土木工程畢業(yè)設計文獻翻譯X10.doc

（X10） 學校代碼：11517 學 號：201010810305 HENAN INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING 文獻翻譯 學生姓名 李 龍 專業(yè)班級 土木1043班 學 號 201010810305 學 院 土木工程學院 指導教師(職稱) 韓瑞芳（講師）完成時間 2014年 2月 28日 土木工程中的納米技術土木工程中的納米技術Fatima GhaniMember COA,Member IIID,India摘要：為了拓寬視野，本文對土木工程中的納米技術的實踐意義和創(chuàng)新作了闡述。它創(chuàng)造了具有新特性和功能的材料設備系統(tǒng)。納米技術在構建創(chuàng)新基礎設施系統(tǒng)中的作用對土木工程的實踐和拓寬領域帶來了革命性的改變。本文首先介紹了納米技術和它們跨學科應用的優(yōu)缺點，其次是土木工程一般的背景資料和目前的發(fā)展情況。此外，闡述了無論在市場上還是準備用于建筑行業(yè)的功能導向的納米技術材料和產(chǎn)品的細節(jié)以及一定時間內(nèi)可能導致的后果。列舉了一些目前納米技術在世界各地不同部分的土木工程領域的應用實例。對在最具挑戰(zhàn)性的經(jīng)濟因素下它的實用性進行了簡要的討論。最后是未來的發(fā)展趨勢，納米技術的發(fā)展對土木工程向著更經(jīng)濟的基礎設施，具有較長使用壽命和低成本的潛在影響的探討。關鍵詞：土木工程；納米材料；納米技術；可持續(xù)發(fā)展1 簡介1.1 背景作為建筑行業(yè)的人肯定都對獲得原材料，把它們組合在一起然后把它們構建成一個可識別的形式的概念非常熟悉。建筑成品是一個被動的物體。隨著環(huán)境影響和項目業(yè)主的濫用它的功能在慢慢衰退。建筑絕不是一門新的科學或技術，但在其歷史上已經(jīng)發(fā)生了很大的變化。同樣，納米技術也不是一門新的科學和技術，而更可以說是一個擴展的科學和技術。粒子的大小是關鍵因素，在納米技術中（任何事物，從一百或者更多下降到幾納米，或10-9m）大大的改變了材料的特性。另一個重要方面是，作為納米尺寸的粒子，在表面上原子的比例相對于內(nèi)部增加會產(chǎn)生新的屬性。正是這些“納米效應”，最終確定了我們所熟悉的“宏觀” 的所有屬性，這正是納米技術的力量來源如果我們可以在納米尺寸上操縱元素，那就可以影響其宏觀性質(zhì)，并產(chǎn)生新材料和新工藝。1.2 什么是納米納米，希臘文中“侏儒”的意思。一納米是一米的十億分之一?！凹{米技術”的定義有很多，但一般是指在0.1100nm尺度的空間內(nèi)來研究理解物質(zhì)?？刂圃诩{米尺寸上的意義與重要性是在這種范圍內(nèi)不同的物理定律發(fā)揮作用（量子物理學）。接近納米級的方法有兩種：從上而下收縮，或者自下而上發(fā)展。“自上而下”的方法需要將結構通過加工和蝕刻技術減小到最小納米級尺寸，而“自下而上”的方法通常被稱為分子納米技術，意味著控制或定向原子和分子的組合來創(chuàng)建結構3。1.3 建筑納米技術20世紀90年代初英國的德爾菲調(diào)查顯示建筑行業(yè)是唯一一個確定納米技術具有廣大前景的新興技術的行業(yè)。瑞典和英國建筑報告8-9中也強調(diào)了納米技術的重要性。此外，預制混凝土及混凝土制品被確定為在1015年間可能會受到納米技術影響的40個行業(yè)領域之首6。然而，建筑行業(yè)的發(fā)展滯后于其他工業(yè)部門，由此納米技術的研究吸引了大型工業(yè)企業(yè)和風險投資家的濃厚興趣和投資。意識到納米技術在建筑行業(yè)的巨大潛力和重要性，在2002年年底，歐盟委員會批準撥款給成長工程GMA1-2002-72160“NANOCINEX”建立一個納米技術在建筑結構中的卓越貢獻的網(wǎng)站。2 納米技術在土木工程中的應用由于納米技術產(chǎn)生的產(chǎn)品具有許多獨特的性質(zhì)，因此納米技術可用于許多領域的設計和施工過程中。除此之外，這些特性還可以顯著的解決當前建設過程中存在的問題，并可能改變建設過程中的要求和組織形式。它的一些詳細應用研究如下：2.1 混凝土混凝土是一種最常見和廣泛使用的建筑材料。納米技術被用于研究其屬性，如水化反應，堿硅酸反應（ASR）和粉煤灰反應2。堿硅酸反應是由于硅質(zhì)巖水泥和二氧化硅等堿性活骨料的含量引起的。在混凝土配合比中用pozzolona取代部分水泥可以減少ASR孔隙流體的堿度。粉煤灰不僅提高了混凝土的耐久性和強度更重要的是達到可持續(xù)發(fā)展的要求，減少了水泥的用量。不過，這種混凝土的固化過程減慢是由于粉煤灰和早期強度的增加，在普通混凝土中也是比較低的。納米二氧化硅的添加產(chǎn)生致密的微觀和納米結構使機械性能得到了改進。隨著部分水泥被添加的納米二氧化硅所替換，粉煤灰混凝土的密度和強度提高了，尤其是在早期階段。摻雜大量粉煤灰的混凝土早期可以在納米尺度上填充大量粉煤灰水泥顆粒之間的孔隙來改善孔徑的分布。無定形納米SiO2的擴散/漿料是用來改善密實混凝土11的抗離析性。添加少量碳納米管（1%）可以增加抗壓和抗折強度1。這也可以改善由硅酸鹽水泥和水組成樣品的力學性能。氧化多孔碳納米管（MWNT）的抗壓強度（+25N/MM2）和抗彎強度（8N/MM2）相對于未經(jīng)加強的參考樣品有最好的改進。開裂是許多結構的一個大問題。伊利諾依州Urbana-Champaign大學的分校正在研究愈合聚合物，其中包括微膠囊化的治療劑和催化化學反應的觸發(fā)器8。當微膠囊被裂紋破壞時，愈合劑釋放到裂紋中與催化劑接觸。發(fā)生聚合反應粘結裂紋面。自我修復的聚合物特別適合于解決微裂紋的橋墩柱。但它需要昂貴的環(huán)氧注射。研究表明，把厭氧微生物（不需要氧氣）添加到混凝土攪拌水中在28天內(nèi)強度增加了25%。希瓦氏菌的微生物的濃度為105個細胞毫升，納米尺度的觀察顯示在其表面上有沉積的水泥砂基質(zhì)。這導致了填充材料在水泥砂基質(zhì)孔隙中的生長以增加強度。最后，在今天應用混凝土纖維來增加預制混凝土構件的強度是相當普遍的。在程序中的一大進步是含有納米二氧化硅粒子和硬化劑的纖維片材（基質(zhì)）的使用。這些納米粒子愈合了混凝土表面小的裂縫，并在加強的應用程序中混凝土基質(zhì)和纖維材料之間的表面形成牢固的鍵。2.2 結構復合材料鋼材是一種重要的建筑材料。1992年聯(lián)邦公路管理局和美國鋼鐵協(xié)會以及美國海軍通過將銅納米顆粒焊接在鋼晶體的邊界開發(fā)了新的，低碳，高性能鋼（HPS），具有較高耐腐蝕性主要用于橋梁的建設5。山特維克南澳弗雷斯TM是山特維克南澳弗雷斯材料技術開發(fā)的一種新型不銹鋼。由于它的高性能，很適合運用于輕巧而又堅固的設計。MMFX2納米改性鋼，美國MFX鋼鐵公司生產(chǎn)的，具有良好的耐腐蝕性，成形性和耐磨性，可以保持生命周期低成本10.