語法全解：代詞.doc

第一章、代詞的種類及5種基本代詞的用法1. 代詞的種類類 別舉 例人稱代詞主格I, you, he, she, it, we, you, they賓格me, you, him, her, it, us, you, them物主代詞形容詞性物主代詞my, your, his, her, its, our, your, their名詞性物主代詞mine, yours, his, hers, its, ours, yours, theirs反身代詞myself, yourself, himself, herself, itself, ourselves, yourselves, themselves, oneself相互代詞each other, one another指示代詞this, that, these, those, such疑問代詞who, whom, whose, what, which關系代詞who, whom, whose, which, that, as, but不定代詞 some, any;somebody, someone, something;anybody, anyone, anything;everybody, everyone, everything;nobody, no one, nothing;many, few, a few;much, little, a little;all, both;each, either;none, neither;one;other, another2. 人稱代詞的用法(1) 人稱代詞主格在句中作主語：The light is bad here. I cant see clearly. 這兒的光線不好，我看不清。She hesitated a moment, and then sat down beside me.她猶豫了一會兒，然后在我身邊坐下來。We should keep calm even we are in danger. 即使在危急時刻我們也要保持冷靜。(2) 人稱代詞賓格在句中作賓語和表語：There was nobody to tell him, to hint him, to give him at least a word of advice.沒有人告訴他，或暗示他，或起碼給他一句忠告。(賓語)Are you for it or against it? 你是贊成還是反對？(賓語)Oh, its you. 啊，是你呀。(表語)If I were her, I would take the advice. 我要是她就接受這個建議。(表語)在并列主語中，I總放在最后。如：You and I 我和你He and I 我和他You, he and I 你我他3. 物主代詞的用法(1) 形容詞性物主代詞在句中作定語My computer has been updated. 我的電腦已經(jīng)升級了。She turned away her eyes. 她把目光移開。Their ideals have changed. 他們的理想變了。(2) 形容詞性物主代詞與own連用表強調(diào)I saw it with my own eyes. 那是我親眼所見。Mind your own business. 不要管閑事。(3) 名詞性物主代詞在句中作主語、賓語或表語Hers is a pretty colorless life. 她的生活是一種相當平淡的生活。（主語）This is your coat. Mine is in the room. 這是你的外衣。我的在房間里。（主語）She would shut herself up in her room, Julio in his. 她常把自己關在房間里，朱利奧也是一樣。 (賓語)My pen is broken. Please lend me yours. 我的鋼筆壞了，請把你的借給我。(賓語)Whose book is this? 這是誰的書？Its mine. 是我的。(表語)I knew that the house was hers. 我知道那房子是她的。（表語）4. 反身代詞的用法(1) 反身代詞在句中作賓語、表語、同位語等I want to build myself a country house. 我想給自己建一座鄉(xiāng)間別墅。(賓語)He is always thinking of himself. 他總是想著他自己。(賓語)They quarreled among themselves. 他們之間發(fā)生了爭吵。(賓語)Bob is not quite himself today. 鮑勃今天感到不適。(表語)Be yourself, please. 請自然一點。(表語)The representatives of the strikers wanted to see the boss himself. 罷工工人的代表想要見老板本人。(同位語)I fixed the windows myself. 我自己裝的窗戶。(同位語)(2) 反身代詞與某些動詞連用表示某種特定意義Help yourself to some fruit. 請吃點水果。He shaves himself once a day. 他一天刮一次臉。Why did you absent yourself from school yesterday? 你昨天為何沒去上學？(3) 反身代詞用于某些固定習語中：1 by oneself 獨自干；單干。He said he wanted to go out to have a walk by himself. 他說他想獨自出去散步。I managed to do it by myself. 我是自己做成這件事的。This is a machine that works by itself. 這是一臺自動化的機器。2 for oneself 替自己；為自己；自己。Well have to judge for ourselves. 