初中英語之形容詞和副詞.doc

模塊五：形容詞和副詞一、形容詞的用法：（一）概念：形容詞修飾名詞，說明事物或人的性質(zhì)或特征，通常可將形容詞分成性質(zhì)形容詞和敘述形容詞兩類，其位置不一定都放在名詞前面。1. 直接說明事物的性質(zhì)或特征的形容詞是性質(zhì)形容詞?！倦y點】2. 敘述形容詞只能作表語，所以又稱為表語形容詞，這類形容詞大多數(shù)以a開頭的形容詞都屬于這一類。例如：afraid， asleep, awake，alone等。 （二）形容詞的種類1. 品質(zhì)形容詞：英語中大量形容詞屬于這一類，他們表示人或物的品質(zhì)，如：The play was boring. 那出戲很枯燥乏味。 You have an honest face. 你有一張誠實的臉。2. 顏色形容詞有少數(shù)表示顏色的形容詞，如：She had on a blue coat. 她穿了一件藍色的外套。3.-ing 形容詞：有大量現(xiàn)在分詞正在或已經(jīng)變?yōu)樾稳菰~，如： 4. ed形容詞：它們是由它們的過去分詞變過來的，一般有被動意義，多數(shù)為品質(zhì)形容詞，如： She looked tired. 5. 合成形容詞： low-lying 低洼的， heart-breaking 令人心碎的（三）形容詞的用法和在句中的位置1、形容詞在句中主要可用作： 1）定語： What a fine day! 2）表語： She looks happy. 3）賓語的補語（構成合成賓語）： Do you think it necessary? 你認為這有必要嗎？ 4）狀語： He arrived home, hungry and tired. 他又餓又累的回到家里。2、形容詞在句中的位置：有的形容詞放在被修飾的名詞之前，稱為前置形容詞；少數(shù)形容詞放在被修飾的名詞之后，稱為后置形容詞。 1）當名詞被多個前置形容詞修飾時，形容詞之間有一個先后順序問題。一般規(guī)則為： （限定詞）一般描繪性形容詞表示大小、長短、高低的形容詞表示年齡、新舊的形容詞表示國籍、地區(qū)、出處的形容詞表示物質(zhì)、材料的形容詞（名詞）。如： There is a famous fine old stone bridge near the village. 村子附近有一座著名的漂亮的古代石橋。【重點】2）當形容詞詞組相當于一個定語從句時，或形容詞用來修飾somebody, something, anything, nothing 等的時候，便會出現(xiàn)后置形容詞。如： The boy interested in music is my brother. 對音樂趕興趣的那個男孩是我弟弟。 Do you have anything interesting to tell us? 你有什么趣聞告訴我們嗎？二、副詞的用法：（一）概念：用以修飾動詞、形容詞或其他副詞的詞叫做副詞。例如： not（不），here（這里），now（現(xiàn)在）。不少副詞同時也可用作介詞或其它詞類。如：Have you read this book before? (副詞，作時間狀語) 你以前讀過這本書嗎？He will arrive before ten oclock. （介詞，before ten oclock 是介詞短語，作時間狀語）他將在10點鐘前到達。（二）副詞的種類1、時間副詞有三類： 1）表示發(fā)生時間的副詞： Its beginning to rain now! 現(xiàn)在開始下雨了！ 2）表示頻繁程度的副詞，也稱頻度副詞（Adverbs of Frequency）: She often changes her mind. 她常改變主意。3）還有一些其他表示時間的副詞： He has just had an operation. 他剛動過手術。2、地點副詞： 1）有不少表示地點的副詞： She is studying abroad. 她在國外留學。 2）還有一些部分與介詞同形的副詞。它們與介詞同形，跟賓語的是介詞，否則是副詞： 用作介詞： Stand up! 起立！ 用作副詞： A cat climbed up the tree. 貓爬上了樹。3）以where 構成的副詞也是地點副詞：Its the same everywhere. 到處都一樣?！局攸c】3、方式副詞1）英語中有大量方式副詞，說明行為方式（回答how的問題）： How beautifully your wife dances. 你夫人舞跳的真美。2）還有相當多的副詞，表示某些情緒： She smiled gratefully. 她感激的笑了笑。3）還有一些以-ly結(jié)尾的副詞，表示動作發(fā)生的狀況： He left the town secretly. 他悄然離開了這座城市?！局攸c】4、程度副詞和強調(diào)副詞1）程度副詞可修飾動詞，表示“到某種程度”： Is she badly hurt? 她傷得重嗎？ 說明 這類副詞除修飾動詞外，還可修飾形容詞（a）或另一副詞(b): a. fairly simple 相當簡單 quite correct 完全正確 b. wonderfully well 好極了 do it very quickly 干得很快【重點】2）much 是一個特殊的程度副詞，它可以：a. 修飾形容詞等： Im not much good at singing. 我唱歌不太好。 b. 修飾比較級： You sing much better than me. 你比我唱的好多了。 Their house is much nicer than ours. 他們的房子比我們的好多了?！局攸c】5. 