閱讀理解之主旨題

1、高一英語專題培優(yōu) 閱讀理解解題技巧第二節(jié)：閱讀理解之主旨大意題分析解讀： 我們閱讀一篇文章，首先是要了解其大意，明確其主旨。因此，主旨大意題是常考題。主旨大意題考查的是考生對文章內(nèi)容的深層次理解, 它要求考生必須在充分理解全文的前提下,對整篇文章的主旨大意有一個較為清晰的印象。近年來，主旨大意題在閱讀理解一直保持比較大的比重，但難度加深，要求考生解題時對文章的主旨大意進行綜合、歸納、推斷后，方可得出正確答案。技巧點撥：1. 常見提問方式：main idea, main purpose, best title型（1） whats the main idea of the passage?（2）

2、The passage is mainly about_.（3） Which of the following statements best expresses the main idea of the passage?（4） Whats the purpose of the passage?（5） The passage tells us that_.（6） Which is the best title of the passage?（7） From the passage we can learn that _.2. 弄清文章的大意，關(guān)鍵是找到主題句。練一練：找出下面段落的主題（1）T

3、he panda is a popular animal. Stories about the panda in the Washington Zoo are always front page news and important features on television newscasts. Stuffed pandas are among the most popular toys for children, and panda postcards are always in demand in zoo gift shops.不難看出，文章的第一句是主題句，后面的句子都圍繞這個句子展

4、開。（2）Some students prefer a strict teacher who tells them exactly what to do. Others prefer to be left to work on their own. Still others like a democratic discussion type of class. No one teaching method can be devised to satisfy all students at the same time. （周六考B篇，主題句在文章的最后，放飛夢想：so let your imag

5、ination run wild, dare to dream）（3）Nothing is as useful as a flashlight on a dark night if a tire goes flat. Few inventions(發(fā)明) are so helpful to a child who is afraid of the dark. In fact, the modern flashlight brings light to many dark situations. Finding something in the back of a closet is easy

6、with a flashlight in hand. A camper also needs one after the light of the campfire has been out. (4) Smoking cigarettes is harmful to your health. Experiments show that cigarette smoking can cause cancer. Besides the most serious and terrible illness, cancer, cigarette smoking also can cause other h

7、ealth problems. For example, it can give one a “smokers cough”. Finally, studies have shown it is easy for cigarette smokers to catch colds. Whether you get an unimportant cold or terrible killercancer, smoking is harmful. Is it worth it? 議論文總分總， 首尾呼應總結(jié)：略讀(skimming)是概括和歸納段落的中心思想的手段。用略讀快速將全文閱讀一遍。特別注意

8、文首、文尾，或每段的首句和尾句等，搜索主題線索和主題信息。（略讀時要注意的是要順行快速向前移動眼睛，千萬不要停頓或復視。遇到生詞時盡量猜，不然就跳過去。） 同時，對高頻出現(xiàn)的詞要注意！ 3. 找主題句的四個小竅門：（1） 段落中出現(xiàn)表轉(zhuǎn)折的詞語（如：however, but, in fact, actually等）時，該句很可能是主題句。（2） 首段中出現(xiàn)疑問句是，對該問題的回答很可能就是文章主旨（3） 作者有意思地反復重復的觀點，通常是主旨；反復出現(xiàn)的詞語，一般為體現(xiàn)文章主旨的關(guān)鍵詞。（4） 表示總結(jié)或結(jié)論的話常有therefore, thus, in short, conclude, co

9、nclusion, in a word等。典型例析：一、 段落主旨類例1：In the 1930s, a lot of people in the USA were out of work. Among these people was a man named Alfred Butts. He always had an interest in word games and to fill his time he planned a game which he called “Lexico”. However, he was not completely satisfied with the

10、game, so he made a number of changes to it and changed its name from “ Lexico” to “Alph” and then to “Criss Cross”. He wanted to make some money from his new game but he didnt have any real commercial(商業(yè)性的)success.Q: The text is mainly about_.A. Lexico B. Three men C . A word game D. Alfred Butts.【解

11、題思路】答案A 和C以偏概全。因此此題的正確答案應為D。例2：In American we have Halloween. In Mexico they have Todos Santos, which means “All Saints”. This is the day in which people remember family and friends who have died. They visit the cemetery instead of going out to trick-or-treat. But they do have pictures of skeletons

12、and ghosts hanging around. They also have many candy skulls to eat.Q: What does the story mainly tells?A. What holiday are likeB. What Halloween is like in Mexico (曲解文章意思，并沒有說兩個是一樣的)C. What happens during Todos SantosD. What we do on Halloween練一練：Joshua Bingham studied 4 years at the University of P

13、aris and decided to leave his graduation. He transferred to the University of Berlin and graduated with honors. Harvard Law School and, later, Boston College provided him with an excellent legal（法律的） background. He is presently a corporation（公司） lawyer in Miami, Florida.Q: What is the main idea of t

14、he passage?A. How Joshua Bingham became a lawyer.B. Bingham is a diligent student.C. Joshua Bingham received an excellent education.D. A good lawyer needs good education.【解題思路】 此文沒有主題句。全篇共四句，只陳述了四個細節(jié)(detail)性的事實。因此就答案本身看，個個都對。讀者只能將所有的details綜合起來，進行邏輯推理，才能構(gòu)成一個沒有言明的主題思想(unstated main idea)。由于文中主要涉及了Jo

