專(zhuān)題十四 非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞

專(zhuān)題十四 非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞【重點(diǎn)難點(diǎn)梳理】專(zhuān)題十四非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞重 點(diǎn) 難 點(diǎn) 梳 理概說(shuō)：動(dòng)名詞、現(xiàn)在分詞、過(guò)去分詞和動(dòng)詞不定式稱為非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞，顧名思義，非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞可擔(dān)當(dāng)除謂語(yǔ)外的任何成分。一、 非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的功能序號(hào)功能動(dòng)詞不定式(to do)動(dòng)名詞(doing)分詞現(xiàn)在分詞(doing)過(guò)去分詞(done)1主語(yǔ) 表示具體的一次動(dòng)作,多用于真實(shí)主語(yǔ)表示習(xí)慣性動(dòng)作,多放在句首2賓語(yǔ) 熟記跟動(dòng)詞不定式作賓語(yǔ)的動(dòng)詞熟記跟動(dòng)名詞作賓語(yǔ)的動(dòng)詞3表語(yǔ) 說(shuō)明主語(yǔ)的具體內(nèi)容,表意向、打算、計(jì)劃說(shuō)明主語(yǔ)的具體內(nèi)容表示主語(yǔ)的性質(zhì), 意為“令人的”,多修飾物；表正在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作表示主語(yǔ)的性質(zhì),意為“感到的”, 多修飾人；表被動(dòng)或已完成的動(dòng)作4賓補(bǔ)熟記vt. sb. to do sth.此類(lèi)用法的動(dòng)詞與賓語(yǔ)構(gòu)成主動(dòng)關(guān)系,表正在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作與賓語(yǔ)構(gòu)成被動(dòng)關(guān)系,表已完成的動(dòng)作5前置定語(yǔ)表示被修飾語(yǔ)的功能或作用與被修飾語(yǔ)構(gòu)成主動(dòng)關(guān)系或正在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作與被修飾語(yǔ)構(gòu)成被動(dòng)關(guān)系或已完成的動(dòng)作續(xù)表序號(hào)功能動(dòng)詞不定式(to do)動(dòng)名詞(doing)分詞現(xiàn)在分詞(doing)過(guò)去分詞(done)6后置定語(yǔ) 表將來(lái)發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或表用途與被修飾語(yǔ)構(gòu)成主動(dòng)關(guān)系與被修飾語(yǔ)構(gòu)成被動(dòng)關(guān)系7狀語(yǔ) 與主句主語(yǔ)構(gòu)成主動(dòng)關(guān)系,表目的、結(jié)果、原因等與主句主語(yǔ)構(gòu)成主動(dòng)關(guān)系, 表伴隨、時(shí)間、原因、條件、方式、結(jié)果等與主句主語(yǔ)構(gòu)成被動(dòng)關(guān)系,表伴隨、時(shí)間、原因、條件、方式、結(jié)果等二、 非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的時(shí)態(tài)和語(yǔ)態(tài)主動(dòng)形式被動(dòng)形式動(dòng)詞不定式(to do)to doto be doneto be doing(與謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞同時(shí)發(fā)生)to have done(發(fā)生在謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞之前)to have been donedoingdoing(與主句主語(yǔ)構(gòu)成主動(dòng)關(guān)系)being donehaving done(發(fā)生在謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞之前)having been done過(guò)去分詞done(與主句主語(yǔ)構(gòu)成被動(dòng)關(guān)系)用法:非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的一般式表示與主句謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞同時(shí)或之后發(fā)生的動(dòng)作；非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的完成式表示在主句謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞之前發(fā)生的動(dòng)作。如：(1) Doing my homework, I heard a cry for help.(heard與doing的動(dòng)作同時(shí)進(jìn)行)做作業(yè)時(shí),我聽(tīng)到了喊救命的聲音。(2) Having done my homework, I went to bed.(do發(fā)生在謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞went之前)做完作業(yè)后,我就上床睡覺(jué)了。