初三英語語法

1.不定代詞（some any,all both,either neither,no none,each every,many much,few little的區(qū)別與聯(lián)系） 不定代詞包括: all ,both,either,neither,any,all,none,ev both, every, each, either, neither, more, little, few, much, many, another, other, some, any , one, no 以及some, something, anything, everything, somebody, someone, anybody, anyone, nothing , nobody, no one, none, everybody, everyone.等. 2.不定代詞用法為:(重要考點) 不定代詞+(of +限定詞)+名詞 注意:of后一定要有限定詞!這是both,either,neither,any,all,none,ev托福語法中的both,either,neither,any,all,none,ev重要考點both, all可以直接接限定詞the! 3.all與both的用法 1) all都,指三者以上both,either,neither,any,all,none,ev.both都,指兩者 2) all的主謂一致:all的單復(fù)數(shù)由它所修飾或指代的名詞的單復(fù)數(shù)決定. both與復(fù)數(shù)動詞連用,但bothand可與單數(shù)名詞連用與. All goes well.一切進展得很好. 3) all通常不與可數(shù)名詞單數(shù)連用,如:不說all the book,而說the whole book. 但all可與表時間的可數(shù)名詞單數(shù)連用,如all day,all night,all the year;但習(xí)慣上不說all hour,all century. all還可以與一些特殊的單數(shù)名詞連用,如all China,all the city,all my life,all the way. 4)both, all都可作同位語,其位置在行為動詞前,be動詞之后.如果助動詞或情態(tài)動詞后面的實義動詞省去,則位于助動詞或情態(tài)動詞之前. Who can speak Japanese We both (all) can. 5) all/any/none all (所有的,全部的人或物),any (任何一個),none (都不).以上詞使用范圍為三者以上. All the flowers are gone.所有的花都謝了. I dont like any of the flowers.這些花我都不喜歡. I like none of the flowers.這些花我都不喜歡. 注意:all與none用法一樣.跟單數(shù)名詞,用單數(shù)動詞;跟復(fù)數(shù)名詞,用復(fù)數(shù)動詞. All of the students are there.所有的學(xué)生都在那. All (of) the milk is there.所有的牛奶都在那. 3.every和each的用法(重要考點) 1)every強調(diào)全體的概念,each強調(diào)個體概念. Every student in our school works hard.我們學(xué)校的學(xué)生都很用功. Each student may have one book.每個學(xué)生都可有一本書. 2)every指三個以上的人或物(含三個),each指兩個以上的人或物(含兩個). 3)every只作形容詞,不可單獨使用.each可作代詞或形容詞. Every student has to take one. Each boy has to take one. Each of the boys has to take one. 4)every不可以作狀語,each可作狀語. 5)every有反復(fù)重復(fù)的意思,如every two weeks等;each沒有. 6)every與not連用,表示部分否定;each和not連用表示全部否定. Every man is not honest.并非每個人都誠實. Each man is not honest.這兒每個人都不誠實. 4.neither與nor的用法 1)如前句是否定式從句,則主句用neither,而不用nor. If you dont do it,neither should I.如果你不干,我也不干. 2)如后連續(xù)有幾個否定句式,則用nor,不用neither. He cant sing,nor dance,nor skate. 5.代詞比較one,that和it(重要考點) 1)one表示泛指,that和it表示特指.that與所指名詞為同類,但不是同一個,而it與所指名詞為同一個. I cant find my hat. I think I must buy one.(不定) 我找不到我的帽子了.我想我該去買一頂. The hat you bought is bigger than that I bought.(同類但不同個)你買的那頂帽子比我買的大. I cant find my hat. I don t know where I put it.(同一物)我找不到我的帽子.我不知道我把它放在哪了 6.one/another/the other的用法 onethe other只有兩個 somethe others有三個以上 oneanother,another someothers,others others = other people/things the others = the rest剩余的全部 1)泛指另一個用another. 