新世紀(jì)大學(xué)英語綜合教程4unit4課文逐段翻譯

Unit 4Text A|工作、勞動和玩耍 Work, Labor, and Play威斯坦H奧登Preface We go to work every day and we think we are workers. However, after reading Audens discussion about work, labor, and play, the majority of us may find that we are no longer workers. What are we then?就我所知，漢娜阿倫特小姐是界定工作和勞動之間本質(zhì)區(qū)別的第一人。一個人要想快樂，第一要有自由感，第二要確信自己有價值。如果社會迫使一個人去做他自己不喜歡的事，或者說，他所喜歡做的事被社會忽視，看作沒有價值或不重要，那他就不會真正快樂。在一個嚴(yán)格意義上已廢除奴隸制的社會里，一個人做的事情是否具有社會價值取決于他是否為完成此項工作得到了報酬。然而，今天的勞動者可以被稱為名副其實(shí)的工資奴隸。如果社會給一個人提供一份他本人不感興趣的工作，他出于養(yǎng)家糊口的需要不得已才從事這項工作，那這個人就是一個勞動者。So far as I know, Miss Hannah Arendt was the first person to define the essential difference between work and labor. To be happy, a man must feel, firstly, free and, secondly, important. He cannot be really happy if he is compelled by society to do what he does not enjoy doing, or if what he enjoys doing is ignored by society as of no value or importance. In a society where slavery in the strict sense has been abolished , whether what a man does has social value depends on whether he is paid money to do it, but a laborer today can rightly be called a wage slave. A man is a laborer if the job society offers him is of no interest to himself but he is compelled to take it by the necessity of earning a living and supporting his family.與勞動相對的是玩耍。玩游戲時，我們能從中得到樂 趣，否則就不會玩這個游戲。但這完全是一種私人的活動，我們玩不玩這個游戲社會是不會關(guān)注的。The opposite to labor is play. When we play a game, we enjoy what we are doing, otherwise we should not play it, but it is a purely private activity; society could not care less whether we play it or not.處在勞動和玩耍之間的是工作。如果一個人對社會為他支付報酬的工作感興趣，他就是一個工作者。從社會角度看是必需的勞動在他自己看來卻是自愿的玩耍。一個職位是勞動還是工作，并不取決于這個職位本身，而是取決于占據(jù)這個職位的個人自己的情趣。這種差異與體力勞動和腦力勞動之間的差異并不吻合。譬如，一個園丁或者鞋匠也許就是一個工作者，而一個銀行職員則可能是一個勞動者。一個人是工作者還是勞動者可以從他對閑暇的態(tài)度上看出來。對于一個工作者來說，閑暇不過是他需要放松、休息從而進(jìn)行有效工作的幾個小時，所以，他可能只有少量的閑暇，而不會有大量的空閑。工作者可能會死于心臟病，并會忘記自己妻子的生日。而對于勞動者來說，閑暇就意味著擺脫強(qiáng)制，所 以，他自然會想象：他不得不花費(fèi)在勞動上的時間越少，而自由自在地玩耍的時間越多，那才越好。Between labor and play stands work. A man is a worker if he is personally interested in the job which society pays him to do; what from the point of view of society is necessary labor is from his own point of view voluntary play . Whether a job is to be classified as labor or work depends, not on the job itself, but on the tastes of the individual who undertakes it. The difference does not, for example, coincide with the difference between a manual and a mental job; a gardener or a cobbler may be a worker, a bank clerk a laborer. Which a man is can be seen from his attitude toward leisure. To a worker, leisure means simply the hours he needs to relax and rest in order to work efficiently. He is therefore more likely to take too little leisure than too much; workers die of heart attacks and forget their wives birthdays. To the laborer, on the other hand, leisure means freedom from compulsion , so that it is natural for him to imagine that the fewer hours he has to spend laboring, and the more hours he is free to play, the better.在一個現(xiàn)代化的技術(shù)社會里，總?cè)丝谥杏卸啻蟊壤娜四軌蛳裎乙粯佑行页蔀楣ぷ髡吣?？我估計大概?6，而 且，我認(rèn)為這個數(shù)字將來也不會增加。What percentage of the population in a modern technological society are, like myself, in the fortunate position of being workers? At a guess I would say sixteen per cent, and I do not think that figure is likely to get bigger in the future.