高考非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用法總結(jié).doc

非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞區(qū)別簡(jiǎn)表及具體用法詳述非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞是歷年高考英語(yǔ)的重要考點(diǎn)之一，也是較難掌握的難點(diǎn)之一。它貫穿于英語(yǔ)學(xué)習(xí)和考試過(guò)程的始終。但是，只要認(rèn)真分析、透徹理解、看透本質(zhì)、準(zhǔn)確把握，就一定能在高考中運(yùn)籌帷幄，游刃有余。一非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞區(qū)別簡(jiǎn)表類別區(qū)別to dodoingdone含義表示主動(dòng)、被動(dòng)或?qū)?lái)表示主動(dòng)或（正在）進(jìn)行表示被動(dòng)或完成句子成分（名詞）主語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)、表語(yǔ)、同位語(yǔ)（不定式）定語(yǔ)(將來(lái))、狀語(yǔ)、補(bǔ)語(yǔ)、獨(dú)立成分(動(dòng)名詞)主語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)、表語(yǔ)、同位語(yǔ)、定語(yǔ)(表用途)、(現(xiàn)在分詞)定語(yǔ)（正在發(fā)生）、狀語(yǔ)、 補(bǔ)語(yǔ)、表語(yǔ)(表特征)、獨(dú)立成分（過(guò)去分詞）作定語(yǔ)（完成）、狀語(yǔ)、補(bǔ)語(yǔ)、表語(yǔ)（表狀態(tài)）否定形式（not）to do(not)doing(not)done時(shí)態(tài)形式一般式：to do(不定式作名詞:無(wú)時(shí)間性或在謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞后發(fā)生。不定式:與謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞動(dòng)作同時(shí)或在之后發(fā)生)進(jìn)行式：to be doing(與謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞 動(dòng)作同時(shí)發(fā)生)完成式：to have done(表示動(dòng)作發(fā) 生在謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞動(dòng)作之前)完成進(jìn)行式：to have been doing(在謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞動(dòng)作之前已經(jīng)發(fā)生且持續(xù)到主句動(dòng)作時(shí)，仍在進(jìn)行)一般式:doing（動(dòng)名詞:無(wú)時(shí)間性或在謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)作前發(fā)生?，F(xiàn)在分詞:與謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞動(dòng)作同時(shí)、在之前或之后發(fā)生）進(jìn)行式:本身（同上）完成式:having done（作現(xiàn)在分詞時(shí)，只作狀語(yǔ)，強(qiáng)調(diào)動(dòng)作發(fā)生在謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞動(dòng)作之前）完成進(jìn)行式:無(wú)一般式：done(vt分詞表被動(dòng)或完成；vi分詞 表主動(dòng)或完成)進(jìn)行式：無(wú)完成式：本身(同一般式)完成進(jìn)行式：無(wú) 語(yǔ)態(tài)形式一般被動(dòng)式:to be done (將來(lái)動(dòng)作)進(jìn)行被動(dòng)式：無(wú)完成被動(dòng)式：to have been done (強(qiáng)調(diào)動(dòng)作發(fā)生在主句 動(dòng)作之前)完成進(jìn)行被動(dòng)式:無(wú)一般被動(dòng)式:being done（不作狀語(yǔ)）進(jìn)行被動(dòng)式:本身完成被動(dòng)式:having been done（只 作狀語(yǔ)，強(qiáng)調(diào)動(dòng)作發(fā)生 在主句動(dòng)作之前）完成進(jìn)行被動(dòng)式:無(wú)一般被動(dòng)式:本身(與一般 式相同)進(jìn)行被動(dòng)式:無(wú)完成被動(dòng)式:本身(與一般 式相同)完成進(jìn)行被動(dòng)：無(wú)狀語(yǔ)類型目的狀語(yǔ)、條件狀語(yǔ)、原因狀語(yǔ)、結(jié)果狀語(yǔ) 時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)、條件狀語(yǔ)、原因狀語(yǔ)、結(jié)果狀語(yǔ)、方式狀語(yǔ)、伴隨狀語(yǔ)、讓步狀語(yǔ)時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)、條件狀語(yǔ)、原因狀語(yǔ)、方式狀語(yǔ)、伴隨狀語(yǔ)、讓步狀語(yǔ)注1：(名詞)to do,doing的區(qū)別二者都可表示普遍的、一般的的真理、見解或信念等。 