與傳統(tǒng)的鋼相比。它有一個完全不同的微觀結構，類似“夾板”的疊層板條結構。于納米結構的修改，MMFX鋼相比于其他高強度鋼具有優(yōu)異的力學性能，如高強度，韌性和耐疲勞性。這些材料性質(zhì)可以降低建設成本，在腐蝕環(huán)境中的使用壽命更長。MMFX2鋼的耐腐蝕性與不銹鋼相近，但成本要低得多。因此，MMFX鋼已獲得認證用在美國的整個一般的建設中。2.3 玻璃防火玻璃是納米技術的另一個應用。是通過使用一個膨脹層之間夾持玻璃面板（中間層），形成的二氧化（SiO2）氣體納米顆粒在加熱時，變成一個剛性的，不透明的火盾。由于SiO2的疏水性能，可用于防霧涂料或清潔窗戶1。納米SiO2涂層也可以用于防粘建筑外墻的污染物，從而減少設備的維修費用4。2.4 瀝青膨潤土（BT）和有機改性膨潤土（OBT）是在應力和剪應力的作用下用來加強和修改通過熔融加工的瀝青粘合劑。BT改性瀝青具有插層結構而OBT改性瀝青具有脫落結構。BT和OBT改性瀝青表現(xiàn)出更大的軟化點，粘度，較高的復數(shù)模量，相對于基質(zhì)瀝青有低相位角，較高的車轍參數(shù)和更好的流變性能。但是加入BT和OBT后改性瀝青的延展性下降了。同時它們的蠕變勁度有顯著的降低。因此，通過加入BT和OBT，低溫下的耐龜裂性得到了改善。OBT改性瀝青比BT改性瀝青具有更好的性能。2.5 納米技術在消防中鋼結構的耐火膠凝過程往往是通過厚的涂層，噴上水泥來提高脆弱性和聚合物添加所需的附著力。納米水泥的研究（納米顆粒）創(chuàng)造了在這一領域應用的一個新范例。這是通過碳納米管（CNT）與膠凝材料制造纖維復合材料的混合來實現(xiàn)的，可以繼承碳納米管的高強度等優(yōu)異性能。聚丙烯纖維被視為一種比傳統(tǒng)絕緣法更經(jīng)濟的增加耐火性的方法。碳納米管因其阻燃性能也可以用來生產(chǎn)防護服裝材料。3 納米技術對建筑的影響3.1 優(yōu)點（1)與傳統(tǒng)的TiO2相比，納米TiO2的表面面積增加了500%，不透明度降低了400%。目前納米TiO2的生產(chǎn)水已達到400萬噸平約為45美元/公斤至50美元/公斤，傳統(tǒng)的TiO2價格為2.5美元/公斤。（2）全球碳納米管市場從2006年的5100萬美元預計到2011年增長超過8億美元（BCC）。（3）納米改性混凝土的施工進度降低了勞動密集型的（昂貴的）工程。此外，可以減少維修和維護成本。（4）油漆和涂料工業(yè)年銷售額大約為20億美元（貝爾等.2003）。納米氧化鋁和二氧化鈦因其耐磨，韌性和粘結強度特性有46倍的增長（蓋爾，2002）。（5）在未來二十年納米復合材料在全球潛在市場估計為340億美元（勞卡和邦恩布拉，2001）。（6）2004年的消防系統(tǒng)總額約為45億美元，預計到2010年將增長到超過800億美元（赫爾穆特.凱撒，2008）。（7）在基礎設施建設材料中嵌入納米傳感器，以最低的成本，充分整合和自供電故障的預測和高資本結構預測機制（例如，水庫，核電站，橋梁）。3.2 缺點（1）由于粒徑小，納米顆粒對呼吸道和消化道、皮膚或眼睛表面具有潛在的負面影響4增加了工人的危害。（2）由于納米技術相關產(chǎn)業(yè)是相對較新的，致力于建筑研究和開發(fā)（甚至一些領域的應用）的人員必須有一個跨學科的背景。（3）在納米技術方面的新政策需要各級政府，研發(fā)機構，制造商和其他行業(yè)的合作。（4）小批量生產(chǎn)和高成本仍然是納米技術的主要障礙（皇家社會，2004）。（5）產(chǎn)品商業(yè)化時間很長，例如混凝土，可以消除鋼筋的需求，商品化預計需要到2020年。4 可持續(xù)建筑水泥行業(yè)每年23.5億萬噸的產(chǎn)率為全球的二氧化碳排放量做出了約5%的貢獻。已經(jīng)發(fā)現(xiàn)添加劑如鈣，鈣鋁酸鹽和鈣硫鐵鋁（巴斯夫，2008）在生產(chǎn)階段CO2的排放量減少了近25%。由納米改性混凝土建造的墻在寒冷的天氣有可能被用來作為絕熱材料，當外界的溫度下降或當建筑內(nèi)部環(huán)境溫度低時作為導體使用，從而減少了用于調(diào)節(jié)建筑內(nèi)部所需的能量負載。隨著LED和OLED在絕緣材料和智能玻璃中進一步的技術發(fā)展，建筑物滿足自己的能源需求將成為現(xiàn)實的愿景。5 納米技術在未來建設中的投影跨國公司和風險資本投資投入大量資金在納米的相關研究上3,5。許多世界級大公司如IBM，英特爾，摩托羅拉，郎訊，波音公司，日立等都有顯著的納米相關研究項目，或推出自己對納米技術的倡議。美國國家科學基金會估計，到2015年納米技術對全球經(jīng)濟的影響將有1萬億美元。為了實現(xiàn)市場規(guī)模預測這一目標，行業(yè)將雇傭近200萬個工人致力于對納米材料，納米結構和納米系統(tǒng)的研究。產(chǎn)品的商業(yè)化所需要的時間很長，因為企業(yè)更喜歡在大量投資之前監(jiān)測研究機構和實驗室的監(jiān)控開發(fā)。此外，納米技術的發(fā)展，特別是與仿生研究的結合將生產(chǎn)更好效率的材料，結構設計和對生產(chǎn)具有真正革命性的方法，可持續(xù)性和對環(huán)境變化適應能力。6 結論與建設相關的納米技術研究仍處于起步階段,本文定義了納米技術對施工的影響，論述了主要的優(yōu)缺點。近年來，納米技術的研發(fā)得到大規(guī)模的投資。在納米相關產(chǎn)品中建筑行業(yè)的發(fā)展沒有的到很好的市場推廣，而且對行業(yè)專家判斷很困難。納米科學和納米技術在建筑領域大規(guī)模和可行性措施可以幫助種子工程建設相關的納米技術的發(fā)展。把納米技術在基礎設施建設中的及時定向研究列為重點研究對象，確保這項技術的潛在優(yōu)勢被利用，以提供更長的使用壽命和更經(jīng)濟的基礎設施。