外文翻譯--太陽(yáng)能.doc

附錄SolarSolar(Solar)generallyreferstothesunsradiationenergy.CarriedoutinthesolarinteriorfromHtogetherintoaheliumthenuclearreaction,keptahugereleaseofenergy,andcontinuetothespaceradiationenergy,whichissolarenergy.Thissolarnuclearfusionreactioninsidethecantomaintainthehundredsofmillionsyearsfirsttime.Solarradiationtospacelaunch3.8x1023kWpoweroftheradiation,ofwhich20billionthoftheEarthsatmospheretoreach.SolarenergyreachingtheEarthsatmosphere,30%oftheatmospherereflectance,23%ofatmosphericabsorption,andtheresttoreachtheEarthssurface.Itspowerof80trillionkW,thatistosayasecondexposuretothesunsenergyonEarthisequivalenttofivemilliontonsofcoalcombustionheatrelease.Theaveragepersquaremeterintheatmosphereoutsidetheareaofenergyperminutetoreceiveabout1367w.Abroadsenseofthesolarenergyonearthmanysources,suchaswindenergy,chemicalenergy,potentialenergyofwaterandsoon.Thenarrowsenseislimitedtosolarradiationofsolarlightthermal,photovoltaicandphotochemicalconversionofthedirectly.Atthisstage,theworldssolarenergyisstillthefocusofthestudyofsolarenergypowerplant,butthediversificationoftheuseofthecondenser,andtheintroductionofflat-platecollectorandalowboilingpointworkingfluid,thedevicegraduallyexpandeduptomaximumoutputpower73.64kW,ObjectiveTocomparetheclearandpractical,costremainshigh.Theconstructionofatypicaldeviceareasfollows:1901,Californiabuiltasolar-poweredpumpingdevices,theuseoftruncatedconecondenserpower:7.36kW；19021908years,builtintheUnitedStatesfivesetsofdouble-cyclesolar-poweredengines,theuseofflat-panelcollectorandalowboilingpointworkingfluid；in1913.Humanuseofsolarenergyhasalonghistory.Chinamorethan2000yearsago,backintheWarringStatesperiod,onewillfindthattheuseoffoursteelmirrortofocussunlightignition；useofsolarenergytodryagriculturalproducts.Thedevelopmentofmodern,solarenergyhasbecomeincreasinglywidespreaduse,itincludestheuseofsolarenergysolarthermal,solarphotovoltaicandsolarenergyuse,suchasthephotochemicaluse.Theuseofsolarphotochemicalreaction,apassiveuse(photo-thermalconversion)andthephotoelectricconversionintwoways.Anewsolarpowerandrenewablesourcesofenergyuse.SiliconphotovoltaiccellsmainlyintheabsorptionofsolarlightenergyemittedbysiliconphotocellismainlyextractedfromthesandbythedevelopmentofBellLabs.Solarenergyistheinternalorthesurfaceofthesunsunspotcontinuousprocessofnuclearfusionreactionsproduceenergy.Earthsorbitontheaveragesolarradiationintensityforthe1367w/.CircumferenceoftheEarthsequatorto40000km,andthuscalculatedtheEarthsenergycanbeobtained173000TW.Atsealevelstandardforpeakintensity1kw/m2,apointontheEarthssurface24hoftheannualaverageradiationintensity0.20kw/,whichisequivalenttohave102000TWenergy.Humandependenceontheseenergytosurvive,includingallotherformsofrenewableenergy(exceptforgeothermalenergyresources),althoughthetotalamountofsolarenergyresourcesisthehumanequivalentoftheenergyusedbytenthousandtimes,butlowenergydensityofsolarenergy,anditvaryfromplacetoplace,fromtimetotimechange,thedevelopmentandutilizationofsolarenergywhichisfacingamajorproblem.Thesefeatureswillmakesolarenergyintheintegratedenergysystemoftheroleofsubjecttocertainrestrictions.Theuseofsolarcells,throughthephotoelectricconversiontosolarenergyconversionisincludedinelectricity,theuseofsolarwaterheaters,theuseofsolarheathotwaterandusewaterforpowergeneration,usingsolarenergyfordesalination.Now,theuseofsolarenergyisnotverypopular,theuseofsolarpowercostsarehighthere,theproblemoflowconversionefficiency,butforsatellitesolarcellstoprovideenergyhasbeenapplied.AlthoughtheEarthsatmospheresolarradiationtothetotalenergyonly22billionthsofaradiationenergy,ithasbeenashighas173,000TW,thatistosayasecondexposuretothesunsenergyonEarthisequivalenttofivemilliontonsofcoal.Earthwindenergy,hydropower,oceanthermalenergy,waveenergyandtidalenergyaswellassomecomesfromthesun；eveninthefaceoftheearthsfossilfuels(suchascoal,oil,naturalgas,etc.)thatisfundamentallySinceancienttimesthestorageofsolarenergydown,sobyincludingabroadrangeofsolarenergyisverylarge,Thenarrowsenseislimitedtosolarradiationofsolarlightthermal,photovoltaicandphotochemicalconversionofthedirectly.Solarenergyisthefirsttime,butalsorenewableenergy.Itisrichinresources