eg:To do morning exercises/ Doing morning exercises is good for your health.不定式表示尚未發(fā)生的動(dòng)作；動(dòng)名詞暗示已經(jīng)存在。 eg:My father is a millionaire,but having money doesnt mean everything.動(dòng)名詞表示一般的經(jīng)驗(yàn)；不定式表示具體的、特定的事例、意見或理論。 eg:I prefer swimming to fishing. I like to swim in the river because its too hot today.不定式和動(dòng)名詞都有對(duì)稱性。 eg:To see is to believe. Seeing is believing. 作主語(yǔ)時(shí)to do,doing的區(qū)別 表示泛指、一般、抽象或一個(gè)已經(jīng)完成了的動(dòng)作時(shí)，強(qiáng)調(diào)的是事情本身，多用動(dòng)名詞doing作主語(yǔ)。 表示具體某一次行為，特別是將來(lái)的動(dòng)作時(shí)，強(qiáng)調(diào)的是動(dòng)詞本身，必須用不定式作主語(yǔ)。注：表示泛指意義時(shí)，多用動(dòng)名詞doing（也可用動(dòng)詞不定式to do）作賓語(yǔ)時(shí)to do,doing的區(qū)別 doing表示泛指，一般，經(jīng)常性，習(xí)慣性的動(dòng)作。 to do表示特定，具體，將來(lái)的動(dòng)作。作表語(yǔ)時(shí)to do,doing的區(qū)別 表示一般的概念時(shí)，二者可以互換。 表示具體的動(dòng)作或?qū)?lái)的行為時(shí)，應(yīng)用不定式to do。不定式to do,現(xiàn)在分詞doing作補(bǔ)語(yǔ)時(shí)的區(qū)別 不定式to do作補(bǔ)語(yǔ)表示賓語(yǔ)所做的動(dòng)作或者和賓語(yǔ)有表語(yǔ)關(guān)系，表示狀態(tài)、特性、身份等。另 外，不定式可作使役動(dòng)詞、感官動(dòng)詞的補(bǔ)語(yǔ)，表示動(dòng)作的完成或已經(jīng)結(jié)束。 doing表示動(dòng)作與主語(yǔ)動(dòng)作同時(shí)發(fā)生或進(jìn)行。 不定式to do作補(bǔ)語(yǔ)一般表示動(dòng)作的全過(guò)程或經(jīng)常性發(fā)生的動(dòng)作。 doing強(qiáng)調(diào)動(dòng)作的延續(xù)性，表示動(dòng)作正在發(fā)生或進(jìn)行，更具描述性。不定式to do,現(xiàn)在分詞doing作結(jié)果狀語(yǔ)時(shí)的區(qū)別 to do表示出乎意料的不想要的結(jié)果。 doing表示自然而然的結(jié)果。注2：非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的區(qū)別問(wèn)題（一）動(dòng)詞后接to do不定式還是doing動(dòng)名詞的情況：（1）只能接to do不定式的動(dòng)詞有：want,wish,hope,long,expect,desire,intend,decide,ask,promise,aim,offer,agree,plan,learn,choose,refuse,fail,manage,pretend等。（2）常只用動(dòng)名詞作賓語(yǔ)的動(dòng)詞有：admit,avoid,appreciate,consider（考慮）dislike,enjoy,escape,excuse,finish,imagine,keep,mind,miss,practice,risk,resist,suggest等。