參考文獻1 Mann, S. (2006). “Nanotechnology and Construction,” Nanoforum Report. , May 30, 2008.2 Balaguru, P. N., “Nanotechnology and Concrete: Background, Opportunities and Challenges.” Proceedings of the International Conference Application of Technology in Concrete DesignJ.2005:113-122.3 Goddard III, W.A., Brenner, D.W., Lyshevski, S.E. and Iafrate, G.J. “Properties of High-Volume Fly Ash Concrete Incorporating Nano-SiO2.” Cement and Concrete ResearchJ.2004: 143-149.4 Beatty, C. (2006). “Nanomodification of asphalt to lower construction temperatures.” NSF Workshop on Nanotechnology, Material Science and Engineering, National Science Foundation, Washington, DC.5 ASCE. (2005). “Report card for Americas infrastructure. American society of civil engineers” “”(Mar. 8, 2008).6 Baer, D. R., Burrows, P. E., and El-Azab, A. A. (2003). “Enhancing coating functionality using nanoscience and nanotechnology.” Prog. Org. Coat. J.2003, 47(34):342356.7 Bartos, P. J. M. (2006). “NANOCONEX Roadmap-novel materials.” Centre for Nanomaterials Applications in Construction, Bilbao, Spain “/nanoc/” (Jan. 13, 2008).8 Shah, S. P., and A. E. Naaman. “Mechanical Properties of Glass and Steel Fiber Reinforced Mortar.” ACI Journal 73J.1996 ,(1): 50-53.9 Saafi, M. and Romine, P. (2005).”Nano- and Microtechnology.” Concrete InternationalJ.2005, (12):28-34.10 Sobolev, K. and Gutierrez, M. F. (2005). “How Nanotechnology can Change the Concrete World,” American Ceramic Society BulletinJ. 2005, (10):14-16.11 Lau, Kin-Tak, and David Hui. “The revolutionary creation of new advanced materialscarbon nanotube composites.” CompositesJ.2002,Part B 33, no. 4: 263-277.Nanotechnology In Civil EngineeringFrom Fatima Ghani. “Nanotechnology and Construction,” Nanoforum ReportJ. May 30, 2008.NANOTECHNOLOGY IN CIVIL ENGINEERINGFatima Ghani,Member COA,Member IIID, IndiaAbstract: The innovation of relevant nanotechnology and its significance in civil engineering practice is illustrated in this paper for broadening vision. It creates materials, devices, and systems with new properties and functions. The role of nanotechnology in the conceiving of innovative infrastructure systems has the potential to revolutionize the civil engineering practice and widen the vision of civil engineering. Following this the analysis were carried out in ductile structural composites along with its enhanced properties, low maintenance coatings, better properties of cementitious materials, reducing the thermal transfer rate of fire retardant and insulation, various nanosensors, smart materials, intelligent structure technology etc. The properties like self-sensing, self-rehabilitation, self-cleaning, self-vibration damping, self-structural health monitoring and self-healing are the key features. To execute these, the gap between the nanotechnology and construction materials research needs to be bridged. This paper first presents the background information and current developments in nanotechnology and civil engineering in general followed by the merits and demerits of their interdisciplinary approach. Further the details of application oriented nanotechnology-enabled materials and products that are either on the market or ready to be adopted in the construction industry and also their possible consequences over the time is elucidated. Some of the major instances of current applications of nanotechnology in the field of civil engineering