疑問副詞和連接副詞1）疑問副詞： 疑問副詞用來引導特殊問句： how: How is your grandmother? 你奶奶身體好嗎？ where: Where does she come from? 她是哪兒人？ when: When can you come? 你什么時候能來？ why: Why was he so late? 他為什么來得這么晚？2）連接副詞： 連接副詞意思和詞形都和疑問副詞一樣，但都引導從句或與不定式連用：how: Do you know how to start this machine? 你知道這臺機器怎樣啟動嗎？where: I dont know where he lives. 我不知道他住在哪兒。（引導賓語從句） when: Tell me when youll be ready. 告訴我你什么時候準備好。（引導賓語從句） why: Thats why I came round. 這就是我來的原因。（引導表語從句）6. 一些其它類型的副詞，如表示方向的副詞： Lets go inside. 咱們到里面去。 Take two steps forward. 向前走兩步。（三）副詞的位置1. 副詞修飾動詞時，通?？梢苑旁诰涫住⒕渲谢蚓淠?。如： Usually I do my homework in the evening. (句首) 通常我晚上做家庭作業(yè)。 I often get up at six. (句中) 我常在6點起床。 Please speak slowly. (句末) 請慢慢說。2. 副詞修飾形容詞或副詞時，通常放在形容詞或副詞的前面如： These flowers are quite beautiful. （在形容詞前） 這些花相當漂亮。 He works very hard. （在副詞前）他工作很努力。 但也有例外，如：She is old enough to go to school. （在形容詞后）她已到了上學的年齡。3. 按一般規(guī)則, 既有地點狀語又有時間狀語時，地點狀語應放在時間狀語之前。如： We had a meeting in the classroom yesterday afternoon. 我們昨天下午在教室開了一個會。 He watched TV at home last night. 他昨晚在家看電視。說明 形容詞一般修飾名詞，副詞一般修飾動詞、形容詞或副詞。一些形容詞后加上-ly可以變成副詞，如slow-slowly, quick-quickly, careful-carefully等。【基礎練習】（一）用所給詞的正確形式填空1. The Greens are _(happy) to live in this _(noise) street. They have decided to move to another place.2. The panda has been _(die) for about two months. 3. I like her dress. It looks very _(beauty).4. Dont feel _(worry) about your child. The whole class would be _(friend) to the new classmate.5. The _(finally) exams usually take place at the end of June.6. Its _(possible) for an ordinary plane to fly to the moon.7. Its a _(please) trip for all of us.8. The children in China are living a _(color) life.9. It was an _(amaze) match. It amazed us.10.He felt very _(sleep) and fell _(sleep) soon when he lay in bed. 11.We all had a very _(enjoy) time at the party. （二）選擇最佳答案 ( )1. These oranges taste_.A. good B. well C. to be good D. to be well( )2. I cant pay _ as he asked for. A. a as high price B.as a high price C.as high price D.as high a price( )3. We are going to see a film this evening . Why not go with us ? I have to do many things this evening . Im _ , you see . A. free B. glad C. sorry D. busy ( )4. Mum, Bill is coming to dinner this evening.OK. Lets give him _to eat. A. something different B. different anything C. anything different D. different something ( )5.The _person is talking with the doctor. A. ill B. sick C. illness D. sickness ( ) 6. The day is bright and _ . Lets go for a walk . A. sunny B. dark C. cloudy D. windy ( ) 7. Look ! _ beautiful that