技術(shù)和勞動的分工成就了兩件事：通過在許多領(lǐng)域取消了特別才能和技術(shù)的需要，把過去本來令人愉快的大量受雇職業(yè)的工作變成了令人厭倦的勞動；通過提高生產(chǎn)力，縮短了勞動所需的時間。已經(jīng)可以想象出這樣一個社會：其人口的大多數(shù)，也就是其中的勞動者們，將會享受到早期貴族們才能享受到的幾乎同樣多的休閑。當(dāng)人們回想起過去貴族們的舉止行為時，前景并非樂觀。的確，在未來這樣一個大眾社會里，人們要解決“無聊”這個問題，也許比過去的貴族們要困難得多。后者（貴族們）把他們的時間都儀式化了，譬如，有打松雞的季節(jié)，有在城鎮(zhèn)消磨的季節(jié)等等。廣大民眾更有可能以時尚來取代一成不變的儀式，而時尚將會為了某些人的經(jīng)濟(jì)利益頻繁地變化。再者，廣大民眾也不會再去狩獵，因為，要不了多久可供獵取的動物就沒有了。至于貴族們其他的消遣項目，比如賭博、決斗和戰(zhàn)爭，人們可以輕而易舉地從危險駕駛、吸食毒品和毫無理性的暴力行為中找到同樣的樂趣。工作者很少從事暴力活動，他們可以把自己的“敵對心理”用在工作上，不管是工匠的體力活，還是科學(xué) 家、藝術(shù)家的腦力活?！皵硨π睦怼痹谀X力勞動中的作用可以在“緊緊咬住問題”這個短語里得到恰如其分的表達(dá)。Technology and the division of labor have done two things: by eliminating in many fields the need for special strength or skill, they have made a very large number of paid occupations which formerly were enjoyable work into boring labor, and by increasing productivity they have reduced the number of necessary laboring hours. It is already possible to imagine a society in which the majority of the population, that is to say, its laborers, will have almost as much leisure as in earlier times was enjoyed by the aristocracy . When one recalls how aristocracies in the past actually behaved, the prospect is not cheerful. Indeed, the problem of dealing with boredom may be even more difficult for such a future mass society than it was for aristocracies. The latter, for example, ritualized their time; there was a season to shoot grouse , a season to spend in town, etc. The masses are more likely to replace an unchanging ritual by fashion which changes as often as possible in the economic interest of certain people. Again, the masses cannot go in for hunting , for very soon there would be no animals left to hunt. For other aristocratic amusements like gambling , dueling , and warfare , it may be only too easy to find equivalents in dangerous driving, drug-taking, and senseless acts of violence. Workers seldom commit acts of violence, because they can put their aggression into their work, be it physical like the work of a smith , or mental like the work of a scientist or an artist. The role of aggression in mental work is aptly expressed by the phrase getting ones teeth into a problem .Text B職業(yè)或事業(yè)的選擇 Choosing an Occupation or Career杰拉爾德科里Preface Choosing an occupation is an important decision. When making a decision such as this, it is essential to look critically at yourself, and examine your values, interests, abilities, etc. The following text provides you with some insightful advice on the factors worth considering when choosing an occupation or career.你想從工作中得到什么？在選擇職業(yè)或行業(yè)時，你最看重的因素是什么？我在一所大學(xué)職業(yè)咨詢中心的工作中發(fā) 現(xiàn)，許多學(xué)生沒有認(rèn)真考慮過他們?yōu)槭裁催x擇某一職業(yè)。對于一些人來說，他們擇業(yè)的主要原因是來自父母的壓力或鼓勵。另一些人則把當(dāng)律師、工程師或醫(yī)生理想化了。我指導(dǎo)過的許多人在決定職業(yè)時，沒有審視過自己認(rèn)為最有價值的東西是什么，也沒有考慮過在選定的職業(yè)中，是否能夠?qū)崿F(xiàn)這些價值。在選擇職業(yè)，或者對過去選擇的職業(yè)進(jìn)行評估 時，你也許會考慮哪些因素真正對你最有意義。What do you expect from work? What factors do you give the most attention to in selecting a career or an occupation? In my work at a university counseling center Ive discovered that many students havent really thought seriously about why they are choosing a given vocation. For some, parental pressure or encouragement is the major reason for their choice. Others have idealized views of what it will be like to be a lawyer, engineer, or doctor. Many people Ive counseled regarding career decisions havent looked at what they value the most and whether these values can be attained in their chosen vocation. In choosing your vocation or evaluating the choices youve made previously , you may want to consider which factors really mean the most to you.