across its different sections around the globe are exemplified. The most challenging economic factors concerned with its practicality are discussed briefly. Finally the future trend, potential and implications of nanotechnology development in civil engineering towards more economical infrastructure, low cost maintenance with longer durability are deliberated.Key Words: Civil Engineering;Nanomaterials;Nanotechnology;Sustainability1 Introduction 1.1 Background As people involved in construction, we are very familiar with the concept of getting raw materials, bringing them together in an organized way and then putting them together into a recognizable form. The finished product is a passive machine. It works and slowly decays as it is used and abused by the environment and the owners of the project. Construction then is definitely not a new science or technology and yet it has undergone great changes over its history.In the same vein, nanotechnology is not a new science and it is not a new technology either. It is rather an extension of the sciences and technologies that have already been in development for many years. The size of the particles is the critical factor. At the nanoscale (anything from one hundred or more down to a few nanometres, or 10-9 m) material properties are altered from that of larger scales. Another important aspect is that, as particles become nano-sized, the proportion of atoms on the surface increases relative to those inside and this leads to novel properties. It is these “nano-effects”, however, that ultimately determine all the properties that we are familiar with at our “macro-scale” and this is where the power of nanotechnology comes in if we can manipulate elements at the nanoscale we can affect the macro-properties and produce significantly new materials and processes.1.2 What is Nanotechnology Nano, which comes from the Greek word for dwarf. One nanometre is a billionth of a metre. Definitions of nanotechnology vary, but it generally refers to understanding and manipulation of matter on the nanoscale, say, from 0.1 run to 100 nm. The significance and importance of controlling matter at the nanoscale is that at this scale different laws of physics come into play (quantum physics); There are two ways to approach the nanoscale: shrinking from the top down, or growing from the bottom up. The top down approach entails reducing the size of the smallest structures towards the nanoscale by machining and etching techniques, whereas the bottom up approach, often referred to as molecular nanotechnology, implies controlled or directed self-assembly of atoms and molecules to create structures 3.1.3 Nanotechnology in Construction The construction industry was the only industry to identify nanotechnology as a promising emerging technology in the UK Delphi survey in the early 1990s 7. The importance of nanotechnology was also highlighted in foresight reports of Swedish and UK construction 8-9. Furthermore, ready mix concrete