2)一定范圍內(nèi)兩人(物),一個用one,另一個用the other. 3)一定范圍內(nèi)三者,一個用one,另一個用one (another),第三個可用the other,a third. 4)一定范圍內(nèi),除去一部分人/物,剩余的全部用the others. 5)泛指別的人或物時,用others當(dāng)在一定范圍內(nèi),除去一部分后,剩余部分但不是全部時,也用others. 7.anyone/any one;no one/none的用法 1) anyone和any one anyone僅指人,any one既可指人,也可指物. 2) no one和none a)none后跟of短語,既可指人又可指物,而no one只單獨使用,只指人. b)none作主語,謂語動詞用單,復(fù)數(shù)均可,而no one作主語謂語動詞只能是單數(shù). None of you could lift it.你們中沒有人可舉起它. - Did any one call me up just now -剛才有人打電話給我嗎 - No one.-沒有. 8. few, little, a few, a little的用法 1)(a) few +可數(shù)名詞, (a) little +不可數(shù)名詞 2)a few / a little為肯定含義,還有一點 3)few / little為否定含義,沒有多少了. He has a few friends.他有幾個朋友. He has few friends.他幾乎沒有朋友. We still have a little time.我們還有點時間. There is little time left.幾乎沒剩下什么時間了. 4)固定搭配: only a few (=few)not a few (=many)quite a few (=many) many a (=many) Many books were sold. Many a book was sold. 賣出了許多書. 9many, much的用法 Many,much都意為許多,many +可數(shù)名詞,much +不可數(shù)名詞. How many people are there at the meeting How much time has we left Many of the workers were at the meeting. Much of the time was spent on learning 2.時態(tài) 、 一般現(xiàn)在時： 1.概念：經(jīng)常、反復(fù)發(fā)生的動作或行為及現(xiàn)在的某種狀況。 2.時間狀語： always, usually, often, sometimes, every week (day, year, month), once a week, on Sundays, 3.基本結(jié)構(gòu)：動詞 原形 （如主語為第三人稱單數(shù)，動詞上要改為第三人稱單數(shù)形式） 4.否定形式：am/is/are+not;此時態(tài)的謂語動詞若為行為動詞，則在其前加dont,如主語為第三人稱單數(shù)，則用doesnt，同時還原行為動詞。 5.一般疑問句：把be動詞放于句首；用助動詞do提問，如主語為第三人稱單數(shù)，則用does，同時，還原行為動詞。 6.例句：. It seldom snows here. He is always ready to help others. Action speaks louder than words. 二、 一般過去時： 1.概念：過去某個時間里發(fā)生的動作或狀態(tài)；過去習(xí)慣性、經(jīng)常性的動作、行為。 2.時間狀語：ago, yesterday, the day before yesterday, last week,last(year, night, month), in 1989, just now, at the age of 5, one day, long long ago, once upon a time, etc. 3.基本結(jié)構(gòu)：be動詞；行為動詞 的過去式 4.否定形式：was/were+not;在行為動詞前加didnt，同時還原行為動詞。 5.一般疑問句：was或were放于句首；用助動詞do的過去式did 提問，同時還原行為動詞。 6.例句：She often came to help us in those days. I didnt know you were so busy. 三、 現(xiàn)在進行時： 1.概念：表示現(xiàn)階段或說話時正在進行的動作及行為。 2.時間狀語：now, at this time, these days, etc. 3.基本結(jié)構(gòu)：am/is/are+doing 4.否定形式：am/is/are+not+doing. 5.一般疑問句：把be動詞放于句首。 6.例句： How are you feeling today? He is doing well in his lessons. 四、 過去進行時： 1.概念：表示過去某段時間或某一時刻正在發(fā)生或進行的行為或動作。 2.時間狀語：at this time yesterday, at that time或以when引導(dǎo)的謂語動詞是一般過去時的時間狀語等。 3.基本結(jié)構(gòu)：was/were+doing 4.否定形式：was/were + not + doing. 5.一般疑問句：把was或were放于句首。 6.例句：At that time she was working in a PLA unit. When he came in, I was reading a newspaper. 五、 現(xiàn)在完成時： 1.