選擇職業(yè)不是一個孤立的事件，而是一個歷時較長的過程。從事職業(yè)發(fā)展研究的人員發(fā)現(xiàn)，在選擇職業(yè)，或者更典型的是，在選擇自己將會從事的幾種職業(yè)時，大多數(shù)人都會經(jīng)歷一系列不同的階段。在職業(yè)選擇決策過程中，下列因素顯然是重要的：自我概念、興趣、能力、價值觀、職業(yè)態(tài) 度、社會經(jīng)濟(jì)地位、父母的影響、種族身份、性別以及身 體、智力、情感和社交方面的缺陷等。讓我們考慮一下與擇業(yè)有關(guān)的一些因素，要牢記職業(yè)選擇是一個過程，而不是一個孤立的事件。我們將審視在事業(yè)選擇時的自我概念、職業(yè)態(tài)度、能力、興趣及價值觀所起的作用。Making vocational choices is a process that spans a considerable period of time, rather than an isolated event. Researchers in career development have found that most people go through a series of stages in choosing the occupation or, more typically , occupations that they will follow. The following factors have been shown to be important in determining a persons occupational decision-making process: self-concept , interests, abilities, values, occupational attitudes, socio-economic level, parental influence, ethnic identity, gender, and physical, mental, emotional, and social handicaps. Lets consider some of these factors related to career decision making, keeping in mind that vocational choice is a process, not an event. Well look at the role of self-concept, occupational attitudes, abilities, interests, and values in choosing a career.|自我概念|Self-Concept在事業(yè)發(fā)展方面，一些作家認(rèn)為，職業(yè)選擇是實(shí)現(xiàn)一個人自我概念的一種努力。譬如：自我概念弱的人，不大會想到自己能得到一份有意義或重要的工作。他們也許胸?zé)o大 志，因而所取得的成就也會平淡無奇。他們也許會選擇一種自己并不喜歡或無法從中得到滿足的工作，而且會一直做下去。他們之所以這樣做是基于一種信念：這項工作是他們自身價值的全部。在這一點(diǎn)上，選擇職業(yè)可以被認(rèn)為是我們把自己定位為某類人的公開宣言。Some writers in career development believe that a vocational choice is an attempt to fulfill ones self-concept. People with a poor self-concept, for example, are not likely to picture themselves in a meaningful or important job. They are likely to keep their ambitions low, and thus their achievements will probably be low also. They may select and remain in a job that they do not enjoy or derive satisfaction from, based on their conviction that such a job is all they are worthy of. In this regard, choosing a vocation can be thought of as a public declaration of the kind of person we see ourselves as being.|職業(yè)態(tài)度|Occupational Attitudes研究表明，在影響我們對職業(yè)地位之態(tài)度的諸多因素 中，教育是非常重要的。一種職業(yè)對教育的要求越高，它的地位就越高。Research indicates that, among the factors that influence our attitudes toward occupational status, education is important. The higher the educational requirements for an occupation, the higher its status.我們通過向周圍人們學(xué)習(xí)的方式來形成自己對地位的態(tài)度。普通的一年級學(xué)生意識不到職業(yè)的地位差異。然而，幾年之后，這些孩子就開始用一種與成年人相似的方式對職業(yè)加以分級。另一些研究表明，一年級學(xué)生普遍對大多數(shù)職業(yè)持肯定的態(tài)度，但是，隨著年級的提高，他們愛好的職業(yè)范圍則逐漸變窄。等到學(xué)生進(jìn)入高年級時，越來越多的職業(yè)被他們看作不可接受而加以拒絕。遺憾的是，他們拒絕考慮的或許恰好是那些當(dāng)他們長大以后找工作時不得不選擇的工 作。要是人們不得不接受他們認(rèn)為是地位低下的某種職業(yè)，那就很難讓他們對自己或自己的職業(yè)有信心。