（3）動(dòng)詞后二者都可跟，意義不同的有：remember to do sth 記起要做某事remember doing sth 記起做過(guò)某事forget to do sth 忘記要做某事forget doing sth 忘記做過(guò)某事regret to do sth 后悔要做某事regret doing sth 后悔做過(guò)某事go on to do sth 接著做另外一件事go on doing sth 接著做同一件事stop to do sth 停下來(lái)開始做另外一件某事stop doing sth 停止做正在做的某事try to do sth 盡力做某事try doing sth 試著做某事mean to do sth 打算（意欲，企圖）做某事mean doing sth 意味著做某事cant help(to)do sth 不能幫忙做某事cant help doing sth 情不自禁地做某事 （4）動(dòng)詞后二者都可跟，意義相同的有：begin,start,like,love,prefer,hate等。但是區(qū)別在于：后接動(dòng)名詞時(shí)表示經(jīng)常性的動(dòng)作，后接不定式時(shí)表示的是具體的特定的動(dòng)作。eg:I like playing football,but I dont like play now.注：重點(diǎn)提示：在下列情況下begin和start后只接不定式：主語(yǔ)是物不是人。eg:Spring came on and the snow began to melt.二者用于進(jìn)行時(shí) eg:Its beginning to rain.二者后接表示心理活動(dòng)或狀態(tài)的動(dòng)詞。 eg:I began to realize how stupid I was.二者后接不定式的被動(dòng)式。 eg:The new type of computer began to be developed in the 1980s.（二）“感官動(dòng)詞賓語(yǔ)賓補(bǔ)（to do sth/doing sth）”的區(qū)別感官動(dòng)詞賓語(yǔ)賓補(bǔ)（to do sth）表示事實(shí)或全過(guò)程感官動(dòng)詞賓語(yǔ)賓補(bǔ)（doing sth）表示片段或進(jìn)行eg:The missing boys were last seen playing near the river. Did you see a pencil-box lying on the ground just now.(三)個(gè)別“使讓動(dòng)詞賓語(yǔ)賓補(bǔ)”的一些特別詞的用法1）have賓語(yǔ)賓補(bǔ) have賓語(yǔ)do“讓做某事”，不定式作賓補(bǔ)可以指現(xiàn)在、將來(lái)或可能發(fā)生的動(dòng)作。eg:They had me repeat the message. I wont have you say such things. I wont have you blame it on me.2）have賓語(yǔ)doing “讓一直/持續(xù)做某事”，現(xiàn)在分詞作賓補(bǔ)可以表示主語(yǔ)有意讓別人去做或無(wú)意引起某人可能去做或表示遭遇。另外，have賓語(yǔ)doing若用于否定句中，have意為“容忍”。eg:Tom tried to have her talking.But no use. I wont have you speaking to your parents like that. Why should we have the boy standing in the corner the whole morning.3）have賓語(yǔ)done “使被做”過(guò)去分詞作賓補(bǔ)可表示主語(yǔ)有意識(shí)的行為或表示“遭遇”、“經(jīng)歷”（動(dòng)作違背主語(yǔ)的意愿）eg:We ought to have her examined by a doctor. The old woman had her handbag stolen.2）get賓語(yǔ)賓補(bǔ)get賓語(yǔ)to do(have賓語(yǔ)do) “讓做某事”有時(shí)則是“說(shuō)服/勸說(shuō)某人做某事”eg:I will get the publisher to illustrate(加上插圖) the book. get賓語(yǔ)doing“使（靜的物體）動(dòng)起來(lái)”，具有進(jìn)行含義。eg:I shall soon get the machine working.3）get賓語(yǔ)done“讓被做”用法與have賓語(yǔ)done基本相同。eg:He got his wrist broken.二非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞具體用法詳述不定式的用法 不定式不可作謂語(yǔ)，但它可以有自己的賓語(yǔ)、狀語(yǔ)，構(gòu)成不定式短語(yǔ)，在句中可以作主語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)、表語(yǔ)、定語(yǔ)（表用途）、狀語(yǔ)或補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)。高考對(duì)不定式的考查主要有不定式的時(shí)態(tài)、語(yǔ)態(tài)、作用、否定、省略、連詞不定式等。1.