2010考研英語(yǔ)總結(jié)：常見近義詞辨析 (2).doc

2010考研英語(yǔ)總結(jié)：常見近義詞辨析2010年考研英語(yǔ)考試大綱解析中明確指出：“考生應(yīng)能掌握5500左右的詞匯及相關(guān)詞組。除掌握詞匯的基本含義外，考生還應(yīng)掌握詞匯之間的詞義關(guān)系，如同義詞、近義詞、反義詞等；掌握詞匯之間的搭配關(guān)系，如動(dòng)詞與介詞，形容詞與介詞，形容詞與名詞等”；掌握詞匯生成的基本知識(shí)，如詞源、詞根、詞綴等。由此可見，同學(xué)們?cè)趶?fù)習(xí)單詞時(shí)，不僅要記詞更要學(xué)會(huì)去辨析，尤其對(duì)相似易混詞匯應(yīng)進(jìn)行重點(diǎn)攻克。 為了方便同學(xué)們的單詞歸納復(fù)習(xí)，萬(wàn)學(xué)海文英語(yǔ)教研中心現(xiàn)對(duì)常見近義詞進(jìn)行歸納講解。 1、blunder, error, mistake這一組詞都表示錯(cuò)誤。blunder n. (因?yàn)闊o(wú)知、疏忽犯下的)大錯(cuò)，愚蠢的錯(cuò)誤。 I think that I committed a blunder in asking her because she seemed very upset by my question.這位女士由于我的問題感到很難過，我感覺到犯了一個(gè)大錯(cuò)。error n.指判斷、計(jì)算或行為上的錯(cuò)誤，也指智力或道義上的錯(cuò)誤。 The accident was the result of human error.這事故是人為的錯(cuò)誤造成的。mistake n.誤會(huì)，誤解；(粗心、遺忘所導(dǎo)致的)錯(cuò)誤。 I took your bag instead of mine by mistake.我錯(cuò)拿了你的手提包。2、brittle, fragile, frail, crisp, invalid都有弱的意思。brittle a.易碎的，易損壞的，通常是指堅(jiān)硬的東西。 The bones of elderly people become brittle and easily broken.老年人的骨頭變得脆弱，很容易骨折。fragile a.常常修飾使用時(shí)必須小心才不會(huì)破碎的東西，也引申為體弱的，虛弱的。 He s feeling a bit fragile after last nights party.他參加了昨晚的聚會(huì)以后，現(xiàn)在感覺有些虛弱。frail a. (指人)體弱的，虛弱的，也可以指東西易碎的。 His mother has grown old and frail.他母親已經(jīng)年老體弱。crisp a.指食品的松脆；清新的，爽快的；活躍的，有生氣的，干凈利落的。 crisp biscuit松脆的餅干 The student gave a clear, crisp answer to the teachers question.學(xué)生干凈利落地回答了老師的問題。invalid a.不正確的，缺乏證據(jù)的；無(wú)效的，作廢的。作名詞時(shí)，表示病弱者，傷殘者，久病者。 Your ideas about the first humans are interesting but invalid.你關(guān)于最早的人類的觀點(diǎn)很有意思，但是缺乏證據(jù)。 A bad car accident made him an invalid.一次嚴(yán)重的車禍?zhǔn)顾兂闪藲埣病?、boundary, border, frontier, rim, verge 邊界意思。boundary n.邊界；界線。多指作為界線的標(biāo)識(shí)物等。 The fence marks the boundary between my land and hers.這道柵欄是我的地和她的地的分界線。border n.較寬的邊緣，邊界，多指兩國(guó)或兩地之間的分界處附近的邊緣地區(qū)、邊界地帶；也可以指物體的邊緣等。 We crossed the Mexican border into the USA.我們穿過墨西哥邊界進(jìn)入美國(guó)境內(nèi)。frontier n.邊界，邊境，邊疆，指靠近邊界(boundary)的區(qū)域；也可引申為未開發(fā)的領(lǐng)域，(學(xué)術(shù)的)前沿等。 The American West was still a frontier a century ago.一個(gè)世紀(jì)以前美國(guó)西部還是一片邊疆。She is a biochemist who works on the frontiers of biology.她是從事生物學(xué)前沿研究的生化學(xué)家。rim n.邊，邊緣，尤指圓形或近似圓形的物體的邊緣。verge n. (道路、花壇等長(zhǎng)草的)邊緣，引申某事即將發(fā)生之際。 on the verge of war戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)爆發(fā)之際4、brief, concise, curt, succinct都有簡(jiǎn)短的意思。brief a.簡(jiǎn)明扼要的，簡(jiǎn)短的，指時(shí)間短暫，辦事利索，態(tài)度明了等；有時(shí)含有雖短但卻不失全面的意味。 The manager made a brief statement to open the meeting.經(jīng)理致了簡(jiǎn)短的開幕詞。concise a. (文字等的)簡(jiǎn)要、精練，常含有保留主要部分的意思。 His letter was concise, omitting everything not pertinent to the job.他的信寫得簡(jiǎn)明扼要，省略掉了所有與該項(xiàng)工作無(wú)關(guān)的部分。curt a.三言兩語(yǔ)的，簡(jiǎn)短的，常含有草率的意思。 He asked his boss a question, but got a curt reply , I have no time for you now!他問老板一個(gè)問題，但是老板草率的說：我沒時(shí)間搭理你。succinct a.簡(jiǎn)明的，簡(jiǎn)潔的，簡(jiǎn)練的，尤指用詞簡(jiǎn)練，除含有concise的意思外，還有經(jīng)過壓縮的或簡(jiǎn)化的意思。 succinct summary of the argument論點(diǎn)的概要5、bush, shrub, jungle 這一組詞均與樹木有關(guān)。