,canusefreeofcharge,andwithouttransportation,withoutanypollutiontotheenvironment.Formankindtocreateanewlife,sothatsocialandhumanenergyintoaeraofreducingpollution.Solarcellshavetorespondtoalightandconvertsolarenergytopowerthedevice.Photovoltaiceffectcanproducemanykindsofmaterials,suchas:singlecrystalsilicon,polycrystallinesilicon,amorphoussilicon,galliumarsenide,copperindiumselenium.Theyarebasicallythesameprincipleofpowergenerationisnowcrystalasanexampletodescribetheprocessoflightgeneration.P-typecrystallinesiliconavailableafterphosphorus-dopedN-typesilicon,theformationofP-Njunction.Whenthesurfaceofsolarlight,thesiliconmaterialtobepartofphotonabsorption；photonenergytransfertothesiliconatom,electronictransitionshavetakenplace,asafree-electronconcentrationinthePNjunctionformedonbothsidesofthepotentialdifference,whentheexternalcircuitconnectedwhentheeffectsofthevoltage,therewillbeacurrentflowingthroughtheexternalcircuithaveacertainamountofoutputpower.Thesubstanceofthisprocessare:photonenergyintoelectricalenergyconversionprocess.Siisourplanetsabundanceofstoragematerials.Sincethe19thcentury,scientistsdiscoveredthepropertiesofcrystallinesiliconsemiconductor,italmostchangedeverything,evenhumanthought,endofthe20thcentury.Ourlivescanbeseeneverywhere,siliconfigureandroleofcrystallinesiliconsolarcellsistheformationofthepast15yearsthefastestgrowingindustry.Productionprocesscanbedividedintofivesteps:a,purificationprocessb,theprocessofpullingrodc,slicingtheprocessofd,theprocessofsystembatterye,thecoursepackage.SolarphotovoltaicIsacomponentofphotovoltaicpanelsinthesunexposurewillgeneratedirectcurrentpowergenerationdevices,fromvirtuallyallsemiconductormaterials(egsilicon)aremadeofthinphotovoltaiccellscomposedofsolid.Becausethereisnopartofactivity,andwouldthusbealongtimeoperationwouldnotleadtoanyloss.Simplephotovoltaiccellsforwatchesandcomputerstoprovideenergy,andmorecomplexPVsystemstoprovidelightingforthehousingandpowersupply.Photovoltaicpanelscanbemadeintocomponentsofdifferentshapes,andcomponentscanbeconnectedtogeneratemorepower.Inrecentyears,thesurfaceoftheroofandbuildingwillbetheuseofphotovoltaicpanelscomponents,Evenbeusedaswindows,skylightsorshelteredpartofdevices,whichareoftencalledphotovoltaicfacilitieswithPVsystemsinbuildings.SolarthermalModerntechnologysolarthermalpolymerizationsunlightanduseitsenergyproducedhotwater,steamandelectricity.Inadditiontotheuseofappropriatetechnologytocollectsolarenergy,thebuildingcanalsomakeuseofthesunslightandheatenergyisaddedinthedesignofappropriateequipment,suchaslargewindowsoruseofthesouthcanabsorbandslowlyreleasethesunheatthebuildingmaterials.Accordingtorecords,humanuseofsolarenergyhasmorethan3,000yearsofhistory.Tosolarenergyasanenergyandpoweruse,only300yearsofhistory.Therealsolarasthenearfuturetoaddmuch-neededenergy,thebasisofthefutureenergymixisthelatestthing.Sincethe20thcentury,70s,solartechnologyhasmaderapidadvances,solarenergyusewitheachpassingday.SolarenergyutilizationinmodernhistoryfromtheFrenchengineersin1615intheSolomonandGermanyCoxinventedtheworldsfirstsolar-poweredenginesrun.Theinventionisauseofsolarenergyheatingtheairtotheexpansionandpumpingmachinesacting.In16151900,betweenthedevelopedworldandmorethanonesolarpowerplantandanumberofothersolarenergydevices.Almostallofthesepowerplantscollectthesunmeanstheuseofcondenser,enginepowerisnot,theworkingfluidiswatervapor,whichisveryexpensive,notpracticalvalue,themajorityofindividualstudiesformanufacturingsolarenthusiasts.100yearsofthe20thcentury,thehistoryofthedevelopmentofsolarenergytechnologyingeneralcanbedividedintosevenstages.太陽(yáng)能太陽(yáng)能（Solar）一般指太陽(yáng)光的輻射能量。在太陽(yáng)內(nèi)部進(jìn)行的由“氫”聚變成“氦”的原子核反應(yīng)，不停地釋放出巨大的能量，并不斷向宇宙空間輻射能量，這種能量就是太陽(yáng)能。太陽(yáng)內(nèi)部的這種核聚變反應(yīng)，可以維持幾十億至上百億年的時(shí)間。太陽(yáng)向宇宙空間發(fā)射的輻射功率為3.8x1023kW的輻射值，其中20億分之一到達(dá)地球大氣層。到達(dá)地球大氣層的太陽(yáng)能，30%被大氣層反射，23%被大氣層吸收，其余的到達(dá)地球表面，其功率為800000億kW，也就是說(shuō)太陽(yáng)每秒鐘照射到地球上的能量就相當(dāng)于燃燒500萬(wàn)噸煤釋放的熱量。平均在大氣外每平米面積每分鐘接受的能量大約1367w。廣義上的太陽(yáng)能是地球上許多能量的來(lái)源，如風(fēng)能，化學(xué)能，水的勢(shì)能等等。狹義的太陽(yáng)能則限于太陽(yáng)輻射能的光熱、光電和光化學(xué)的直接轉(zhuǎn)換。人類對(duì)太陽(yáng)能的利用有著悠久的歷史。我國(guó)早在兩千多年前的戰(zhàn)國(guó)時(shí)期，就知道利