不定式作主語(yǔ)不定式作主語(yǔ)表示具體的動(dòng)作，通常指一件已知的事或目的。不定式作主語(yǔ)時(shí)，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)。 eg:To say is a thing,to do is another.(說(shuō)是一回事，做是另外一回事。)（2）不定式短語(yǔ)較長(zhǎng)時(shí)，通常放在謂語(yǔ)之后，用it作形式主語(yǔ)。eg:It is important to learn English well.(學(xué)好英語(yǔ)是重要的。)It is necessary for us to do the job well.(我們做好這項(xiàng)工作是必要的。)It is a great honor to be invited to give a speech here.被邀請(qǐng)?jiān)谶@兒發(fā)表演講是一個(gè)極大的榮幸。2.不定式作賓語(yǔ)（1）to do表示特定，具體，將來(lái)的動(dòng)作。常只用不定式作賓語(yǔ)的動(dòng)詞有(記憶口訣：想要拒絕忘記，需要努力學(xué)習(xí)；喜歡同意幫助，希望決定開始)want,wish,hope,long,expect,desire,intend,decide,ask,promise,aim,offer,agree,plan,learn,choose,refuse,fail,manage,pretend等。 eg:He refused to help me.(他拒絕幫助我.)She has agreed to come tomorrow.(他已同意明天來(lái).)(2) 不定式較長(zhǎng)時(shí)，作賓語(yǔ)，也可用it代替，放在后面。 eg;I find it difficult to do the job well.(3) “特殊疑問(wèn)詞不定式to do結(jié)構(gòu)”具有名詞特征，可作賓語(yǔ)。eg:She didnt know whether to go or not. They havent decided when and where to build the school.（4）不定式可作介but,except,besides“除之外”的賓語(yǔ)，介詞前有實(shí)義動(dòng)詞do的任何一種形式，后邊的不定式就無(wú)to；否則必帶to。eg:I want to do nothing but play the computer games。 I have no choice but to wait。3.不定式作表語(yǔ)（1）不定式作表語(yǔ)放在be和其他系動(dòng)詞后，說(shuō)明主語(yǔ)的內(nèi)容。同樣，“特殊疑問(wèn)詞不定式”具有名詞特征，也可作表語(yǔ)。eg:My job is to sweep the floor. His goal was to enter the key university of Beijing. The first question is how to find a better way to learn English well. (2)不定式作主語(yǔ)時(shí)，表語(yǔ)也必須為不定式，結(jié)構(gòu)必須保持一致。eg:To see is to believe.(3)如果主語(yǔ)部分的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞或非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞是實(shí)義動(dòng)詞do的某種形式，那么作表語(yǔ)的不定式可以省去to.eg:The first thing to do is find her. The only thing he could do was tell the truth.4.不定式作同位語(yǔ)不定式作同位語(yǔ)表示內(nèi)容。eg:His dream to enter a key university came true.5不定式作定語(yǔ)不定式作定語(yǔ)表示將來(lái)，常放在所修飾的名詞或代詞后。eg:I have something important to tell you.(不定式與被修飾名詞構(gòu)成被動(dòng)關(guān)系。) His wish to be an artist has never come true.( 不定式與被修飾名詞構(gòu)成同位關(guān)系。) He is the right man to do the job. ( 不定式與被修飾名詞構(gòu)成主動(dòng)關(guān)系。) The little girl was unhappy because she had no friends to play with. ( 不定式與被修飾名詞 構(gòu) 成主動(dòng)關(guān)系。)（注：若不定式為不及物動(dòng)詞，其后須加上相應(yīng)的介詞。)6.不定式作狀語(yǔ)不定式作狀語(yǔ)主要是表示目的、條件、原因和結(jié)果，可位于句首或句末，但句首時(shí)通常用逗號(hào)隔開。