bush n.矮樹叢。shrub n.有木莖的灌木，灌木叢。jungle n.熱帶稠密的雨林或叢林。6、certify, rectify, testify, verify形近易混詞。certify v.證明，聲稱是真的。 He certified it was his wifes handwriting.他證明那是他妻子的手跡。rectify v.改正，糾正；整頓。 He rectified the mistake in the contract by changing its wording.他通過改變措辭糾正了合同里的錯(cuò)。testify v. (在法庭上)宣誓作證；表明。 He is the only person who can testify in this case, because the other witnesses were killed mysteriously.其他的證人已經(jīng)被神秘地殺害，他成為這件案例中唯一可以作證的人。verify v. (用事實(shí))證實(shí)或核實(shí)。 I verified the stores address by calling to check it.我打電話詢問，以核實(shí)商店的地址。7、compel, constrain, force, oblige都有強(qiáng)迫的意思。compel v.強(qiáng)迫，迫使，常表示運(yùn)用權(quán)利、力量迫使對(duì)方做某事；有時(shí)也表示別無(wú)辦法，不得不做。 His illness compelled him to stay in bed.他的病迫使他臥床休息。constrain v.力勸，強(qiáng)迫，與compel意思相近，但更多強(qiáng)調(diào)內(nèi)心情感(如道德、憐憫等)的強(qiáng)迫和限制作用，一般用于正式的場(chǎng)合。As an artist he didnt consider himself constrained by the same rules of social conduct as other people.他認(rèn)為自己是藝術(shù)家，不必象一般人那樣要受到社會(huì)行為準(zhǔn)則的約束。force v.強(qiáng)迫，迫使，暴力威脅的意味較濃，常用于被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)。The thief forced her to hand over the money.強(qiáng)盜逼迫她把錢交出來。oblige v. (因法律、習(xí)俗等)強(qiáng)迫，迫使，常常用于被動(dòng)。We are obliged to stop the car at a red light.我們遇到紅燈時(shí)必須停車。8、complaint, disorder這兩個(gè)詞都有疾病的意思。complaint n.疾病(主要指病人去看病時(shí)向醫(yī)生描述的病癥，既可以是小病、慢性病，也可以是傳染性疾病)；抱怨，埋怨，不滿。a heart complaint心臟病disorder n. (精神或肉體的)疾病(著重于身心、機(jī)能的失調(diào)、不平衡)；騷亂，動(dòng)亂；混亂，雜亂。a disorder of the digestive system消化系統(tǒng)疾病9、complement, supplement，append補(bǔ)充complement n.補(bǔ)充，補(bǔ)充物，主要指補(bǔ)充不足使之完美。Rice makes an excellent complement to a curry dish.有咖喱的菜配米飯最棒。supplement n.增補(bǔ)，補(bǔ)充，補(bǔ)貼，主要指另外補(bǔ)加，增補(bǔ)。One year after we made our report, we had to add a supplement to cover new events.我們?cè)趫?bào)告完成一年之后，必須增補(bǔ)一個(gè)包含新事件的附加部分。append n.附加，添上或補(bǔ)充某事物(尤指文字)。The lawyer appended two more pages to the contract.律師在合同后又附加了兩頁(yè)。10、component, element, factor, ingredient組成成分component n.零部件；(某事物的)組成部分；成分。Tires, the engine, the body, and the seats are component of a car.輪胎，引擎，車身以及坐椅都是一輛汽車的零部件。element n.元素；組成部分，方面；某特定的人或群體，分子。The elements hydrogen and oxygen combine to form water.氫元素和氧元素構(gòu)成了水。He belongs to a bad element in this city.他屬于這個(gè)城市的壞分子。factor n.因素，要素，側(cè)重指原因。Endurance is an important factor in success in sports.耐力是體育比賽成功的一個(gè)重要因素。ingredient n.原料，成分，要素。Flour, milk, butter and yeast are some ingredients in bread.面粉、牛奶、黃油和酵母是做面包的一些原料。11、comprise, compose, consist, constitute, include這一組動(dòng)詞都有組成，包含的意思。comprise v.包含，包括，由組成(整體)；組成，構(gòu)成。Our companys product line comprises 2,500 different items.我們公司的生產(chǎn)線是由2,500個(gè)不同的組成部分構(gòu)成的。compose v.構(gòu)成(整體)，組成；由組成(后接of，常用于被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài))；創(chuàng)作(作曲、詩(shī)歌等)。The committee was composed mainly of teachers and parents.委員會(huì)主要由教師和學(xué)生家長(zhǎng)組成。consist v.組成，構(gòu)成,由組成(后接of，常用于主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài))；(后接in)在于，存在于。