lake is ! A. What B. How C. How a D. What a( ) 8. -I wont go to the Great Wall tomorrow. - I wont, _. A. neither B. either C. too D. also ( ) 9. He likes to do some reading in the morning, I like it, _. A. too B. either C. neither D. also ( ) 10.That maths problem is _ difficult _ nobody can work it out. A. too; to B. very; that C. so; that D. very; but ( ) 11. Whats on the desk? Its _. A. a new green bag B. new green bag C. a green mew bag D. a bag new green ( ) 12. The night was very _, so he had to take off his shoes _. A. quiet; quietly B. quite; quickly C. late; quick D. quite; quietly ( ) 13. He_ to school to clean his classroom. A. always comes early B. comes always early C. always early comes D. come always earlier ( ) 14. I got up_today. A. later B. more lately C. lately D. late ( ) 15. Alice_goes to school at seven. A. usual B. usually C. hard D. a little三、形容詞的比較等級：（一）形容詞的比較級和最高級的構成 1單音節(jié)詞和少數(shù)雙音節(jié)詞的比較級和最高級的構成情況構成方式原級比較級最高級一般情況加-er或-estnewlongnewerlongernewestlongest以e 結(jié)尾的詞加-r或-stfinelatefinerlaterfinestlatest以“輔音+y” 結(jié)尾的詞變y為i再加-er 或-estearlyhappyearlierhappierearliesthappiest重讀閉音節(jié)的詞末尾只有一個輔音字母先雙寫輔音字母，再加-er或-esthotthinfathotterthinnerfatterhottestthinnestfattest2 多音節(jié)詞和部分雙音節(jié)詞在其前面加more或 most。如： 原級 比較級 最高級 useful more useful most useful difficult more difficult most difficult delicious more delicious most delicious【重點】3有幾個形容詞的比較級和最高級屬于不規(guī)則變化。 原級 比較級 最高級 good/well better best bad/ill worse worst many/much more most little less least far farther farthest old older oldest（二） 形容詞比較級的用法 1形容詞的比較級可以單獨使用： Be more careful next time. 下次小心點。 Which book is better? 哪本書更好？ 2也可以和than連用，表示兩者相比，than后可以跟：a. 名詞或代詞： He is older than me / I . 他年齡比我大。b. 動名詞： Skiing is more exciting than skating. 滑雪比滑冰更刺激。c. 從句： I was a better singer than he was. 我唱歌比他好。（三）形容詞比較級的修飾語1形容詞比較級前可加much, a lot, a bit, a little, slightly之類表示程度的狀語： Hes feeling much better today. 他感到今天好多了。2也可在比較級前any, no, some, even, still這類詞：Do you feel any better today? 你今天感覺好一點了嗎？3比較級前還可加其他表示數(shù)量的詞：My sister is ten years younger than me. 我妹妹比我小十歲?！倦y點】（四）形容詞比較級的特殊用法1和more有關的詞組 ：1) the morethe more越就越。例如： The harder you work，the greater progress youll make. 越努力，進步越大。2) no more than 與一樣。例如： The officials could see no more than the Emperor. 官員們看到的和皇帝一樣多。3） more than超過，不只是。例如： There are more than two thousand people in the hall. 2和less有關的詞組 1) less than 不到 不太： It was ready in less than a week. 2) no less than 多達 不少于 No less than 2 million people came. 至少來了2百萬人。 