關(guān)于英語(yǔ)中的命名規(guī)則

SupplementaryInformationofSpecialtyEnglish,NomenclatureofcompoundsZhangBaohuaCollegeofEnvironmental&ChemicalEngineeringzhangbh,I.NomenclatureofinorganiccompoundsNamesofelements,I.NomenclatureofinorganiccompoundsNamesofelements,I.NomenclatureofinorganiccompoundsNamesofelements,I.NomenclatureofinorganiccompoundsNamesofelements,I.NomenclatureofinorganiccompoundsNamesofelements,I.NomenclatureofinorganiccompoundsNamesofelements,I.NomenclatureofinorganiccompoundsNamesofelements,I.NomenclatureofinorganiccompoundsNamesofelements,I.NomenclatureofinorganiccompoundsNamesofelements,I.NomenclatureofinorganiccompoundsNamesofelements,I.NomenclatureofinorganiccompoundsNamesofelements,I.NomenclatureofinorganiccompoundsNamesofelements,NomenclatureofinorganiccompoundsTheelementsymbolsnotfromEnglish,I.Nomenclatureofinorganiccompounds,1.TrivialnameH2OwaterCaOquicklimeNH3ammoniaK2CO3potashCaCO3limestoneHg2Cl2Calomel(甘汞),I.Nomenclatureofinorganiccompounds,2.Ifthereareonlytwoelementsinthecompounds,itiscustomarytonamethemoremetallicelementfirstandthelessmetallic,ormoreelectronegativeelementsecond,withthesuffix“ide”.KClpotassiumchlorideNaBrsodiumbromideBaSbariumsulfideCaOcalciumoxideHIhydrogeniodide,I.Nomenclatureofinorganiccompounds,3.Forcompoundscontainingstillonlytwoelementsbutmorethantwoatoms,theprefixes“mono-”,“di-”,“tri-”,etc.becomenecessary.(1)mono-,(2)di-,(3)tri-,(4)tetra-,(5)penta-,(6)hex-,(7)hept-,(8)octa-Cl2Odi-chlorinemonoxideClOchlorinemonoxideClO2chlorinedioxideClO3chlorinetrioxideCl2O7di-chlorineheptoxideClO4chlorinetetroxide,I.Nomenclatureofinorganiccompounds,And“-ous”,“-ic”werealsousedtodenotethelowerandhighermetallicstate.,I.Nomenclatureofinorganiccompounds,CuIcuprousiodideCuI2cupriciodideFeBr2ferrousbromideFeBr3ferricbromideSnCl2stannouschlorideSnCl4stannicchloride,I.Nomenclatureofinorganiccompounds,4.Aclassofcompoundsinwhichsuchprefixesareseldomusedisthatinwhichthemetalatomusuallyexhibitsonlyoneoxidationstate.ZnBr2zincbromideCaH2calciumhydrideNa2OsodiumoxideAl2S3aluminumsulfide,I.Nomenclatureofinorganiccompounds,5.Threeelementspresent,suchcompoundsarenamedbycombiningthesuffix“-ate”withthenameofthelesselectronegativeofthetwononmetallicelements.And“-ite”,“-ate”areusedtodenotethelowerandhigheroxidationstateofthesameelectronegativeelement.NaNO3sodiumnitrateNaNO2sodiumnitrite,I.Nomenclatureofinorganiccompounds,Whentherearemorethantwooxidationstatesoftheelectronegativeelement,prefixused.Theprefix“hypo-”meaning“below”,isusedinthenameofthelowestoxidationstate.Theprefix“per-”meaning“highest”,isusedwhenitisinthehighestoxidationstate.,I.Nomenclatureofinorganiccompounds,I.Nomenclatureofinorganiccompounds,Ininorganicacid,“-ous”,“-ic”areusedtodenotethelowerandhigheroxidationstate.,I.Nomenclatureofinorganiccompounds,II.Nomenclatureoforganiccompounds,A.NonfunctionalCompounds,1.AlkaneAlkene(olefin)AlkyneIUPACnames(systematicnames)trivialnames(popularnames)IUPAC:InternationalUnionofPureandAppliedChemistry,Thenamesoflinearalkanes,alkenesandalkynes:SuffixmethaneIcosane(C1C20alkanes)-aneetheneIcosene(givepositionofC=C)-enetrivialname:ethylenepropylenebutyleneacetylene(ethyne)Icosyne-yne(givepositionofC=C)methaneethanepropanebutanepentanehexaneheptaneoctanenonanedecaneundecanedodecanetridecanetetradecanepentadecanehexadecaneheptadecaneoctadecanenonadecaneicosane(C1-C20alkanes),Commonsubstituents:alkyl,alkenyl,alkynylgroups:Alkylomitthesuffix“ane”andadd“yl”totheendofthenamemethylnonadecylicosylAlkenylomitthelastletter