我們得自己來判斷。He demanded the right to decide for himself. 他要求得到自己做決定的權(quán)力。3 of oneself 自動地。The enemy will not perish of himself. 敵人不會自行絕滅的。4 between ourselves 勿與外人道私下說的話。All this is between ourselves. 這些都不能告訴別人。Between ourselves, Mr. Black has gone abroad.不要和外人講，布萊克先生已出國了。5 among themselves 之間。They had a heated discussion among themselves. 他們之間進行了熱烈的討論。6 in oneself 本性；自身。He is not bad in himself. 他本質(zhì)不壞。This is a good idea in itself. 這主意本身不錯。5. 相互代詞的用法(1) 相互代詞在句中用作賓語We did not know each other before. 我們以前互不認識。They have been separated from one another for a long time. 他們分開很久了。(2) 相互代詞在句中作定語They looked into each others eyes for a silent moment. 他們彼此一時相對無言。The two old men often call each others nickname when they meet.這兩個老人見面時常常互相喊綽號。(3) 補充在漢語中有時沒有“相互”“彼此”的詞，而譯成英語時卻要使用相互代詞。如：They dont often see each other now. 他們現(xiàn)在不常見面。Do you often write to one another? 你們常通信嗎？They have known each other before. 他們以前就認識。6. 指示代詞的用法(1) 指示代詞this， that， these， those在句作主語、賓語、表語、定語、狀語等Are these your books? 這些是你的書嗎？（主語）This is my first visit to America. 這是我第一次到美國來。（主語）Whos that speaking? 請問是哪位？（打電話用語）（主語）I will keep this in mind. 我會記住這一點的。（賓語）You can choose one from these. 你可以從這些里面選一個。（賓語）My idea is this. 這就是我的想法。（表語）Oh, its not that. 噢，問題不在那兒。（表語）Do you know that man? 你認識那個人嗎？（定語）These flowers are very beautiful. 這些花非常漂亮。（定語）He said he didnt want that much. 他說他不需要那么多。（狀語）The book is about this thick. 那本書大約有這么厚。（狀語）(2) 指示代詞this和these指時間與空間上較近的事物，that和those指時間與空間上較遠的事物This building was built last year, that one was built many years ago. （表空間）這棟大樓是去年建的，那棟是很多年前建的。Those stars are too far away to be seen with naked eyes. （指空間）那些星星離得太遠，肉眼看不見。During the whole of this time, Scrooge had acted like a man out of his wits. （表時間）在整個這段時間，斯克魯吉像是失魂落魄似的。That stormy night, the witness was killed in the hospital.（表時間）那個暴風雨之夜，證人在醫(yī)院里被殺了。(3) that和those指代前面提到過的事物，this和these指代隨后要講的事物That view point is proved to be wrong, and this is what people are thinking correct now. （that指前，this指后）那個觀點被證明是錯誤的，下面才是人們認為正確的觀點。Those are the problems we should solve. （those指前）這些就是我們應該解決的問題。Written on the placard are these words: we want peace. （these指后）牌子上寫著這樣一些字：我們要和平。(4) those作定語從句的先行詞Those who were present at the meeting were all celebrities. 出席會議的都是名流。Those who are able to work were given jobs. 能工作的人都給分配了工作。(5) 指示代詞such在句中作主語、賓語、表語、定語等Such is life. 生活就是這樣。（主語）Such often occurred in the past. 這種事情過去經(jīng)常發(fā)生。（主語）Take from the drawer such as you need. 從抽屜里拿你需要的東西吧。（賓語）Just before Christmas they wanted help with trees and such. 正是在圣誕節(jié)前他們需要幫手來布置圣誕樹之類的東西。（賓語）The waves were such as I never saw before. 這樣的海浪，我從未見過。