3) more or less 基本上 大體上 大約 The work is more or less finished. 這項工作基本上完成了。 3還有as + 形容詞或副詞原級 + as 1) not so/asas。例如： He cannot run so/as fast as you. 他沒你跑得快。 2) 當as as 中間有名詞時采用以下格式：as +形容詞+ a +單數(shù)名詞/；as + manymuch +名詞。例如： This is as good an example as the other is. 這個例子和另外一個一樣好。 I can carry as much paper as you can. 你能搬多少紙，我也能。 3) 表示倍數(shù)的詞或其他程度副詞做修飾語時，放在as的前面。例如： This room is twice as big as that one. 這房間的面積是那間的兩倍。 Your room is the same size as mine.你的房間和我的一樣大。（五） 形容詞最高級用法1the + 最高級 + 比較范圍 1）形容詞最高級前通常必須用定冠詞 the，例如： The Sahara is the biggest desert in the world. 撒哈拉沙漠是世界上最大的沙漠。 說明 形容詞most前面沒有the，不表示最高級的含義，只表示非常。例如： It is a most important problem. =It is a very important problem. 這是個很重要的問題。 注意：使用最高級要注意將主語包括在比較范圍內(nèi)。 （錯）Tom is the tallest of his three brothers. （對）Tom is the tallest of the three brothers. 2） 下列詞可修飾最高級，by far, far, much, mostly, almost。例如：This hat is nearly / almost the biggest. 這帽子差不多是最大的了。 注意：序數(shù)詞通常只修飾最高級。例如： Africa is the second largest continent.非洲是第二大洲。3） 最高級的意義有時可以用比較級表示出來。例如： Mike is the most intelligent in his class. 或者： Mike is more intelligent than any other students in his class.（六）形容詞最高級的特殊用法 1. 形容詞最高級可用作表語，這時定冠詞the 可以省略。 例句：I think her plan is best. 我認為她的計劃最好。 2.形容詞最高級還可和at 構成許多短語作狀語，如 at best, at least, at most等。 例句：Ill be with you at latest by ten. 我最遲十點鐘就來陪你?！净A練習】( ) 1 Your room is _ than mine. A. three time big B. three times big C. three times bigger D. bigger three times ( ) 2 When spring comes, it gets_. A. warm and warm B. colder and colder C. warmer and warmer D. shorter and shorter ( )3 _ he read the book, _ he got in it. A. The more; the more interesting B. The less; the more interesting C. The more; the more interested D. More; more interested ( )4 I like_ one of the two books. A. the older B. oldest C. the oldest D. older ( ) 5 Which do you like _, tea or coffee? A. well B. better C. best D. most ( ) 6 This work is _ for me than for you. A. difficult B. most difficult C. much difficult D. more difficult ( ) 7 Who jumped_of all? A. far B. farther C. farthest D. the most far ( ) 8 Li Lei is_ student in our class. A. tall B. taller C. tallest D. the tallest ( ) 9 Tom is one of _ boys in our class. A. tallest B. taller C. the tallest B. the tall ( ) 10 English is one of_ spoken in the world. A. the important languages B. the most important languages C. most important language D. the most important language ( )11. Most of the woods _ been taken good care of. A. are B. is C. has D. have ( )12 Im not _ to