英漢翻譯復(fù)習(xí)資料.docx

2015-2016上學(xué)期英漢翻譯復(fù)習(xí)資料考試題型：理論填空（10%）、習(xí)語(yǔ)翻譯（10%）、句子翻譯（30%）、語(yǔ)篇翻譯（50%）（有的只需翻譯劃線部分，請(qǐng)注意?。┛荚嚂r(shí)間：2016.1.21 10：40-12：20一、填空，共5小題1. 1964年, 奈達(dá)博士在翻譯科學(xué)初探(Toward a Science of Translating)一書中將譯文讀者引入翻譯標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，提出了功能對(duì)等翻譯的翻譯原則。2. 英語(yǔ)長(zhǎng)難句漢譯方法有：順譯法、逆譯法、拆譯法和綜合法。3. 按翻譯手段而言，翻譯可分為：口譯（又可分為即席翻譯和同聲傳譯）、筆譯、機(jī)器翻譯等。4. 漢語(yǔ)主要靠詞序（按時(shí)間先后，因果先后等邏輯順序）和內(nèi)在意義結(jié)合，漢語(yǔ)沒(méi)有或極少使用銜接手段，屬意合語(yǔ)言（語(yǔ)義的意會(huì)性）。5. 20世紀(jì)50年代初，傅雷在高老頭重譯本序中提出了“所求的不在形似而在神似”的重要觀點(diǎn)；60年代初，錢鐘書在林紓的翻譯中提出了“化境”的翻譯標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。6. 18世紀(jì)末葉，英國(guó)愛丁堡大學(xué)歷史學(xué)教授、翻譯理論家泰特勒在翻譯原理簡(jiǎn)論一文中提出了“翻譯三原則”，此三原則與嚴(yán)復(fù)的信達(dá)雅有異曲同工之妙。7. 中國(guó)譯論中不同時(shí)期的翻譯標(biāo)準(zhǔn)可大致描述為：案本求信神似化境忠實(shí)、通順?lè)g標(biāo)準(zhǔn)多元互補(bǔ)論。8. 受“中庸”哲學(xué)思想的影響，中國(guó)人的美學(xué)觀念中特別強(qiáng)調(diào)平衡美，所以漢語(yǔ)中除了極為頻繁使用對(duì)仗這一修辭格，還大量使用四字詞組。在英漢互譯中要時(shí)刻考慮漢語(yǔ)這一特點(diǎn)。9. 辜正坤在全國(guó)首屆翻譯理論研討會(huì)上提出了“翻譯標(biāo)準(zhǔn)多元互補(bǔ)論”，在該理論體系中，提出了翻譯的最高標(biāo)準(zhǔn)是最佳近似度，這是一個(gè)形同虛設(shè)的抽象標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，真正有意義的是一大群具體標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。10. 根據(jù)源語(yǔ)和目的語(yǔ)進(jìn)行分類，翻譯可分為語(yǔ)內(nèi)翻譯、語(yǔ)際翻譯和符際翻譯。11. 按翻譯題材，翻譯可分為文學(xué)翻譯、政論翻譯、應(yīng)用文翻譯和科技翻譯等。12. 根據(jù)紐馬克的觀點(diǎn)，呼喚型文本（包括政治演說(shuō)、通告、商業(yè)廣告、公共宣傳品、通俗作品等）屬于“你”型，強(qiáng)調(diào)“讀者層”，翻譯單位為段落或篇章?？刹捎媒浑H翻譯、習(xí)語(yǔ)翻譯、自由翻譯甚或改寫。13. 六朝時(shí)期鳩摩羅什曾提出“改梵為秦，失其藻蔚，雖得大意，殊隔文體，有似嚼飯與人，非徒失味，乃令嘔噦也”；主張“依實(shí)出華”和“天然西域之語(yǔ)趣”，被人們稱為意譯的鼻祖。14. 西方翻譯研究中的解構(gòu)學(xué)派代表人物之一韋努蒂認(rèn)為：歸化是“采取民族中心主義、文化自戀主義和文化帝國(guó)主義的態(tài)度，使外語(yǔ)文本符合譯入語(yǔ)文化價(jià)值觀，把原作者帶入譯入語(yǔ)文化?！?如要譯者“顯形”而不至于“隱身”，就必須采用異化翻譯方法以保持異國(guó)情調(diào)，必要時(shí)可采用故意不大通順的譯文。15. 春秋谷梁傳中記載了孔子的“名從主人，物從中國(guó)”的翻譯思想，而該譯論比古羅馬哲人西塞羅提出的“不要逐字翻譯”早四五百年。16. 按譜系來(lái)分，英語(yǔ)屬于印歐語(yǔ)系；該語(yǔ)系包括12個(gè)語(yǔ)族和百余種語(yǔ)言。漢語(yǔ)屬于漢藏語(yǔ)系；該語(yǔ)系包括400多種語(yǔ)言和方言。17. 西方翻譯研究中的文化學(xué)派或翻譯研究學(xué)派，已經(jīng)從翻譯作為兩種語(yǔ)言文字轉(zhuǎn)換媒介的層面，轉(zhuǎn)移到了翻譯行為所處的譯入語(yǔ)語(yǔ)境以及相關(guān)的諸多制約翻譯的因素上。18. 翻譯活動(dòng)中主要涉及的因素有：作者(author)、原文(source text)、原文讀者(source-text readers)、譯者(translator)、譯文(target text /translated version)、譯文讀者（target-text readers）等。19. 英漢兩種語(yǔ)言分屬不同的類型(type)：英語(yǔ)屬綜合分析型，而漢語(yǔ)屬分析黏著型。20. 德國(guó)功能翻譯學(xué)派試圖擺脫以源語(yǔ)為中心等值論的束縛，把翻譯從源語(yǔ)中心論的奴役中解放出來(lái)，從目的語(yǔ)角度闡釋翻譯(TL reader-centered)，認(rèn)為翻譯是一種有目的的交際活動(dòng)，而源語(yǔ)文本只是“信息源”，處于從屬地位。二、習(xí)語(yǔ)翻譯，共5小題1. It is no use crying over spilt milk. 2. Easier said than done. 3. Idleness is the root of all evil.4. The tailor makes the man. 5. The spirit is willing but the flesh is weak. 6. A good husband makes a good wife. 7. Easy come, easy go. 8. Turn a deaf ear to 9. Go through fire and water. 10. As poor as a church mouse. 11. A little is better than none. 12. False friends are worse than bitter enemies. 13. East or west, home is the best. 14. Give him an inch and he will take a yard. 15. Diamonds cut diamonds. 16. Example is better than precept. 17. The apple of the eye. 18. Nothing ventured, nothing gained. 19. Habit is second nature. 20. A little learning is a dangerous thing. 21. Bad excuses are worse than none. 22. A bad beginning makes a bad ending. 23. Necessity is the mother of invention. 24. Ill news flies fast. 25. A constant guest is never welcome. 26. Failure teaches success. 