(dòng)詞+介詞（如：talk about，look at）（2） Be動(dòng)詞+形容詞+介詞（如：be kind of）（3） 介詞+名詞（如：at home，on foot，in time） 動(dòng)詞+介詞play with sth.玩某物（玩耍）Dont play with fire.別玩火。 Be動(dòng)詞+形容詞+介詞be kind to對(duì)（某人）親切；be good at在做得好；擅長(zhǎng)于be aware of 意識(shí)到be busy with 忙于(某事) be different from 和不同 介詞+名詞1)英語(yǔ)中有大量成語(yǔ)由介詞構(gòu)成，單是一些常用介詞就可構(gòu)成大量成語(yǔ)：at ease 稍息，安心 at first sight 一見(jiàn)(鐘情)out of action 失靈 out of breath 氣喘吁吁2)有些介詞夾在名詞之間構(gòu)成成語(yǔ)：day after day 日復(fù)一日地 year after year 年復(fù)一年day before yesterday 前天 day after tomorrow 后天heart to heart 互相交心的3)還有一些成語(yǔ)包含兩個(gè)介詞：from beginning to end 從頭至尾 from bad to worse 越來(lái)越糟介詞練習(xí)1. The play begins at 6: 40 pm. So we have to be at the theatre _ 6:30 pm at the latest.A. after B. around C. until D. by2. They held a ceremony _ those killed in the battle.A. in honor of B. instead of C. in favor of D. by means of3. After finishing middle school, my sister did nothing _ at home.A. but to read B. but read C. besides reading D. except to read4. Write your name and address on your bag _ you lose it.A. in any case B. in case C. in no case D. in that case5. _ did the professor give you much advice? The choice of a career.A. On what B. In what C. What D. For what6. I made coat _ my own hands. It was made _ hand not with a machine.A. in; inB. in; with C. with; by D. with; with7. He is running _ the wind towards the east of the station _ Tom running _ the right.A. down; and; on B. against; with; on C. for; with; in D. with; while; to8. Not all of us know the difference _ wheat, oats and barley.A. among B. between C. from D. in9. The young singer is quite popular _ the public. Shes made a remarkable achievement _ a girl of her age.A. with; to B. to; for C. with; for D. for; to10. The apple trees have lots of big apples _ them. And some birds are singing _ the trees.A. in; on B. at; in C. on; in D. with; through11. That woman will quarrel _ everybody _ anything.A. about; about B. about; with C. with; about D. with; with12. The weather this month has been good _ .A. on the whole B. generally speaking C. above all D. on one hand13. We should divide all the potatoes _ two piles and separated the good ones _ the bad ones.A. from; by B. into; from C. into; into D. from; into14. They said the building would be completed _ a year.A. after B. for C. in D. about15. These boxes are too heavy for me to carry. Here, Ill give you a hand _ them.A. for B. to C. with D. by1. D。從“戲劇在下午6:40開(kāi)始”可知到達(dá)劇院的時(shí)間最遲不應(yīng)晚于6:30。A項(xiàng)表示“下午6:30后到劇院”，C項(xiàng)表示“在劇院呆到下午6:30為止”，均不合題意。B項(xiàng)干擾性最強(qiáng)，around意為“左右，大約”, 但在6:30 pm后有at the latest“最晚”,二者相矛盾。C項(xiàng)by是not later than(不遲于)之意，整合題意。2. A。in honour of意為“為慶祝(為向