lift the heavy box. A. short enough B. enough tall C. health enough D. strong enough ( )13 Which is_, Li Lei or Wu Tong? A. strong B. strongest C. stronger D. the strongest ( )14 Do you have _ to tell us? A. something new B. new something C. anything new D. new anything ( ) 15. Most of the people in Guangdong are getting _.A. more and rich B. more rich and more richC. richer and richer D. rich and rich四、副詞的比較等級：（一）概念：副詞和形容詞一樣，也有原級、比較級和最高級三個等級。其構成方式有規(guī)則變化和不規(guī)則變化兩種情況。規(guī)則變化的一般規(guī)律是：單音節(jié)詞的比較級和最高級在詞尾加-er或-est; 多音節(jié)詞以及-ly結(jié)尾的副詞（early除外），前面加more 或most.。不規(guī)則的變化式只能采用“各個擊破”的辦法去記憶。1）規(guī)則變化 原級 比較級 最高級 soon loud fast wide early happily carefully sooner louder faster wider earlier more happily more carefully soonest loudest fastest widest earliest most happily most carefully2）不規(guī)則變化原級比較級最高級wellbadlylittlemuchfarbetterworselessmorefarther（距離）further（程度）bestworstleastmostfarthestfurthest（二）副詞的比較級的用法1、單獨使用： Try to do better next time. 下次爭取干好一點。 Hell come back sooner or later. 他遲早會回來的。 Please speak more slowly. 請講慢一點。2、和than一起使用： He swims better than I do. 他游泳游得比我好。 Can you do any better than that? 你能不能干的好一些？ He arrived earlier than usual. 他到的比平時早。3、比較級前可有狀語修飾：You must work much faster. 你必須大大加快干活的速度。Can you come over a bit more quickly? 你能稍稍快點來嗎？4. asas和not soas結(jié)構這兩個結(jié)構也可結(jié)合副詞使用：1） asas 可用在肯定句中，表示 “像一樣”，后面的副詞要用原級： She can run as fast as a deer. 她能跑的像鹿一樣快。2）在否定句中，asas和soas都可以用： I dont go there as much as I used. 我現(xiàn)在到那里不象過去那么多了。 I didnt do as(so) well as I should. 我做的不如我應做的那么好。3）這種句子中也可以有一個表示程度的狀語： She can read twice as fast as he does. 她閱讀的速度比他快一倍。（三）副詞最高級的用法：副詞最高級可修飾動詞，前面多數(shù)不帶定冠詞the:He laughs best who laughs last. (諺語) 誰笑在最后誰笑的最好。Of the four of us, I sang (the) worst. 我們四人中我唱的最差。（四）副詞比較級和最高級的一些特殊用法：副詞比較級和最高級還可用在一些特別結(jié)構或短語中。1）more and more 越來越: It rained more and more heavily. 雨下得越來越大了。 She went farther and farther away. 她越走越遠了。2）the morethe more 越，越： The more I work, the more I accomplish. 我干得越多，完成的就越多。3）had better 最好：Wed better not disturb him. 我們最好不要打擾他。What had we better do? 我們最好怎么辦？【考點詮釋】一、考查形容詞的作用與位置形容詞修飾名詞，說明事物或人的性質(zhì)或特征。常放在被修飾的名詞前作定語，放在系動詞后作表語，或放在賓語之后作賓語補足語。1形容詞的用法區(qū)分【考例】-Yeah, too _work makes me tired. 太原市A. little B. many C. much D. few答案C。解析本題重在考查幾個形容詞的用法。little有“小的”或“幾乎沒有”等意思。many與much都有“多”的意思，但many修飾可數(shù)名詞復數(shù)，much修飾不可數(shù)名詞?？崭窈蟮拿~work是不可數(shù)名詞，故應選C。2形容詞用作定語，修飾不定代詞時，通常后置?！究祭縏he idea of sunshine sport makes it possible for kids to choose and do _about sport as long as one hour every day. 