三、 動(dòng)詞不定式和動(dòng)名詞作賓語(yǔ)的比較情況常用動(dòng)詞只接動(dòng)詞不定式作賓語(yǔ)的動(dòng)詞hope, want, offer, long, fail, expect, wish, ask, decide, pretend, manage, agree, afford, determine, promise, happen只接動(dòng)名詞作賓語(yǔ)的動(dòng)詞或短語(yǔ)mind, miss, enjoy, imagine, practise, suggest, finish, escape, excuse, appreciate, admit, prevent, keep, dislike, avoid, risk, resist, considercant help, feel like, succeed in, be fond of, object to, get down to, be engaged in, insist on, think of, be proud of, take pride in, set about, be tired of, look forward to, devote oneself to, be worth, be busy, pay attention to, stick to, adapt to兩者都可以意義基本相同begin, start, like, love, hate, prefer, continue(接動(dòng)詞不定式多指具體的動(dòng)作；接動(dòng)名詞多指一般或習(xí)慣的行為)need, want, require(接動(dòng)名詞用主動(dòng)形式表示被動(dòng)意義；若接動(dòng)詞不定式則應(yīng)用被動(dòng)形式)意義相反意義不同四、 非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞作賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)的區(qū)別序號(hào)類(lèi)別常見(jiàn)動(dòng)詞與賓語(yǔ)的邏輯關(guān)系及時(shí)間概念例句1不定式ask, beg, expect, get, order, tell, want, wish, encourage主謂關(guān)系強(qiáng)調(diào)動(dòng)作將發(fā)生或已經(jīng)完成(1) I expect them to win the game.我期望他們贏得比賽。(2) I heard him call me several times.我聽(tīng)見(jiàn)他叫了我?guī)妆?。have, notice, see, watch, hear, feel, let, make2現(xiàn)在分詞notice, see, watch, hear, find, keep, have, feel(即:感官動(dòng)詞和使役動(dòng)詞)主謂關(guān)系強(qiáng)調(diào)動(dòng)作正在進(jìn)行,尚未完成I found her listening to the radio.我發(fā)現(xiàn)她在聽(tīng)收音機(jī)。3過(guò)去分詞動(dòng)賓關(guān)系動(dòng)作已經(jīng)完成,多強(qiáng)調(diào)狀態(tài)We found the village greatly changed.我們發(fā)現(xiàn)這個(gè)村子發(fā)生了很大的變化。五、 現(xiàn)在分詞和過(guò)去分詞的用法對(duì)比分類(lèi)項(xiàng)目現(xiàn)在分詞過(guò)去分詞例句意義表示主動(dòng)意義表示被動(dòng)意義(1) I can hear him singing. 我能聽(tīng)見(jiàn)他在唱歌。(2) I can hear the song sung in English. 我聽(tīng)見(jiàn)這首歌是用英語(yǔ)唱的。動(dòng)作所表示的動(dòng)作一般在進(jìn)行中所表示的動(dòng)作多已完成China is a developing country while America is a developed one. 中國(guó)是個(gè)發(fā)展中國(guó)家而美國(guó)是發(fā)達(dá)國(guó)家。語(yǔ)義意為“令人”意為“感到”It is an exciting match, so we are excited. 這是一場(chǎng)令人興奮的比賽,所以我們感到很興奮。六、 特別提示關(guān)于動(dòng)詞不定式動(dòng)詞不定式作介詞but的賓語(yǔ)時(shí),如前面有實(shí)義動(dòng)詞do(各種形式),則動(dòng)詞不定式不帶to；否則不能省略to。(1) He did nothing all the morning but watch TV. 他整個(gè)上午除了看電視外無(wú)所事事。(2) He said nothing but to sleep. 他什么也沒(méi)有說(shuō)就去睡覺(jué)了。動(dòng)詞不定式作定語(yǔ)時(shí),如果動(dòng)詞不定式與所修飾的名詞有邏輯上的動(dòng)賓關(guān)系,且動(dòng)詞不定式的動(dòng)詞是不及物動(dòng)詞,記住別漏掉介詞。(1) I want a small room to live in. 我想要住小房間。(2) I need a nice pen to write with. 我需要一支筆寫(xiě)字。動(dòng)詞不定式作感官動(dòng)詞和部分使役動(dòng)詞(let, make)的賓補(bǔ),動(dòng)詞不定式不帶to,但句子變成被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)時(shí),要帶to。(1) I saw him go into the room. 我看見(jiàn)他走進(jìn)了房間。 (2) He was seen to go into the room. 有人看見(jiàn)他走進(jìn)了房間。關(guān)于分詞現(xiàn)在分詞作賓補(bǔ)表示動(dòng)作正在進(jìn)行,動(dòng)詞不定式作賓補(bǔ)表示動(dòng)作發(fā)生的全過(guò)程。(1) I saw them coming in. 我看見(jiàn)他們正在進(jìn)來(lái)。(2) I saw them come in. 我看見(jiàn)他們進(jìn)來(lái)了。及物動(dòng)詞的過(guò)去分詞(done)與現(xiàn)在分詞的一般被動(dòng)式(being done)都有被動(dòng)意義,前者表示動(dòng)作完成,后者表示動(dòng)作在進(jìn)行。注意：不定式有表將來(lái)之意。(1) The problem discussed yesterday is important to us. 昨天討論的問(wèn)題對(duì)我們來(lái)說(shuō)很重要。(2) The problem being discussed at present is important to us. 目前正在討論的問(wèn)題對(duì)我們來(lái)說(shuō)很重要。(3) The problem to be discussed tomorrow is important to us. 明天將要討論的問(wèn)題對(duì)我們來(lái)說(shuō)很重要。分詞的獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu):如果分詞短語(yǔ)的邏輯主語(yǔ)與句子的主語(yǔ)不一致,需用一個(gè)獨(dú)立結(jié)構(gòu)(即保留分詞的邏輯主語(yǔ))或者由一個(gè)with/without引導(dǎo)的介詞短語(yǔ)表達(dá)。