（表語）The foreign visitors said they had never seen such plants before. 外賓說他們以前從未見過這類植物。（定語）(6) 補充 當名詞后有限制性定語時，名詞前不用this或that表示“這個”或“那個”，要用the。如： May I have a look at the skirt you bought yesterday? 我能不能看一下你昨天買的裙子？ （skirt后有定語從句you bought yesterday，其前要用the。） What do you think of the proposals put forward by Mr. Wang? 你覺得王先生提的建議怎么樣？ （proposals后有過去分詞短語put forward by Mr. Wang作定語，其前要用the） 第二章、疑問代詞和關系代詞1. 疑問代詞的用法(1) who1 who的意思是“誰”，是主格，通常作主語。如：Who is that woman? 那個婦女是誰？Who are those people? 那些人是誰？2 who在口語中可代替whom作賓語。如：Who did you ask about it? 關于那件事你問過誰了？(2) whomwhom 的意思是“誰”，是賓格，在句中作賓語，常用于書面語中。如：whom do you want to see? 你想見誰？Whom do you talk about? 你們在談論誰？（whom作介詞about的賓語）(3) whose1 whose的意思是“誰的”，屬格，具有名詞和形容詞的性質(zhì)。如：Whose book is this? 這是誰的書？（形容詞性）Whose is this book? 這書是誰的？（名詞性）2 whose可在句中作如下成分。作主語。如：Whose is better? 誰的更好？作表語。如：Whose are these pencils? 這些鉛筆是誰的？作賓語。如：Whose are you going to borrow? 你打算借誰的？作定語。如：Whose umbrella is this? 這是誰的傘?(4) what1 what的意思是“什么”，具有名詞和形容詞的性質(zhì)。如：What are you doing? 你在做什么？（名詞性）What sport do you like best? 你最喜歡的運動是什么？（形容詞性）2 what可在句中作如下成分。作主語。如：whats happening? 發(fā)生了什么事？作表語。如：What is your mother? 你母親是干什么工作的？作賓語。如：What do you mean? 你是什么意思？What did you talk to him about? 你和他說了什么？（介詞賓語）作定語。如：What color do you like? 你喜歡什么顏色？(5) whichwhich的意思是“哪個”，which在句中可作主語、表語、賓語、定語等成分。作主語。如：This is my bag. Which is yours? 這是我的書包，哪個是你的？作表語。如：Which is your favorite subject? 你最喜歡哪個科目？I cant tell which is which because they are so alike. 我分辨不出誰是誰，因為他們太像了。作賓語。如：Which do you like best? 你最喜歡哪一個？作定語。如：Which glasses do you want? 你想要哪些杯子？Which platform does the London train leave? 去倫敦的火車從哪個站臺開出？(6) who, what 和which 后可加ever來加強語氣Whatever are you thinking about? 你到底在想些什么？Whoever are you looking for? 你到底在找誰？Whichever do you prefer? 你究竟要哪個？2. 關系代詞who，whom，whose，that，which的用法(1) 關系代詞who，whom，whose，that，which的用法英語中的關系代詞有who，whom，whose，that，which，它們是用來引導定語從句的。關系代詞既代表定語從句所修飾的詞，又在其所引導的從句中承擔一個成分， 如主語、賓語、表語或定語。如：This is the man who saved your son.這就是救了你兒子的那個人。（who在從句中作主語，先行詞是man）The man whom I met yesterday is Jim我昨天見到的那個人是吉姆。（whom在從句中作賓語，它的先行詞是man）A child whose parents are dead is an orphan.失去父母的孩子是孤兒。（whose在從句中作定語，它的先行詞是child）He wants a room whose window looks out over the sea.他想要個窗戶面臨大海的房間。（whose在從句中作定語，它的先行詞是room）1 who，whom和whosewho和whom代表人，在從句中作主語時用who，作賓語時用whom，可省略。但若whom作介詞賓語且介詞放在其前時，不能省略；如介詞位于句末時，可以省略。whose代表某人的，在從句中作定語。如：The man who insists upon seeing with perfect clearness before he decides, never decides.堅持看清楚一切后才做決定的人永遠也做不了決定。（who作主語）He is a man whom everybody respects.他是一個人人都尊敬的人。（whom作賓語，可以省略）He is a man fromwhom we all should learn.他是我們大家都應該學習的人。 （whom作介詞賓語且介詞位于其前，不能省略）（此句也可以是：He is a man (whom) we should all learn from.）The people whose houses were damaged will be compensated.房子被損壞了的人將給予補償。Who, whom和whose可用于非限制性定語從句中，代表某人或某人的，此時不能用that。如：My sister, who is a nurse, came home for a few days.我姐姐回家住了幾天，她是個護士。2 whichwhich代表物，在從句中可作主語或賓語，作賓語時可以省略，但作介詞賓語且介詞位于其前時不能省略。如：The book which helps you most are those which make you think most.最能使你獲益的書是那些最能讓你深思的書。（作主語）This is a factor which we must not neglect.這是一個我們絕不能忽略的因素。（作賓語，可省略）Where is the book from which you quoted this sentence?你引用這句話的那本書在哪兒？（作介詞賓語且介詞位于其前時，不能省略）which可用于非限制性定語從句中，代表物。如：The book, which I bought second-hand, is made of oak.我買的這張書桌是用橡木做的，它是二手貨。3 thatthat可以代表事也可代表人，在從句中可以作主語或賓語，作賓語時可省略，但不能用于非限制性定語從句中。代表人時who比that用的多些，代表物時that比which用的多些。如： The letter that came this morning is from my mother.今天早晨收到的那封信是我母親寄來的。（that代表物，在從句中作主語）Those students that failed the exam will have to take it again.考試不及格的學生必須補考。（that代表人，在從句中作主語）Have you forgotten about the money (that) I lent you last week?你忘了上星期我借給你錢的事了嗎？（that代表物，在從句中作賓語，可省略）All the people (that) I invited have agreed to come.所有我邀請了的人都同意來。（that代表人，在從句中作賓語，可省略）The hotel (that) we stayed at was both cheap and comfortable.我們住的那家旅館既便宜又舒服。（that代表物，在從句中作介詞賓語，可省略）(2) 補充說明下列情況下，定語從句的關系代詞只能用that，不能用which或who1 當先行詞中有形容詞的最高級時。如：Shakespeare is the greatest poet that English has ever had.莎士比亞是英國所擁有的最偉大的詩人。Is this the best that you can do? 你最多只能做到這樣嗎？2 當先行詞為代詞all, anything, everything, little, much, nobody, nothing時。如：Anyone that wants to succeed must work hard 任何想要獲得成功的人必須努力工作。3 當先行詞中有含有any, every, no, only, the first, the last, the same時。如：You are the only person that can help me. 你是唯一能幫助我的人。Take the first chance that offers. 抓住出現(xiàn)的第一個機會。(3) 沒有先行詞的關系代詞如果關系代詞引導的從句不是作定語修飾先行詞而是充當句子成分，這種關系代詞就沒有先行詞，它只起連接作用。這種關系代詞有：what, whatever, whoever, whichever, wherever等。如：What woke me up was a splashing noise. 把我吵醒的是一陣濺水的聲音。（what從句作主語）I dont know what good they could have done.我不知道他們能起什么好作用。（what從句作賓語）Whoever breaks the law is punished in the end. 違法者終將被懲罰。（whoever引導的從句作主語） 第三章、不定代詞的用法1. some，any(1) some多用于肯定句，修飾復數(shù)可數(shù)名詞和不可數(shù)名詞，作“一些”解。它還可修飾單數(shù)可數(shù)名詞，作“某一”解。如：H-5 avian influenza first broke out in some Asian countries.H-5型禽流感首先在亞洲爆發(fā)。Some people are early risers. 有些人起得很早。(2) any通常用于否定句、疑問句或條件句，修飾單數(shù)或復數(shù)可數(shù)名詞以及不可數(shù)名詞。If there are any new magazines in the library, take some for me.圖書館如果來了新雜志，替我借幾本。Are there any stamps in the drawer? 抽屜里有郵票嗎？Is there any money with you? 你身上帶錢了嗎？(3) any還可以用于肯定句，作“任何的”解。You can come here any time. 你什么時候來都行。You can get it at any shop. 你可以在任何一家商店買到它。2. either，both，all(1) either表示“兩者中的任何一個”。