概念：過去發(fā)生或已經(jīng)完成的動作對現(xiàn)在造成的影響或結(jié)果，或從過去已經(jīng)開始，持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在的動作或狀態(tài)。 2.時間狀語：recently, lately, sincefor,in the past few years, etc. 3.基本結(jié)構(gòu)：have/has + done 4.否定形式：have/has + not +done. 5.一般疑問句：have或has。 6.例句：Ive written an article. The countryside has changed a lot in the past few years. 六、 過去完成時： 1.概念：以過去某個時間為標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，在此以前發(fā)生的動作或行為，或在過去某動作之前完成的行為，即“過去的過去”。 2.時間狀語：before, by the end of last year(term, month),etc. 3.基本結(jié)構(gòu)：had + done. 4.否定形式：had + not + done. 5.一般疑問句：had放于句首。 6.例句：As soon as we got to the station, the train had left. By the end of last month. We had reviewed four books 七、 一般將來時： 1.概念：表示將要發(fā)生的動作或存在的狀態(tài)及打算、計劃或準(zhǔn)備做某事。 2.時間狀語：tomorrow, next day(week, month, year),soon, in a few minutes, by,the day after tomorrow, etc. 3.基本結(jié)構(gòu)：am/is/are/going to + do；will/shall + do. 4.否定形式：was/were + not; 在行為動詞前加didnt，同時還原行為動詞。 5.一般疑問句：be放于句首；will/shall提到句首。 6.例句：They are going to have a competition with us in studies. It is going to rain. 八、 過去將來時： 1.概念：立足于過去某一時刻，從過去看將來，常用于賓語從句中。 2.時間狀語：the next day(morning, year),the following month(week),etc. 3.基本結(jié)構(gòu)：was/were/going to + do；would/should + do. 4.否定形式：was/were/not + going to + do;would/should + not + do. 5.一般疑問句：was或were放于句首；would/should 提到句首。 6.例句：He said he would go to Beijing the next day. I asked who was going there . 九.將來完成時： 1.概念：在將來某一時刻之前開始的動作或狀態(tài) 2.時間狀語：by the time of;by the end of+時間短語（將來）;by the time+從句（將來） 3.基本結(jié)構(gòu)：be going to/will/shall + have done 十.現(xiàn)在完成進行時: 1.概念：在過去某一時刻之前開始的動作或狀態(tài)一直持續(xù)到說話為止 2.基本結(jié)構(gòu)：have/has +been+doing 幾種常見時態(tài)的相互轉(zhuǎn)換 英語中的幾種時態(tài)在一定情況下可以互相轉(zhuǎn)換，以下是幾種常見的轉(zhuǎn)換形式： 十一、 一般過去時與現(xiàn)在完成時的轉(zhuǎn)換 在現(xiàn)在完成時中，延續(xù)性動詞能與表示一段時間的狀語連用，瞬間動詞卻不能。但是，可用別的表達方式：瞬間動詞用于“一段時間 + ago”的一般過去時的句型中；瞬間動詞可改成與之相對應(yīng)的延續(xù)性動詞及短語，與一段時間連用；瞬間動詞用于“It is + 一段時間 + since + 一般過去時”的句型中，表示“自從以來有時間”的意思，主句一般用it is來代替It has been;瞬間動詞用于“Some time has passed since + 一般過去時”的句型中。請看： A. He joined the League two years ago. B. He has been in the League for two years. C. It is two years since he joined the League. D. Two years has passed since he joined the League. 十二、 一般現(xiàn)在時與現(xiàn)在進行時的轉(zhuǎn)換 在一般現(xiàn)在時中，at加上名詞表示“處于某種狀態(tài)”，如at work（在工作）, at school（上學(xué)、上課）等。此短語可與進行時態(tài)轉(zhuǎn)換。請看： Peter is at work, but Mike is at play. Peter is working, but Mike is playing. 十三、 現(xiàn)在進行時與一般將來時的轉(zhuǎn)換 在現(xiàn)在進行時態(tài)中g(shù)o, come, leave, start, arrive等動詞常與表示將來的時間狀語連用表示將要發(fā)生的動作。如：I am coming, Mum! 