(1) Time permitting, well do another two exercises. 如果時(shí)間許可,我們將再做兩道練習(xí)。(2) The key lost, I couldnt enter the office building. 由于鑰匙丟了,我不能進(jìn)入辦公大樓。關(guān)于動(dòng)名詞動(dòng)名詞作定語(yǔ)表所修飾詞的用途,而現(xiàn)在分詞表動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)、特征。(1) This is a sleeping bag. 這是睡袋。(2) He is sleeping. 他正在睡覺(jué)。動(dòng)名詞的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)作賓語(yǔ)時(shí),動(dòng)名詞的邏輯主語(yǔ)可用賓格代詞或不帶所有格。但作主語(yǔ)則不行。(1) Do you mind my/me/Tom smoking here? 我/湯姆在這里吸煙,你會(huì)介意嗎?(2) My/Toms smoking here annoyed him. 我/湯姆在這里吸煙使他很生氣。動(dòng)名詞作主語(yǔ)還可用于“There be no+動(dòng)名詞”結(jié)構(gòu)和“布告”形式的省略結(jié)構(gòu)中。(1) There is no knowing what he will do next.不知道他下一步會(huì)做什么。(2) No smoking.禁止吸煙?！咎荻壬?jí)訓(xùn)練】梯 度 升 級(jí) 訓(xùn) 練(見(jiàn)學(xué)生用書(shū)P269P270)一、 用所給動(dòng)詞的適當(dāng)形式填空1. turn(1) Turn to the left, and youll see the bus stop.(2) Turning to the left, youll see the bus stop. 2. tell(1) Having been told/Told many times, he still couldnt understand the question.(2) Having told me the bad news, he went out of the room sadly. 3. give(1) Nothing could make us give up the hope.(2) Crusoe made a candle to give light.4. examine(1) I want to examine your bag.(2) Your eyes want examining/to be examined.(3) I want my eyes to be examined/examined this afternoon.5. get(1) Whats the way Smith thought of to get enough money to buy the new house?(2) Im thinking of getting Tom to repair my bike. 6. smoke(1) We dont allow smoking in the office because of the public health.(2) We dont allow anyone to smoke in the office because of the public health.7. listen(1) My little brother enjoys nothing but listening to music.(2) My little brother does nothing all day but listen to music.(3) My little brother had no choice but to listen to me.8. hear(1) The teacher raised his voice in order to make himself heard. (2) The teacher raised his voice in order to make his students hear what he said.(3) The children talked so loudly at dinner table that I had to struggle to be heard.9. discuss(1) The problem is worth discussing again. (2) The problem is worthy to be discussed again.(3) The problem is worthy of being discussed again.10. get, fail(1) It passes right through their bodies, only getting a little thicker and sweeter. (2) He worked harder only to fail again.11. ask(1) No one can stop us asking questions.(2) We stopped to ask a schoolboy the way to the teachers office. 12. face(1) Faced with so much trouble, we failed to complete the task on time.(2) Nearly every great building in Beijing was built facing south. 13. hold(1) The parents meeting to be held next Saturday is very important.(2) The 29th Olympic Games held in Beijing was a great success.(3) The parents meeting being held in our school now is important.14. make(1) To make this cake, you need 2 eggs, 175g sugar and 175g flour.(2) Having made the cake, she got down to cooking some milk.(3) I lost my way in complete darkness and, to make matters worse, it began to rain. 15. clean(1) The room is so dirty that I cant help cleaning it.