eg:We set off early that morning to catch the first bus.（目的） To get a good result,she worked very hard.（目的） I feel it an honor to be invited to the party.(條件) She was very happy to get the first prize.(原因) He worked hard only to fail.(結(jié)果)注：不定式常用在so as 或in order后,與它們一起作狀語(yǔ)，表示目的，但so as引起的不定式不可置于句首。eg:In order to avoid mistakes,check your homework. 不定式表結(jié)果時(shí)常和only連用，往往表示出乎意料的意想不到的不想得到的結(jié)果。eg:He hurried to the station ,only to find the train had left.“形容詞enough不定式”和“too形容詞或副詞（不表情感）不定式” 也可作結(jié)果狀語(yǔ)。 eg:He is old enough to go to school. He is too weak to raise the stone.但“too表情感形容詞（pleased,ready,glad,willing,anxious等）to do”表示肯定意義，too前面可用only,but等詞修飾。eg:They were (only) too anxious to leave.(他們只是太急于離開了。) She is(only)too pleased to go home.(她非常高興可以回家了。)7.不定式作補(bǔ)語(yǔ)不定式作補(bǔ)語(yǔ)表示賓語(yǔ)所所做的動(dòng)作或者和賓語(yǔ)有表語(yǔ)關(guān)系，表示狀態(tài)、特性、身份等。另外，不定式可作使役動(dòng)詞、感官動(dòng)詞的補(bǔ)語(yǔ)，表示動(dòng)作的完成或已經(jīng)結(jié)束。賓語(yǔ)與作補(bǔ)語(yǔ)的不定式之間是主動(dòng)關(guān)系。（1） 后接動(dòng)詞不定式作賓補(bǔ)的常見的動(dòng)詞有：want,wish,expect,prefer,like,hate,ask,beg,request,require,beg,get,advise,persuade,invite,order,remind,permit,allow,send等。（2） 后接動(dòng)詞不定式作賓補(bǔ)的常見的動(dòng)詞短語(yǔ)有：call on,would like/love,arrange for,depend on等。eg:She wanted me to arrive there early. Our headmaster call on us to work hard.（3）動(dòng)詞不定式可作感官動(dòng)詞（五看二聽一感覺(jué)即：see,look at,watch,observe,notice，hear,listen to，feel）和使讓動(dòng)詞（let,make,have等）后面的賓補(bǔ)時(shí)，不定式符號(hào)to要省略，但如果句子變被動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)，必須帶to.表示動(dòng)作的完成。eg:He made them climb the hill. They were made to climb the hill.(4)動(dòng)詞不定式可作形容詞的補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞不定式可作形容詞的補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)，句型為：(一)主語(yǔ)系動(dòng)詞表語(yǔ)（adj為convenient/easy/expensive/difficult/hard/impossible/pleasant等）to do.(注：to do常用主動(dòng)表被動(dòng)，其中do為vt,主語(yǔ)為to do的賓語(yǔ)。)（二）主語(yǔ)find/think/consider/believe等賓語(yǔ)adjto do.(注：其中to do常用主動(dòng)表被動(dòng)，其中do為vt,主語(yǔ)為to do的賓語(yǔ)。)eg: He is easy to fool. The man is easy to work with.He find the problem difficult to work out.（5）“特殊疑問(wèn)詞不定式to do”具有名詞特征，可作賓補(bǔ)。(謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞多為show,know,teach,tell等。)eg:Ill tell you how to get there8.