We develop our attitudes toward the status of occupations by learning from the people in our environment. Typical first-graders are not aware of the different status of occupations. Yet in a few years these children begin to rank occupations in a manner similar to that of adults. Other research has shown that positive attitudes toward most occupations are common among first-graders but that these preferences narrow steadily with each year of school. As students advance to higher grades, they reject more and more occupations as unacceptable. Unfortunately, they rule out some of the very jobs from which they may have to choose if they are to find employment as adults. It is difficult for people to feel positively about themselves or their occupation if they have to accept an occupation they perceive as low in status.|能力|Abilities能力，或才能，已經(jīng)受到了與職業(yè)決策過程中被認(rèn)為是重要的其他因素同樣的重視，而且可能比其他因素使用得更多。能力包括一般能力和特別能力。學(xué)習(xí)才能（常稱為綜合智力或智商），一般被認(rèn)為是由語言能力和數(shù)字能力構(gòu)成的一種綜合能力。特別能力包括：機(jī)械才能、文字才能和形態(tài)才能；抽象思維能力以及眼、手、腳的協(xié)調(diào)能力等。學(xué)習(xí)才能尤為重要，因為它基本上可以確定誰能獲得進(jìn)入高級職業(yè)所需要的教育。Ability, or aptitude, has received as much attention as any of the factors considered significant in the career decision-making process, and it is probably used more often than any other factor. There are both general and specific abilities. Scholastic aptitude, often called general intelligence or IQ , is a general ability typically considered to consist of both verbal and numerical aptitudes. Included among the specific abilities are mechanical , clerical , and spatial (空間的) aptitudes, abstract reasoning ability, and eye / hand / foot coordination . Scholastic aptitude is particularly significant because it largely determines who will be able to obtain the levels of education required for entrance into the higher-status occupations.有趣的是，大部分研究表明，在評估出的才能與職業(yè)工作表現(xiàn)及滿意度之間幾乎不存在直接關(guān)系。這并不意味著能力不重要，然而它的確表明：我們在進(jìn)行職業(yè)規(guī)劃時必須考慮其他因素。Interestingly, most studies show little direct relationship between measured aptitudes and occupational performance and satisfaction. This does not mean that ability is unimportant, but it does indicate that we must consider other factors in career planning.|興趣|Interests興趣評估已經(jīng)十分流行，并廣泛應(yīng)用于職業(yè)規(guī)劃。與能力不同的是，已經(jīng)發(fā)現(xiàn)，興趣在預(yù)測職業(yè)的成功、滿意度及其持續(xù)性方面是比較有效的。因此，在職業(yè)規(guī)劃時首先要考慮興趣。重要的是，首先要確定你的職業(yè)興趣領(lǐng)域，接著找出適合這些興趣的職業(yè)，然后再確定那些你有所需能力來做出令人滿意表現(xiàn)的職業(yè)。研究證據(jù)說明，興趣和能力之間關(guān)系甚微。Interest measurement has become popular and is used extensively in career planning. Interests, unlike abilities, have been found to be moderately effective as predictors of vocational success, satisfaction, and persistence. Therefore, primary consideration should be given to interests in vocational planning. It is important to first determine your areas of vocational interest, then to identify occupations for which these interests are appropriate, and then to determine those occupations for which you have the abilities required for satisfactory job performance. Research evidence indicates only a slight relationship between interests and abilities.|價值觀|Values認(rèn)識、明確和評價自己的價值觀，使其適合自己的職業(yè)是極為重要的。It is extremely important for you to identify, clarify, and assess your values so that you will be able to match them with your career.在為大學(xué)生選擇職業(yè)提供建議時，我通常建議他們把自己的興趣和價值觀作為選擇某個職業(yè)領(lǐng)域的可靠導(dǎo)向。譬 如，要是你的主要價值觀在經(jīng)濟(jì)方面，你的職業(yè)決策就會建立在想得到某種經(jīng)濟(jì)或心理安全感的愿望之上。對大多數(shù)人來說，考慮工作的安全感是合理的，但你會發(fā)現(xiàn)，只有安全感并不足以使你對職業(yè)感到滿意。你的主要價值觀也許在社交方面，這包括和人們一起工作以及幫助他人。有許多職業(yè)都適合那些具有社交價值取向的人。In counseling college students on vocational decision making I typically Recomme