Either of the brothers is selfish. 兩兄弟都非常自私。Either will do. 兩個都行。(2) both“兩個都”，修飾可數(shù)名詞，統(tǒng)指兩者。Tom and Jack both made some progress. 湯姆和杰克兩個都有所進步。Both of them should make concessions. 他們雙方都應做出讓步。(3) all“全部，所有的”，修飾可數(shù)名詞和不可數(shù)名詞，指兩個以上的人或物。All the students contributed to the fund.所有的學生都為基金會捐了款。All of the money has been spent. 錢都花完了。We are all for you. 我們都支持你。Say all you know and say it without reserve. 知無不言，言無不盡。3. no，neither，none(1) no“不”，可修飾單數(shù)和復數(shù)可數(shù)名詞以及不可數(shù)名詞。Time and tide wait for no man. 時不我待。There are no clouds in the sky. 天上沒有云。I have no money for such things. 我沒錢買這些東西。(2) neither“兩者中哪個都不”，其所指范圍是兩個人或物。Neither answer is correct. 兩個答案都不對。Neither of the two countries is satisfied with the result of the talk.兩個國家都不滿意會談的結(jié)果。(3) none“沒有一個人或東西”，它既可指可數(shù)名詞（其所指范圍是兩個以上的人或物），又可指不可數(shù)名詞。All of the trees were cut down, and none was were. left.所有的樹都被砍了，一棵也不剩。None of the students failed the examination. 沒有一個學生考試不及格。None of this money is his. 這筆錢沒有一點兒是他的。4. few, a few，little, a little(1) few的意思是“沒有幾個”； a few的意思是“少數(shù)”， “幾個”； 修飾可數(shù)名詞； a few表示肯定意義， few表示否定意義。The problem is so difficult that few people can solve it.這個問題太難了，幾乎沒人能做出來。Only a few people can solve this problem. 只有幾個人能解決這個問題。Few of them want to go. 他們中幾乎沒有人想去。A few of them want to go. 他們中有幾個人想去。(2) little“沒有多少”，a little“少量”，修飾不可數(shù)名詞；a little表示肯定意義，little表示否定意義。如：There is little rainfall this spring. 今年春季雨水很少。Although it did not rain for the whole month, there is a little water in the pond.雖然整整一個月沒下雨了，但池塘里還有一點水。5. many， much， most(1) many用于修飾可數(shù)名詞。Many of the problems have been solved. 大部分問題已經(jīng)解決了。Many think that the situation will change soon. 很多人認為局勢會很快改變。(2) much用于修飾不可數(shù)名詞。Much of the money has been spent. 這筆錢的大部分已經(jīng)被花掉了。They have finished much of the work. 他們已經(jīng)完成了大部分的工作。6. another，other，the other，others，the others(1) another指同類中多個東西中的“另一個” （即one more）。This watch doesnt work, I must get another one. 這塊表壞了，我該另買一塊了。He went back to work too soon，and was laid up for another three months.他回去上班過早，結(jié)果又病倒三個月。但要注意： other與物主限定詞連用也可指余下的另一個或全部。如：Use your other hand. 用你的另一只手。Mary is older than me but my other sisters are younger.瑪麗比我大，其余的都是我妹妹。(2) other單獨使用時指其他的、另外的人或物。There must be some other reason for him refusing to help. 他不予幫助一定另有原因。I saw Tom with some other fellow students. 我看見湯姆和其他一些同學在一起。(3) the otherone/ones.指同類中余下的另一個或另一些。Ill have to use our duplicate key. I lost the other one.我不得不用我們的備用鑰匙了，我把那一把丟了。Where are the other students? 其他學生去哪兒了？One of the murderers was caught, but the other is still at large.一個兇手被抓住了，另一個卻依然逍遙法外。