意為“我就來，媽媽！”請看： The train is leaving soon. The train will leave soon.3.賓語從句（3種）賓語從句是英語復(fù)合句中的其中非常重要的從句之一。它是用一個句子做另一個句子的賓語，將這個句子叫做賓語從句。賓語從句做介詞或及物動詞的賓語。現(xiàn)在從下列三個方面總結(jié)歸納如下：一，引導(dǎo)詞A,由that 引導(dǎo)的陳述句性的賓語從句，在很多動詞如say, think, wish , hope, see, believe, agree, expect, hear , feel等動詞后。連詞that只起連接作用，在從句中不做句子的成分，也無詞匯意義，在口語中常被省略，但在大多數(shù)情況下還是以不省為好，特別是在筆語中。例：I told him that he was wrong.l在think, believe, suppose, expect等動詞引起的賓語從句中，有時謂語盡管是否定意義，卻不用否定形式，而將think 等動詞變?yōu)榉穸ㄐ问?。例：I dont think you are right. (我認為你做的不對)l在許多帶有復(fù)合賓語的句子中，that引導(dǎo)的賓語從句經(jīng)常移到句子的后面，而用it做形式賓語。例：We think it wrong that he told a lie to everyone (我認為他向每一個人撒謊是錯誤的)B,由連詞if、 whether 引導(dǎo)的表示“是否”的賓語從句。Whether, if 在從句中不做句子的成分，一般情況下，whether和if 可以替換。例：I dont know if/whether he will come tomorrow.The teacher asked if/whether we had finished the experiment.l在介詞后面的賓語從句中不用if引導(dǎo)例：Everything depends on whether we have enough money。l賓語從句中有or not時不用if引導(dǎo).例：I dont know whether the movie star will come or not.l和不定式連用作賓語時不用if引導(dǎo).例：Whether to go there or not hasnt been decided.C,由wh-引導(dǎo)的賓語從句。連接代詞who,whom,whose, what, which,和連接副詞when, where, why, how 等連接的賓語從句，它們在句中即有連接從句的作用，又在句中充當(dāng)句子的成分。例：Do you know which film they are talking about? (which做定語)I dont know where he lives. (where 做地點狀語)二，賓語從句的語序，賓語從句從句的語序必須是陳述語序，既連接詞+主語+謂語+其他成分例：I believe that they will come soon.He asked me whether I was a teacher.They wanted to know what they can do for us.二，賓語從句的時態(tài)。賓語從句的時態(tài)受主句的限制，既：主句是一般現(xiàn)在時態(tài)，從句根據(jù)實際情況而定。主句是一般過去時態(tài)，從句用相應(yīng)的過去的時態(tài)。如果從句的動作發(fā)生在主句之前，則從句要用過去完成時態(tài)。例:1)She says that she is a student.She said that she was a student.2)She says that she will fly to Japan in a week.She said that she would fly to Japan in a week.3)She says that she has finished her homework already.She said that she had finished her homework already.4)She says that she can sing a song in English.She said that she could sing a song in English.l如果賓語從句說的是客觀真理、自然現(xiàn)象或事實時，這時賓語從句要用一般現(xiàn)在時態(tài)。例：The teacher said that the earth goes round the sun.He told me that Japan is an island country.lCould you tell me是用來征詢對方的意見，語氣委婉，并不表示過去。例：Could you tell me when we will visit the History Museum?注意事項：u由陳述句變成賓語從句時，要注意人稱的變化。例：She said: “I have been to England before.”She said that she had been to England before.She asked me: “Do you like moths?”She asked me if I liked moths.u賓語從句與簡單句的交換。由連接代詞和連接副詞引導(dǎo)的賓語從句，如果賓語從句的主語和主句的主語是同一個人時，可以用“疑問詞+不定式”做賓語的簡單句結(jié)構(gòu)。例：I dont know what I should do next.I cant know what to do next.He didnt know where he would live.He didnt know where to live.4.