27. Haste makes waste. 28. Far from eye, far from heart. 29.God helps those who help themselves.30. Practice makes perfect. 31. The Trojan horse. 32. It is never too late to learn. 33. Prevention is better than cure. 34. Run with the tail between the legs. 35. Courtesy costs nothing. 36. Laugh off ones head. 37. Life is but an empty dream. 38. Man proposes, God disposes. 39. It takes two to make a quarrel. 40. Of two evils choose the less. 三、句子翻譯，共10小題（部分來(lái)自以下句子翻譯，另一部分來(lái)自課本1-5單元的例句和課內(nèi)練習(xí)等）1. We are obliged to them (the two pioneers) because some of these languages have since vanished, as the peoples who spoke them died out or became assimilated and lost their native languages.2. Interest in historical methods has arisen less through external challenge to the validity of history as an intellectual discipline and more from internal quarrels among historians themselves.3. It is also the reason why when we try to describe music with words, all we can do is articulate our reactions to it, and not grasp music itself.4. Thus, the anthropological concept of “culture”, like the concept of “set” in mathematics, is an abstract concept which makes possible immense amounts of concrete research and understanding.5. Allens contribution was to take an assumption we all sharethat because we are not robots we therefore control our thoughtsand reveal its erroneous nature.6. But that, Pearson points out, is only the start of man-machine integration: “it will be the beginning of the long process of integration that will ultimately lead to a fully electronic human before the end of the next century.”7. The supply of oil can be shut off unexpectedly at any time, and in any case, the oil wells will all run dry in thirty years or so at the present rate of us.8. There is more agreement on the kinds of behavior referred to by the term (Intelligence) than there is on how to interpret or classify them.9. Now since the assessment of intelligence is a comparative matter we must be sure that the scale with which we are comparing our subjects provides a“valid”or fair“comparison”.10. While we may be able to sustain the illusion of control through the conscious mind alone, in reality we are continually faced with a question: “Why cannot I make myself do this or achieve that? ”11. Additional social stresses may also occur because of the population explosion or problems arising from mass migration movementsthemselves made relatively easy nowadays by modern means of transport.12. Television is one of the means by which these feelings are created and conveyedand perhaps never before has it served so much to connect different peoples and nations as is the recent events in Europe.13. Social science is that branch of intellectual enquiry which seeks to study humans and their endeavors in the same reasoned, orderly, systematic, and dispassioned manner that natural scientists use for the study of natural phenomena.14. While there are almost as many definitions of history as there are historians, modern practice most closely conforms to one that sees history as the attempt to recreate and explain the significant events of the past.15. Here, Darwinism seems to offer justification, for if all humans share common origins, it seems reasonable to suppose that cultural diversity could also be traced to more constrained beginnings.16. But we