(2) Im too busy, so I cant help (to) clean the room.(3) The room is too dirty. I cant help but clean it. 16. type(1) I knew I would be busy today, so I had my paper typed last night.(2) I cant go with you. I have some papers to type.(3) Do you have any papers to be typed, Sir? 17. settle(1) With many problems to settle, the president will have a hard time.(2) With the problem settled, he had a good sleep last night.(3) With the secretary settling the problem, he is reading the newspaper leisurely in the office. 18. cheat(1) “I ever saw him cheat an old man of 500 yuan,” he said to the police.(2) He was seen to cheat an old man of 500 yuan in the street yesterday.(3) Unluckily, the policeman saw him cheating an old man around the corner. 19. The film was disappointing and all of us were very disappointed. (disappoint)20. At the beginning of class, the noise of desks being opened and closed(open and close) could be heard outside the classroom.二、 語(yǔ)法填空A long time ago, there was a huge huge apple tree. A little boy came 1(sing) and jumping and lay under it every day. He would climb to the tree top, eat the apples, and take a nap in the shade. He loved the tree and the tree loved to play with him.In the 2(follow) years, the boy came and cut the branches 3(build) a house, used the trunk on which he used to climb 4(make) a boat and then never showed up for a long time.Finally, 5(be) tired of travelling, the boy returned. “Sorry, my boy, but I dont have anything for you anymore. No more apples for you.” the tree said. “I dont have teeth to bite. 6(eat) apples no longer appeals to me,” the boy replied. “No more trunk for you to climb on.” “I am too old 7(climb) now,” the boy said. “I really cant give you anything.the only thing left is my dying roots,” the tree said with tears. “I dont need much now, just a place 8(rest). Im tired after 9(travel) all these years,” the boy replied. “Good! Old tree roots are the best place to lean on and rest. Come, come, sit down with me and rest.” The boy sat down and the tree was glad, 10(smile) with tears.本文是一篇記敘文。老蘋(píng)果樹(shù)把它的一切無(wú)私地送給小男孩。然而,男孩注定要遠(yuǎn)行。多年以后,厭倦了旅行的男孩又回到了蘋(píng)果樹(shù)身邊。然而,老蘋(píng)果樹(shù)只剩下了樹(shù)根供他倚靠。1. singing此處為came的伴隨狀語(yǔ),且與主語(yǔ)為主動(dòng)關(guān)系,故用singing。2. following此處為動(dòng)名詞following作定語(yǔ),表示“在接下來(lái)幾年”。3. to build此處用動(dòng)詞不定式表目的。4. to make此處用動(dòng)詞不定式表目的。5. having been此處為伴隨狀語(yǔ),且與主句構(gòu)成因果關(guān)系,故用having done結(jié)構(gòu)。6. Eating此處用動(dòng)名詞形式主語(yǔ)。7. to climbtoo.to.:太,而不能8. to rest此處為動(dòng)詞不定式充當(dāng)后置定語(yǔ),表示“一個(gè)可以休息的地方”。9. travelling介詞after后接動(dòng)名詞形式。10. smiling此處為伴隨狀語(yǔ),且與主語(yǔ)the boy構(gòu)成主動(dòng)關(guān)系,故用smiling。三、 單句改錯(cuò)1. Group activities will be organized after class to helping children develop team spirit.【答案】helpinghelp2. The producer comes regularly to collect the cameras returning to our shop for quality problems.【答案】returningreturned3. Anxiously, she took the dress out of the package and tried it on, only find it didnt fit.【答案】only后加to4. Its quite hot today. Do you feel like go for a swim?【答案】gogoing5. There is a note pinned