and concrete products were identified as among the top 40 industrial sectors likely to be influenced by nanotechnology in 10-15 years 6. However, construction has lagged behind other industrial sectors where nanotechnology R&D has attracted significant interest and investment from large industrial corporations and venture capitalists. Recognising the huge potential and importance of nanotechnology to the construction industry, the European Commission in late 2002 approved funding for the Growth Project GMA1-2002-72160 “NANOCONEX” Towards the setting up of a Network of Excellence in Nanotechnology in Construction.2 Applications of Nanotechnology in Civil Engineering Nanotechnology can be used for design and construction processes in many areas since nanotechnology generated products have many unique characteristics. These characteristics can, again, significantly fix current construction problems, and may change the requirement and organization of construction process.Some of its applications are examined in detail below:2.1 Concrete Concrete is one of the most common and widely used construction materials. Nanotechnology is widely used in studying its properties like hydration reaction, alkali silicate reaction (ASR) and fly ash reactivity 2. Alkali silicate reaction is caused due to alkali content of cement and silica present in reactive aggregates like chert. The use of pozzolona in the concrete mix as a partial cement replacement can reduce the likelihood of ASR occurring as they reduce the alkalinity of a pore fluid. Fly ash not only improves concrete durability, strength and, importantly for sustainability, reduces the requirement for cement, however, the curing process of such concrete is slowed down due to the addition of fly ash and early stage strength is also low in comparison to normal concrete.Addition of Nano-silica leads to the densifying of the micro and nanostructure resulting in improved mechanical properties. With the addition of nano-SiO2part of the cement is replaced but the density and strength of the fly-ash concrete improves particularly in the early stages. For concrete containing large volume fly ash, at early age it can improve pore size distribution by filling the pores between large fly ash and cement particles at Nano scale. The dispersion/slurry of amorphous nano-SiO2is used to improve segregation resistance for self-compacting concrete 6. The addition of small amount of carbon nanotube (1%) by weight could increase both compressive and flexural strength 1. This can also improve the mechanical properties of samples consisting of the main portland cement phase and water. Oxidized multi-walled nanotubes (MWNTs) show the best improvements both in compressive strength (+ 25 N/mm2) and flexural strength (+8 N/mm2) compared to the reference samples without the reinforcement.Cracking is a major concern for many structures. University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign is working on healing