定語從句（以that為主） 定語從句 I. 定語從句起了形容詞的作用，在句中修飾一個名詞或代詞。被修飾的詞叫做先行詞，引導(dǎo)定語從句的詞叫關(guān)系詞，他的作用一是放在先行詞與定語從句中間起了連接作用，二是在從句中擔(dān)當(dāng)一個成分，并與先行詞保持數(shù)的一致。關(guān)系詞 先行詞 從句成分 例句 備注關(guān)系代詞 who 人 主語 Do you know the man who is talking with your mother? whom, which和that在從句中做賓語時，?？梢允÷?，但介詞提前時后面關(guān)系代詞不能省略，也不可以用that whom 人 賓語 Mr. Smith is the person with whom I am workingThe boy (whom) she loved died in the war. whose 人，物 定語 I like those books whose topics are about history.The boy whose father works abroad is my deskmate. that 人，物 主語，賓語 A plane is a machine that can fly.She is the pop star (that) I want to see very much. which 物 主語，賓語 The book (which) I gave you was worth $10.The picture which was about the accident was terrible. as 人，物 主語，賓語 He is such a person as is respected by all of us.This is the same pen as I lost yesterday. as做賓語一般不省略關(guān)系副詞 when 時間 時間狀語 I will never forget the day when we met there. 可用on which where 地點 地點狀語 This is the house where I was born. 可用in which why 原因 原因狀語 I cant imagine the reason why he turned down my offer. 可用for whichII. that與which, who, whom的用法區(qū)別：情況 用法說明 例句只用that的情況 1 先行詞為all, everything, anything, nothing, little, much,等不定代詞時。2 先行詞被all, any, every, each, much, little, no, some, few等修飾時3 先行詞有形容詞最高級和序數(shù)詞修飾時4 先行詞既指人又指物時5 先行詞被the only, the very修飾時6 句中已經(jīng)有who或which時，為了避免重復(fù)時 1.He told me everything that he knows.2.All the books that you offered has been given out.3.This is the best film that I have ever read.4.We talked about the persons and things that we remembered.5.He is the only man that I want to see.6.Who is the man that is making a speech?只用which, who, whom的情況 1 在非限制性定語從句中，只能用which指代物，用who/whom指人2 在由“介詞+關(guān)系代詞”引導(dǎo)的定語從句中，只能用which指物，whom指人。3 先行詞本身是that時，關(guān)系詞用which, 先行詞為those, one, he時多用who。 He has a son, who has gone abroad for further study.I like the person to whom the teacher is talking.Those who respect others are usually respected by others.III. as與which的區(qū)別：定語從句 區(qū)別 例句限制性定語從句中 名詞前有such和the same修飾時，關(guān)系代詞用as,不能用which He is not such a fool as he looks.Dont read such books as you cant understand. 非限制性定語從句中 as和which都可以指代前面整個主句。如果有“正如，象”的含義，并可以放在主句前，也可以放在后面，那么用as；而which引導(dǎo)的從句只能放主句后，并無“正如”的意思。 They won the game, as we had expected.They won the game, which we hadnt expected.As is well known, he is a famous film star in the 1980s.IV. 限制性定語從句與非限制性定語從句的區(qū)別：類別 語法意義及特征 例句限制性定語從句 對先行詞起修飾限制作用，如果去掉，主句意思就不完整明確，這種從句與主句的關(guān)系十分密切，寫時不用逗號分開。 The accident happened at the time when I left.非限制性定語從句 對先行詞作附加的說明，與主句的關(guān)系不十分密切，較松散。