“e”andadd“yl”totheendofthename1-propenyl(丙烯基),2-penten-2-yltrivialnames:vinyl,allyl(烯丙基),Alkynylomitthelastletter“e”andadd“yl”totheendofthename1-propynyl,1-pentynylbenzylphenylIfthesamealkylgroupappearsmorethanonceinamolecule,itisindicatedbytheprefixes:Foridenticalsimplegroups:di-,tri-,tetra-Foridenticalcomplicatedgroup:bis-,tris-,tetrakis-,pentakis-,-kis-bi-:biphenyl,binuclear-,Branched-alkylgroup:Impotantprefix:iso-(異),neo-(新),sec-(仲),tert-(叔)sec-,tert-usedonlyforthebutylgroupsec-butyl,tert-butyliso-,neo-usedforbothcompoundsandsubstituents.isobutyl,isobutane,isohexyl,neopentyl,neopentaneThenamesofthesubstituentsaregiveninalphabeticalorderinthesystematicnamesoforganiccompounds.Excepttheprefixesiso-andneo-,theotherprefixes,suchasdi-,tri-,sec-,tert-arenotinvolvedinalphabeticallisting.,Exercises:,2-ethylpentane,5-ethyl-2,2-dimethyloctane,3-ethyl-6-methyloctane,4-sec-butyl-3-methylnonane,5-isopropyl-4-propyldecane,3-propyl-1,3,5-hexatriene,4,4-bis(tert-butyl)-2-methyloctane,5-sec-butylnonane5-(2-butyl)nonane5-2-butylnonane,(2Z,4E)-3-ethyl-2,4-hexadiene,4-vinyl-1-hepten-5-yne,3-acetylenyl-1,5-hexadiene,4-propyl-3-vinyl-1,3-hexadien-5-yne,2.Monocycliccompounds,cyclo+alkanecyclo+alkylcyclo+alkenecyclo+alkenyl,cyclohexane,cyclohexene,cyclopentylcyclohexane,1,3cyclohexdiene,trans-1-ethyl-4-methylcyclohexane,3-ethyl-1,4,5-trimethylcyclohexene,5-cyclopentyl-2-methylheptane,Aromaticcompounds,xyleneo,m,p-,benzene,toluene,mesitylene,styrene,Monosubstitutedbenzenes:,nitrobenzene,ethylbenzene,chlorobenzene,aniline,cyanobenzene,phenol,Multisubstituentedaromaticcompounds,p-acetylbenzoicacido-hydroxybenzoicacidm-sec-butylchlorobenzene,p-bromomethoxybenzene3-ethyl-4-phenylcyclohexenep-ethyltolene,m-methylanilineo-cyanophenol,perfluorobenzene,o-xylene,phthalicacid,II.Nomenclatureoforganiccompounds,B.Functionalcompounds,1.Alkylhalides,2-iodopropaneisopropyliodide,(1)halo+thenameofalkane(2)Thenameofalkylgroup+halide,halo:fluoro,chloro,bromo,iodohalide:fluoride,chloride,bromide,iodide,2-bromoisohexane,Somespecialnamesforalkylhalides:CHX3choroformbromoformiodoformCH2X2methylenechlorideCX4carbontetrachlorideX3C-CX3perchloroethane,2.Alcohols,Thenameofalcoholaregivenbyreplacingthefinalletter“e”ofthenameofalkanewiththesuffix“ol”.,2-propanolisopropanol,5-methyl-3-propyl-2-hexanol(Z)-3,4-dichloro-3-buten-2-ol,2-cyclopenten-1-ol2-methyl-1,4-cyclohexanediol,3.Thiols,thenameofalkane+thiol,1-propanethiol0-mercaptotoluene,4.Thesaltsofalcohols(ROM),Thenameofcation+thenameofRgroup+oxide,potassiumisopentyloxideammoniumcyclohexyloxide,5.Thesaltsofthiols(RSM),(1)Thenameofcation+thenameofRgroup+sulfide(2)Thenameofcation+thenameofthiol+ate,lithiumtert-butylsulfidelithiumtert-butanethiolate,6.Ethers(R1-O-R2),(1)ThenameofR1+thenameofR2+ether(2)Thenameofsmallalkyloxy+thenameofalkane,(di)ethylethersec-butylmethylether2-methoxybutane,ethylisopropylether,crownethers,12-crown-418-crown-6,7.Epoxides,epoxy+thenameofalkane,1-chloro-1,2-epoxypropane,8.SulfidesR1-S-R2),(1)ThenameofR1+thenameofR2+sulfide(2)Thenameofsmallalkylthio+thenameofalkane,sec-butylmethylsulfide2-(methylthio)butane,InordertoavoidtheconfusionofSRandCSOHgroupsinsamecases,parenthesis(圓括號(hào))mustbecorrectlyused.,p-(ethylthiol)benzoicacidp-ethyl(thiol)benzoicacid,9.Amines,RNH2primaryRRNHsecondaryRRRNtertiaryForsimpleamines:thenamesofalkylgroups+amine,2-butylaminebis(2-chloroethyl)amineN,N-dimethylpentanamine1-dimethylaminopentane,tertramethylammoniumhydroxidecyclohexylammoniumchloride,Forcomplicatedamines:Replacethefinalletter“e”inthenameofalkane+amine,N-ethyl-3-methyl-2-pentanamine3-ethylamino-2-methylcyclohexanolN-ethyl-2-methyl-3-hydroxycyclohexanamine,10.Aldehydes,Replacethefinalletter“e”ofalkanewith“al”,or“carbaldehyde”,forC1-C5aldehydes:formaldehydeacetaldehydepropionaldehydebutyraldehydevaleraldehyde,4-ethyl-4-pentenalpropanedial2-methylcyclohexane-carbaldehyde,benzaldehyde,1,2,5-pentanetricarbaldehyde3-formylheptanedial,11.ketones,Replacethefinalletter“e”inthenameofalkanewith“-one”.WritethenamesofthegroupsRandR,followedbytheword“ketone”.,3-pentanone4-methyl-4-hexen-2-one,1,3-cyclopentanedioneacetophenonemethylphenylketone3-phenylcyclopentanone,5-methyl-2-cyclohexen-1-one,2-propionylfuran2-propanoylfuranethyl2-furylketone,1,2,4-triacetylbenzene,4-(4-oxohexyl)-1-benzoicacid4-methyl-3-penten-2-one5-isobutyl-3-cycloheptenone,12.Carboxylicacids,Replacethefinalletter“e”inthenameofthehydrocarbonwith“-(o)icacid”or“carboxylicacid”.,TrivialnamesforacidscontainingC1C5carbonatoms:formicacidaceticacidpropionicacidbutyricacidvalericacid,3-butynoicacid2-isohexenoicacid,butanoicacidbutyricacid,2-chlorocyclopentane-1-carboxylicacid,(Z)-4,4-dichloro-2-pentenoicacid,2-ethyl-4-(carboxymethyl)hexanedioicacid2-(carboxymethyl)-1,4-hexanedicarboxylicacid,13.Amides,Omitthefinalletter“e”inthenameofalkane,andthenaddthesuffix“amide”orcarboxyamidetotheendofthename.,TrivialnamesforamidescontainingC1C5carbonatoms:formamideacetamidepropionamidebutyramidevaleramide,N,N-dimethylformamide,butanamide,N-ethyl-4-methyl-2,5-hexadienamide,cyclopropanecarboxamide,N-methylbenamidep-acetamidobenzoicacid,14.Ester,Omitthefinalletter“e”inthenameofalkane,andthenaddthesuffix“(o)ate”or“carboxylate”totheendofthename.,ethylbutanoateisopropylbenzoate,ethylcyclopentanecarboxylate,cyclopentyl4-methylpentanoate,(2-methylbutyl)3-methylcyclohexanecarboxylate,15.Thesaltsofacids,Thenameofcation+alkane+“-(o)ate”or“carboxylate”.,potassiumisohexanoatelithiumcyclopentanecarboxylate,sodiumacetate,16.Carboxylicanhydrides,Thename(s)oftheacid(s)+“(o)ic”anhydride,butyricpropionicanhydridebutanoicpropanoicanhydride,butyricanhydridebutanoicanhydride,benzoicanhydride,cyclohexanecarboxylicanhydride,butanedioicanhydride,17.Acylhalides,Omitthefinalletter“e”inthenameofalkane,andthenaddthesuffix“oylhalide”totheendofthename.,butanoylchloride,benzoylfluoride,3-pentenoylbromide,18.Nitriles,Addthesuffix“(o)nitrile”or“carbonitriletotheendofthenameofthehydrocarbon.,TrivialnamesofnitrilescontainingC1C5carbonatoms:hydrocyanicacidacetonitrilepropiononitrilebutyronitrilevaleronitrile,3-pentynenitrilecyclopentanecarbonitrile1,3,5-hexanetricarbonnitrile1,3,5-tricyanohexane,19.Lactonesandlactams,Addthesuffix“(o)lactone”or“(o)lactam”totheendofthenameofthehydrocarbon.,4-butanelactone4-butyrolactone,5-petanelactone5-valerolactone,5-heptanelactone,4-butanelactam4-butyrolactam,N-methyl5-pentanelactamN-methyl5-valerolactam,20.Acetalsandketals,ThenameofdialkyloxyOR”+thenameofthehydrocarbon.Thenameofaldehydeorketone+thenameofthealkylgroupR”+thesuffixacetal.,2,2-diethoxybutane2-butanonediethylacetal,m-nitrobenzaldehydedimethylacetal,1-ethylenedioxypentanepentanalethyleneacetal,21.Imines,N-+thenameofR3group+thenameofthehydrocarbon(omitfinalletter“e”)+thesuffix“imine”.,N-methyl2-pentanimine,cyclohexanimine,22.Hydroperoxides,ThenameoftheRgroup+thesuffix“hydroperoxide”.,ethylhydroperoxide,tert-butylhydroperoxide(TBHP),23.Etherperoxides(ROOR),ThenameofRgroup+thenameofRgroup+peroxide,methylpropylper