不定式作獨(dú)立成分(評(píng)注性狀語(yǔ)或插入語(yǔ))不定式可以作評(píng)注性狀語(yǔ)或插入語(yǔ),放在句子前面、中間或末尾。常見的有to be frank,to be honest,to tell the truth,to begin with，to start with,to be short等。eg:To begin with,I think you are wrong.動(dòng)名詞用法動(dòng)名詞具有動(dòng)詞和名詞的特點(diǎn)，有一般式和完成式，有主動(dòng)式和被動(dòng)式，可作主語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)、表語(yǔ)和定語(yǔ).否定形式在其前面加not.（1）動(dòng)名詞作主語(yǔ)動(dòng)名詞作主語(yǔ)表示抽象動(dòng)作，指一件已知的事或經(jīng)驗(yàn)。eg:Driving a car on the crowded road is boring. Reading is my hobby.（2） 動(dòng)名詞作賓語(yǔ)doing作賓語(yǔ)表示泛指，一般，經(jīng)常性，習(xí)慣性的動(dòng)作。常只用動(dòng)名詞作賓語(yǔ)的動(dòng)詞有：admit,avoid,appreciate,consider,dislike,enjoy,escape,excuse,finish,imagine,keep,mind,miss,practice,risk,resist,suggest等。eg:I cant imagine marrying her.She managed to escape being punished.只接動(dòng)名詞作賓語(yǔ)的動(dòng)詞詞組有：give up,belong to,look forward to,keep on,insist on,be busy,get down to,be devoted to,have difficulty/trouble(in),have a good/wonderful time (in)等。eg:Im looking forward to hearing from you soon. He gave up smoking three years.(3)動(dòng)名詞可作表語(yǔ)動(dòng)名詞可作表語(yǔ)，一般為主語(yǔ)的內(nèi)容.表示一般性或習(xí)慣性的動(dòng)作。在概念上可以和主語(yǔ)劃等號(hào)。把主語(yǔ)和表語(yǔ)倒過(guò)來(lái)，句子的基本含義不變。eg:His hobby is painting.(4) )動(dòng)名詞可作同位語(yǔ) 動(dòng)名詞可作同位語(yǔ)，表示所修飾事物的內(nèi)容。eg:This is my creation ,reading scary stories.(5 動(dòng)名詞可作定語(yǔ)動(dòng)名詞可作定語(yǔ)，表示所修飾事物的功能或用途。eg:He often studies in the reading room.現(xiàn)在分詞現(xiàn)在分詞具有動(dòng)詞、形容詞和副詞的特征，在句中作定語(yǔ)、狀語(yǔ)、補(bǔ)語(yǔ)和表語(yǔ)。1作定語(yǔ)現(xiàn)在分詞作定語(yǔ)，單個(gè)v-ing放在被修飾的名詞前；如果短語(yǔ)作定語(yǔ)，則放在所修飾詞的后面。v-ing作定語(yǔ)和被修飾詞之間為主動(dòng)關(guān)系，表示動(dòng)作正在同時(shí)進(jìn)行或經(jīng)常性發(fā)生，也可表示特征。eg:the falling leavesthe leaves which are falling the rising sunthe sun which is rising I saw him go into the house facing south. a good-looking man2作狀語(yǔ)在句子中，現(xiàn)在分詞作狀語(yǔ)，與句中主語(yǔ)形成邏輯上的主謂關(guān)系，表示與主句謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞動(dòng)作同時(shí)發(fā)生，或沒(méi)有一定的時(shí)間性。動(dòng)詞-ing或其短語(yǔ)作狀語(yǔ)時(shí)，可以表示時(shí)間、條件、原因、結(jié)果、讓步、方式、伴隨等。表示時(shí)間關(guān)系的動(dòng)詞-ing短語(yǔ)可由連詞while或when引出。eg:Hearing the news,they got excited.(時(shí)間)Having finished his homework,she was playing on the playground.(原因/時(shí)間)Studying hard,you are sure to get first prize.(條件)3作補(bǔ)語(yǔ)現(xiàn)在分詞作補(bǔ)語(yǔ)表示動(dòng)作正在進(jìn)行，賓語(yǔ)與作補(bǔ)語(yǔ)的現(xiàn)在分詞之間是主動(dòng)關(guān)系。