have at least drawn near the point of admitting that birds should continue as a matter of intrinsic right, regardless of the presence or absence of economic advantage to us.17. This alone demonstrates that the television business is not an easy world to survive in a fact underlined by statistics that show that out of eighty European television networks no less than 50% took a loss in 1989.18. During this transfer, traditional historical methods were augmented by additional methodologies designed to interpret the new forms of evidence in the historical study.19. In short, a leader of the new school contends, the scientific revolution, as we call it, was largely the improvement and invention and use of a series of instruments that expanded the reach of science in innumerable direction.20. The virgin forest with its richness and variety of trees was a veritable real treasure-house which extended from Maine all the way down to Georgia.21. Behaviorists suggest that the child who is raised in an environment where there are many stimuli which develop his or her capacity for appropriate responses will experience greater intellectual development.22. Supporters of the nature theory insist that we are born with a certain capacity for learning that is biologically determined.23. Scientists jumped to the rescue with some distinctly shaky evidence to the effect that insects would eat us up if birds failed to control them.24. There is no agreement whether methodology refers to the concepts peculiar to historical work in general or to the research techniques appropriate to the various branches of historical inquiry.25. In fact, it is difficult to see how journalists who do not have a clear grasp of the basic features of the Canadian Constitution can do a competent job on political stories.26. In the early industrialized countries of Europe the process of industrializationwith all the far-reaching changes in social patterns that followedwas spread over nearly a century, whereas nowadays a developing nation may undergo the same process in a decade or so.27. Science moves forward, they say, not so much through the insights of great men of genius as because of more ordinary things like improved techniques and tool.28. But the idea that the journalist must understand the law more profoundly than an ordinary citizen rests on an understanding of the established conventions and special responsibilities of the news media.29. There will be television chat shows hosted by robots, and cars with pollution monitors that will disable them when they offend.30. In Europe, as elsewhere multi-media groups have been increasingly successful groups which bring together television, radio newspapers, magazines and publishing houses that work in relation to one another.31. The Greeks assumed that the structure of language had some connection with the process of thought, which took root in Europe long before people realized how diverse languages could be.32. He asserted, also, that his power to follow a long and purely abstract train of thought was very limited, for which reason he felt certain that he never could have succeeded with mathematics.33. Humans have the ability to modify the environment in which they live, thus subjecting all other life forms to their own peculiar ideas and fancies.34. Some philosophers argue that rights exist only wi