The problem consists of two parts.問題由兩部分組成。The beauty of the plan consists in its simplicity.這計(jì)劃的好處就在于簡(jiǎn)單易行。constitute v.構(gòu)成，組成(整體)。Crime and illegal drugs constitute the citys major problems.犯罪和非法毒品買賣是這個(gè)城市面臨的主要問題。include v.包括，包含，把列入。The conference delegates included representatives from abroad.大會(huì)代表中有來自海外的代表。12、concentrate, focus都有集中的意思。concentrate v.集中，集中精力(后接on，賓語(yǔ)可以是具體或抽象的東西)；濃縮，壓縮。During exams, students concentrate hard on answering the questions.考試期間，同學(xué)們集中精力回答問題。focus v.集中(于某事物)；將(注意力等)集中于(后接on，賓語(yǔ)一般不是具體的東西)。Please focus your minds on the following problem.請(qǐng)集中考慮以下問題。13、confinement, limitation, restraint限制，局限confinement n.限制，囚禁(于某地或某種境地)。The prisoner was sentenced to three months solitary confinement.那犯人被判處單獨(dú)監(jiān)禁三個(gè)月。limitation n.限制，局限；(能力的)缺點(diǎn)，弱點(diǎn)。That employee has limitations on what work he can do.那個(gè)雇員能做的工作有限。restraint n.克制，抑制；約束措施。Even though the mother was very angry, she acted with restraint and didnt yell at her child.即使母親很生氣，她仍克制自己沒有向孩子大吼。14、considerable, considerate這是一對(duì)形近易混的形容詞。considerable a.相當(dāng)大的，相當(dāng)多的；值得考慮的。That family owns a considerable amount of land.那個(gè)家族擁有大量的土地。considerate a.考慮周到的，體貼的，后面常跟of結(jié)構(gòu)。He is always considerate of others; he is kind and sympathetic.他總是很體諒別人，他很慈善并且富有同情心。15、conserve, preserve, reserve都有保存的意思。conserve v.保存，保藏，保護(hù)(強(qiáng)調(diào)節(jié)約)。In winter, some people conserve energy by lowing the heat at night.冬天，為節(jié)約能源有些人在夜里把暖氣調(diào)小。preserve v.保護(hù)；維持；保養(yǎng)；防止(食物)腐敗(使不受破壞)。The government preserves the rights of the individual person.政府保護(hù)個(gè)人的權(quán)利不受侵犯。reserve v.保留，儲(chǔ)備(強(qiáng)調(diào)為某一特殊目的)；訂(座位)，預(yù)定。We are reserving these seats for my parents.我們把這些座位留給我的父母。54、continual, continuous, constant, incessant這一組形容詞都有不斷的，不停的的意思。continual a.連續(xù)不斷的；頻繁的。表示時(shí)斷時(shí)續(xù)的發(fā)生。That dogs barking is a continual annoyance.那條狗不停地叫，真是煩死人了。continuous a.不停的，連續(xù)不斷的，強(qiáng)調(diào)中間不停頓。Our homes and offices need a continuous supply of electricity.我們的家庭以及辦公室需要不間斷的供電。constant a.不斷的，經(jīng)常的，強(qiáng)調(diào)始終如一地經(jīng)常出現(xiàn)。Everything in the universe is in constant motion.宇宙中的萬(wàn)物都在不斷地運(yùn)動(dòng)。incessant a.不停的，持續(xù)不斷的，強(qiáng)調(diào)令人厭煩地重復(fù)出現(xiàn)，中間有可能有停頓。Incessant noise makes me appreciate silence.持續(xù)不斷的噪聲騷擾使我喜歡安靜的環(huán)境。16、convert, invert, revert, transform都有轉(zhuǎn)變的意思。convert v.轉(zhuǎn)變，變換，含有使某人改變觀點(diǎn)的意思。He wants to convert to Catholicism.他要皈依天主教。invert v.使顛倒，使倒轉(zhuǎn)，使反向。常常表示位置、順序、方向等的顛倒。The baby inverted the cup and spilled her orange juice.嬰兒把杯子打翻，弄灑了里面的橙汁。revert v.歸還，恢復(fù)原狀。指回到原來的狀態(tài)或情形。John gave his brother a house, and when his brother died, ownership reverted back to John.約翰送給他的哥哥一所房子，當(dāng)他的哥哥去世后，房子的所有權(quán)重新歸于約翰。transform v.改變，轉(zhuǎn)變，指形狀、顏色、大小、性質(zhì)等的改變。A little paint will soon transform the old house.刷一點(diǎn)油漆很快就會(huì)使這所舊房子大為改觀。17、credible, credulous, plausible都有可信的意思。credible a.可信的，可靠的。That the student told th