后面常接現(xiàn)在分詞作賓補(bǔ)的動(dòng)詞有感官動(dòng)詞（五看二聽一感覺(jué)see,look at,watch,observe,notice,hear,listen to,feel）使讓動(dòng)詞（have,get）以及其他類動(dòng)詞leave,keep,catch,set等。表示動(dòng)作正在進(jìn)行。eg:I saw them playing games on the playground yesterday. Dont leave him waiting outside the room.作表語(yǔ)現(xiàn)在分詞作表語(yǔ)相當(dāng)于形容詞，常表示主語(yǔ)所具有的特征，含有主動(dòng)意味。大多數(shù)使動(dòng)詞的現(xiàn)在分詞通?？勺鞅碚Z(yǔ)，常見的有：interesting,amusing,boring,tiring,pleasing,exciting,moving,disappointing,surprising,encouraging等。eg:His story was very moving. The speech is really boring.作獨(dú)立成分(評(píng)注性狀語(yǔ)或插入語(yǔ))可以作評(píng)注性狀語(yǔ)或插入語(yǔ),放在句子前面、中間或末尾。注：“連詞+doing短語(yǔ)”一般情況下，分詞作狀語(yǔ)時(shí)，只能根據(jù)邏輯關(guān)系而不能根據(jù)語(yǔ)法特征來(lái)判定它是時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)、條件狀語(yǔ)或讓步狀語(yǔ)等。因此，有時(shí)會(huì)遇到很難判斷其歸屬的情形。但如果在其前加上when,if,once,since等連詞，就會(huì)很清楚地表明狀語(yǔ)的性質(zhì)。對(duì)于這種結(jié)構(gòu)，也可作另外的解釋，即在連詞與現(xiàn)在分詞之間省略了主語(yǔ)和be動(dòng)詞。eg:While(I was)trying to open the can,I cut my hand. Though not understanding(=he didnt understand )french,he he was able to communicate with other Students. Be careful when(you are)crossing the road.=Be careful when you cross the road.過(guò)去分詞在句子中，過(guò)去分詞與句中主語(yǔ)形成邏輯上的動(dòng)賓關(guān)系，表示完成或沒(méi)有一定的時(shí)間性。過(guò)去分詞既有副詞的特征又有動(dòng)詞的特征，在句中可作定語(yǔ)、狀語(yǔ)、補(bǔ)語(yǔ)、表語(yǔ)等成分。（1）作定語(yǔ)過(guò)去分詞作定語(yǔ)，表示已經(jīng)完成或特征。它和被修飾詞之間是被動(dòng)、完成關(guān)系，單個(gè)過(guò)去分詞作定語(yǔ)放在前，過(guò)去分詞短語(yǔ)作定語(yǔ)放在后。其中及物動(dòng)詞的過(guò)去分詞表示完成或被動(dòng)概念，不及物動(dòng)詞的過(guò)去分詞只表示完成概念，沒(méi)有被動(dòng)的意味。eg:the risen sun the sun which has risen fallen leavesleaves which has fallen This is the house built last year.This is the house which was built last year.(2)作狀語(yǔ)過(guò)去分詞在句中作狀語(yǔ)，說(shuō)明動(dòng)作發(fā)生的背景或情況。它和被修飾詞之間是被動(dòng)關(guān)系。它在句中可以作時(shí)間、條件、原因、方式、讓步和伴隨狀語(yǔ)。eg:Tired out,they stopped to have a rest.(原因/時(shí)間) Taken around the city,we were impressed by the citys new look. Though warned of the danger ,he still went skating on the thin ice. (3)作補(bǔ)語(yǔ)及物動(dòng)詞的過(guò)去分詞作補(bǔ)語(yǔ)，表示完成意義的行為或狀態(tài)。及物動(dòng)詞的過(guò)去分詞亦有被動(dòng)意義；不及物動(dòng)詞的過(guò)去分詞仍是主動(dòng)意義。(1)可以帶過(guò)去分詞作賓補(bǔ)的動(dòng)詞有感官動(dòng)詞（五看二聽一感覺(jué)），使役動(dòng)詞have,get,make等，以及其他類動(dòng)keep,leave,like,want,wish等。eg:I had my leg bro