哈爾濱市A. pleasant something B. anything pleasant C. nothing pleasant D. pleasant anything答案B。解析考查形容詞和不定代詞的位置關系。從句子意思可知應填anything pleasant表“任何高興的事”。A結(jié)構不對，C表否定。3表語形容詞(well，unwell，ill，faint， afraid，alike，alive，alone，asleep，awake等)作定語，需要后置；有些表示身體健康狀況的形容詞，如well，faint，等只作表語；sick既可作表語又可作定語。【考例】 Jin Yong is one of the greatest and oldest_ writersHe is still_.鎮(zhèn)江A1iving；alive B1iving；1ivingCalive；living Dalive；alive答案：A解析：alive作表語或后置定語，指“有生命的，活的，還出著氣的”；living指“健在的，現(xiàn)行的，現(xiàn)代的”，可作表語，也可作定語。句意為“金庸是最偉大的健在的老作家之一，他仍然活著”，故選A。4用作補足語?！究祭縇i Leis words made her_.濟南 Ahappily BangrilyCcrying Dangry答案：D解析：本題考查make后跟形容詞作賓語補足語的用法。選項中只有angry為形容詞，故選D。5形容詞之間詞義的區(qū)別【考例】Nothing in the world is _if you put your heart into it. 昆明A. impossible B. important C. interesting D. necessary答案A。解析考查幾個重要的形容詞的含義。這是一個含有條件狀語從句的復合句，后句給出的條件是“如果你把你的整個心思放進去”，那么可以很容易判斷在世界上沒有什么是“不可能的”，其余三項“重要的、有趣的、必須的”都與句子意思不符。-Would you like to go and see a film?-Sure; the TV programmes are too_.南京A. surprising B. interesting C. exciting D. boring答案D。解析考查形容詞。根據(jù)語境應選boring意為“枯燥的”。-Why are you so_?-Because our pingpong player Wang Liqin has won the world championship福州Aexcited BexcitingCbored Dboring答案：A解析：由題意“我們的乒乓球運動員王勵勤獲勝”，故選A或B。exciting“令人興奮的”，往往修飾物事；excited指人興奮，故選A。二、考查副詞的作用與位置 1副詞則用來修飾形容詞、動詞、副詞或句子，一般位于形容詞之前，動詞之后或句子之首。The suitcase(手提箱)was _heavy for me to carry，so I pulled it up the stairs and into my flat沈陽A quite B so C very Dtoo答案D。解析考查 tooto句型。tooto太而不能，“這個手提箱太重了，提不動，所以 。We all love Miss YangShe always makes her history class very_. 重慶 Ainterest BinterestsCinteresting Dinterested答案：C解析：very是副詞，后要跟形容詞，該形容詞修飾事物history class，故用interesting；如果修飾人用interested。故選C。2enough作副詞修飾形容詞、副詞時，必須后置?！究祭?What do you think of the lecture(演講)of Li Yangs Crazy English? I think its_，but someone thinks its much too_.安徽蕪湖Awonderful enough；boredBenough wonderful；boringCwonderful enough；boringDenough wonderful；boredC解析：enough修飾形容詞時要后置，故排除B、D，而形容物時要用一ing形式的形容詞，形容人時用一ed形式的形容詞，故選C。3副詞之間的詞義區(qū)別【考例】Its too late to go out now and_, its starting to rain.杭州A. though B. besides C. however D. instead 解析：答案為B。題干前半句說“現(xiàn)在時間太晚了不能出去了”，后面有說“天開始下雨了”，這兩者是什么關系呢？不能出去的原因有兩個，時間太晚不出去不方便，天在下雨就更不好出去了，因此兩者應該是并列或遞進關系。選項B的besides意為“此外，而且”，符合題意故為正確選項。三、對形容詞和副詞的比較等級的考查1原級的用法。 表示雙方在程度、性質(zhì)、特征等某方面相等時，用“as+原級形容詞副詞+as”的結(jié)構；表示雙方不相等時，用not so(as)+原級形容詞副詞+as的結(jié)構；表示一方是另一方的若干倍時，用“倍數(shù)+as+原級形容詞副詞+as”的結(jié)構。 【考例】John is much shorter than his sister，but he jumps _she does連云港Aas good as B as best as Cas high as Das