從句和主句之間用逗號分開，相當(dāng)于一個插入語，不能用that引導(dǎo)，關(guān)系代詞做賓語時也不能省略。 His mother, whom he loved deeply, died ten years ago.7.形容詞與副詞的比較級，最高級 A 特殊變化與一般變化 B 用法 8.動詞的種類 行為、情態(tài)、聯(lián)系、助動詞 9.句子的成分 主語、謂語、賓語、表語、定語、狀語、補語 10.簡單句5大基本句型（順便掌握及物與不及物動詞的區(qū)別） 11.動詞不定式 A基本結(jié)構(gòu)（to+動詞原型，否定式為not to+動詞原型） B用法 C疑問詞+不定式 12.被動語態(tài) A主動與被動的概念 B構(gòu)成 C情態(tài)動詞被動語態(tài) 一、 明確被動語態(tài)的使用場合 一般來說,當(dāng)句子的主語是句子謂語動作的承受者時,句子要用被動語態(tài)而不能用主動語態(tài)。如： According to the news, many college students asked to be sent to the faraway places. 按照這個消息的說法，很多大學(xué)生要求被派往邊遠地區(qū)。 二、主動形式表被動意義 1. 有些表示狀態(tài)特征的系動詞、感官動詞，如look, sound, feel, smell, taste, prove, appear, sound, turn out 等+形容詞/名詞的系表結(jié)構(gòu)。如： The music sounds beautiful. 這音樂聽起來很美。 2. 表示主語的某種屬性特征的動詞。如：read, write, act, sell, wash, clean, wear, open, cook, lock, shut, dry, eat, drink, keep, feel,burn, last, strike, cut等。這類動詞一般不單獨使用，常有一個修飾語?；蚺c表示行為方式的狀語連用，或與情態(tài)動詞連用。如： This coat dries easily. 這件大衣很容易干。 The door wont lock. 這扇門鎖不上。 3. 表示開始、結(jié)束、運動的動詞。如begin, finish, start, open, close, stop, end, move。如： Work began at 7 oclock this morning. 今天早晨的工作是7點開始的。 4. 少數(shù)動詞用于進行時，其主動形式表示被動含義。如：print, build, cook, fry, hang, build, make。如： The books are printing. 這些書正在印刷中。 5. 介詞in, on, under . + 名詞構(gòu)成的介詞短語表示被動意義。如： The house facing the tower is in the possession of Mr Bob. 面對著塔的屋子是Bob的。 6. 當(dāng)get, become, go 等動詞用作系動詞，其表語是過去分詞時，可以表示被動，此結(jié)構(gòu)比較口語化。如： The patient got treated once a week. 那位病人一周得到一次治療。 7. 某些不及物動詞或相當(dāng)于不及物動詞的短語動詞如break out, go well, take place, occur等。如： What body changes occur when the sperm whale drives? 抹香鯨潛入水中時，身體會發(fā)生什么變化？ 8. want, need, require等動詞后用V-ing形式可以表示被動意義。如： The machine needs repairing. 這臺機器需要修理了。 9. 形容詞worth + V-ing分詞時。如： This book is well worth reading again. 這本書很值得再讀一遍。 三、不能轉(zhuǎn)化成被動語態(tài)的主動句 我們知道不及物動詞沒有被動語態(tài)，有的及物動詞也可以用作不及物動詞，同樣也沒有被動語態(tài)，凡是屬于下列情況的主句不能轉(zhuǎn)化成被動語態(tài)： 1. 某些表示狀態(tài)的及物動詞。如：have, own, possess, lack, want, fit, suit, become, last, cost, fail, escape, hold等。如： Our boss possesses great wealth. 我們老板擁有巨大的財富。 2. 當(dāng)賓語是反身代詞或相互代詞時，不能有相應(yīng)的被動語態(tài)。如： I cut myself when I was cutting meat. 當(dāng)我切肉時，割傷了自己。 3. 當(dāng)賓語是不定式或動名詞時，通常不能有對應(yīng)的被動句。如： This might help to bring out the problem more clearly. 這也許有助于使問題明朗化。 四、不及物動詞的被動結(jié)構(gòu) 一般地說，不及物動詞沒有被動結(jié)構(gòu)，這是因為不及物動詞沒有賓語，但有些不及物動詞接上介詞、副詞或其他成分構(gòu)成一個短語動詞，相當(dāng)于及物動詞，這時可以有被動語態(tài)，但是要注意所接的介詞、副詞或其它成分一定不能省略。如： We must write to him. He must be written to. 我們必須寫信給他。 13.虛擬語氣（以“現(xiàn)在不可能發(fā)生”為主） 結(jié)構(gòu)為If+主+V-ed,主+would do。 注意從句里面be用were 14.雙賓語 15.