polymers, which include a microencapsulated healing agent and a catalytic chemical trigger 8. When the microcapsules are broken by a crack, the healing agent is released into the crack and contact with the catalyst. The polymerization happens and bond the crack faces. The self-healing polymer could be especially applicable to fix the micro cracking in bridge piers and columns. But it requires costly epoxy injection. Research has shown that an anaerobic (one that does not require oxygen) microorganism incorporated into concrete mixing water results in a 25% increase in 28-day strength. The Shewanella microorganism was used at a concentration of 105 cells/ml and nanoscale observation revealed that there was a deposition of sand-cement matrix on its surface. This led to the growth of filler material within the pores of the cement sand matrix and resulted in increased strength.Finally, fibre wrapping of concrete is quite common today for increasing the strength of pre-existing concrete structural elements. An advancement in the procedure involves the use of a fibre sheet (matrix) containing nano-silica particles and hardeners. These nanoparticles penetrate and close small cracks on the concrete surface and, in strengthening applications, the matrices form a strong bond between the surface of the concrete and the fibre reinforcement.2.2 Structural Composites Steel is a major construction material. FHWA together with American Iron and Steel Institute and the U.S. Navy developed new, low carbon, high-performance steel (HPS) for bridges in 1992 with higher corrosion-resistance and weld ability by incorporating copper nanoparticles from at the steel grain boundaries 5.Sandvik NanoflexTM is new stainless steel developed by Sandvik Nanoflex Materials Technology. Due to its high performance, it is suitable for application which requires lightweight and rigid designs. Its good corrosion, formability and wear resistance can keep life-cycle costs low 10 MMFX2 is nanostructure-modified steel, produced by MFX Steel Corp, USA. Compared with the conventional steel, it has a fundamentally different microstructure- laminated lath structure resembling “plywood”. Due to the modified nanostructure, MMFX steel has superior mechanical properties, e.g. higher strength, ductility and fatigue resistance, over other high-strength steels. These material properties can lead to longer service life in corrosive environments and lower construction costs. The MMFX2 steel has similar corrosion resistance to that of stainless steel, but at a much lower cost. So far, the MMFX steel has gained certification for use in general construction throughout the US.2.3 Glass Fire-protective glass is another application of nanotechnology. This is achieved by using a clear intumescent layer sandwiched between glass panels (an interlayer) formed of fumed silica (SiO2) nanoparticles which turns into a rigid and opaque fire shield when heated. Because of the hydrophobic properties of TiO2, it c