情態(tài)動詞 can,could,should,would,would like,might may,have to must,need 特別注意掌握情態(tài)動詞表推測 16.直接引語，間接引語 注意指示代詞、時間與地點詞、動詞轉(zhuǎn)換的情況 注意不轉(zhuǎn)換的情況 注意主從一致 17.狀語從句（特別是IF ，WHEN和UNTIL） 注意主句一般將來時，從句用一般現(xiàn)在表將來。 1、時間狀語從句 （1）as、when、while用法一覽表。類別作 用例 句asas表示“當(dāng)?shù)臅r候”，往往和when/ while通用，但它著重強調(diào)主句與從句的動作或事情同時或幾乎同時發(fā)生。She came up as I was cooking.(同時)The runners started as the gun went off.(幾乎同時)when(at or during the time that )既可以表示在某一點的時候，又可表示在某一段時間內(nèi)，主句與從句的動作或事情可以同時發(fā)生也可以先后發(fā)生。It was raining when we arrived.(指時間點)When we were at school, we went to the library every day.(在一段時間內(nèi))whilewhile意思是“當(dāng)?shù)臅r候”或“在某一段時間里”。主句中的動作或事情在從句中的動作或事情的進展過程中發(fā)生，從句中的動詞一般要用延續(xù)性動詞。在when表示a period of time時，兩者可以互換。Please dont talk so loud while others are working.He fell asleep while/when reading. Strike while the iron is hot.(用as或when不可，這里的while意思是“趁”)（2）引導(dǎo)時間狀語從句的連接詞除上述外還有：till, not until , until, before, sinceDont get off the bus until it has stopped.He waited for his father until(till)it was twelve oclock.It will be five years before he returns from England.hardly / scarcely when, no sooner than, as soon as once表示“一就”As soon as I have finished it , Ill give yu a call.Once you show any fear, he will attack you.We had hardly got / Hardly had we got into the country when itbegan to rain.No sooner had he arrived / He had no sooner arrived than she started complaining.directly, immediately, the moment, the minute that 一就He made for the door directly he heard the knock.each time, every time, by the timeEach time he came to my city, he would call on me.注意：表示未來情況，主句用將來時，從句用現(xiàn)在時。2、讓步狀語從句（1）although與though可以引導(dǎo)讓步狀語從句，不能與but連用，但可以與yet連用。Although they are poor,(yet)they are warm-hearted.（2）even if或even though引導(dǎo)讓步狀語從句，表示“即使”，“縱然”，用來使人注意下文所強調(diào)內(nèi)容的性質(zhì)。Ill get there even if(though)I have to sell my house to get enough money to go by air.（3）no matter后接上who、what、where、how等疑問詞，也可以在這類疑問詞后面加上ever構(gòu)成whoever、whatever、wherever、however等。Dont trust him, no matter what / whatever he says.Whoever breaks the law will be published.No matter how hard the work is, youd better try to do it well.（4）as也可以引導(dǎo)讓步狀語從句。要用倒裝。Child as(though)he is, he knows a lot.Much as I like it, I wont buy.Try as he would, he couldnt lift the heavy box.3、原因狀語從句：because, for, as, since, now that（1）表示不知道的原因時用because,即說話人認為聽話人不知道，因此because從句是全句最重要的部分，通常它被置于主句之后。You want to know why Im leaving? Im leaving because Im full.for雖然表示不知道的原因，但其語氣較because要弱得多，是可說可不說的話，它只能置于主句之后，這時，for是并列連詞。如果不是因果關(guān)系，而是對前面主句的內(nèi)容加以解釋或推斷時，只能用for。如：Its morning now, for the birds a