15、shua Bingham接受教育的情況，即作者想告訴我們的是：Joshua Bingham接受過良好的教育，所以答案是 。技巧：段落結(jié)構(gòu)分析段落結(jié)構(gòu)種類主題句的位置關(guān)鍵提示詞開頭(新聞報道、議論文)besides, for example結(jié)尾（說明文）so, therefore, thus, clearly,中間（出現(xiàn)轉(zhuǎn)折時）but, however, actually, in fact,沒有明確的主題句（記敘文，注意反復出現(xiàn)的詞語）to sum up, in a word, all in all, above all, in short,in conclusion,切記不要以偏概全,注意多次

16、出現(xiàn)的高頻詞或主題詞！二、 標題類例：We think of a flood or an earthquake as a natural disaster. To many of natures animals, however, the greatest disaster is the coming of large numbers humans. When setters came from the East to Americas great western plains, they killed millions of bison, poisoned the prairie dogs,

17、 and shot the coyotes. All this upset the areas balance of nature. For the animals, it was worse than a flood or earthquake.Q: which of the following is the best title for the text?A. Floods and EarthquakeB. HumansDisaster to NatureC. American SettlersD. Nature Balance Itself練一練：If you were planning

18、 to buy a television set, the following advertisement would certainly draw your attention: “Color TV. Only $ 79. Two days sale. Hurry up.”However, when you go to the store ready to buy. You may discover that they are sold out. But the shop assistant is quick to tell you that he has another model. A

19、much better set which is “just right for you”It costs $395. This sales method is called “bait and switch”. Buyers are baited with a sales advertisement, and then they are switched to another more expensive one. Buying things on sale needs careful consideration of the goods and the reason for the sal

20、e.Q: The paragraph could be entitled_.A. Buying A TV Set 太泛，或只是一個例子B. A Selling Method 細節(jié)，以偏概全C. Buyer Be Ware(留心)D. TV On Sale 無關(guān)技巧：標題位于文章之首，用來高度概括文章內(nèi)容，點明文章主題。它可以是單詞，短語，也可以是句子。要確定文章標題，首先，要在閱讀原文的基礎(chǔ)上，考慮標題是否與主題密切相關(guān)；其次，看標題是否能概括全文內(nèi)容。不能只概括短文中的某些事實或細節(jié)；然后，要注意標題范圍不應太大或太小；最后，標題應簡練并能吸引讀者。即:1、獨特新穎 2、概括性強 3、短小精

21、煉。三、 文章主旨類例：There are three separate sources of danger in supplying energy by nuclear power(核能).First, the radioactive material must travel from its place of production to the power station. Although the power stations themselves are strongly built, the containers used for the transport of the mater

22、ials are not. Normally, only two methods of transport are in use, namely road or rail. Unfortunately, both of these may have an effect on the general public, since they are sure to pass near, or even through, heavily populated areas.Second, there is the problem of waste. All nuclear power stations p

23、roduce wastes that in most cases will remain radioactive for thousands of years. It is impossible to make these wastes no radioactive, and so they must be stored in one of the inconvenient ways that scientists have invented. For example, they may be buried under the ground, or dropped into deserted

24、mines, or sunk in the sea. However, these methods do not solve the problem, since an earthquake could easily break the conditions.Third, there may occur the danger of a leak(泄漏) or an explosion at the power station. As with the other two dangers, this is not very likely, so it does not provide a ser

25、ious objection to the nuclear program. However, it can happen.Separately, these three types of dangers are not a great cause for worry. Taken together, though, the probability of disaster is extremely high.Q: what is the passage about?E. Uses of nuclear power.F. Dangers from nuclear power.G. Public

26、anger at nuclear powerH. Accidents caused by nuclear power.技巧：一般來說，說明文和議論文都有主題句，而且多位于文章的開頭，有時也位于文章的中間或末尾。但有時不能在文中直接找到主題句，要求讀者把握每段的主題句，弄清段于段之間邏輯關(guān)系的基礎(chǔ)上自己歸納總結(jié)。 切記不能只依據(jù)只言片語或觀看文章某些段落，從而片面地得出主題。因此主題句必須能簡潔明了地概括全文的主要內(nèi)容，具有高度的綜合性和概括性。 此外掌握文章的體裁或主線，對找到主旨句大有幫助！總結(jié)：1. 推敲正誤選項的小竅門：（1）干擾項： 概括范圍太窄，只含局部信息；概括范圍太寬，所表達的內(nèi)

27、容超出或多于文章闡述的內(nèi)容；無關(guān)信息：即文章中未提到、找不到語言依據(jù)的信息。（2）正確答案：一般不會出現(xiàn)細節(jié)信息； 不含過于肯定或絕對的詞語；不能太籠統(tǒng)、言過其實或以偏概全；四個選項中，內(nèi)容相近或完全相反的兩個選項中，往往有一個是正確選項。（3）不確定的時候，用一用排除法。2. 把握文章的邏輯結(jié)構(gòu)：把握文章的邏輯結(jié)構(gòu)對于主旨題很有幫助。閱讀中常見的文章邏輯有：時間順序、總-分、分-總、運用對比或類比結(jié)構(gòu)手法。有時候，抓住文章體裁，對找到中心思想很有幫助。新聞報道 導語提攜全文議論文總分總 （論點論據(jù)結(jié)論）說明文分總記敘文記敘文六要素（一般沒有主題句，中心貫穿全文）3. 如何選出文章標題：標題的

28、選擇要在閱讀原文的基礎(chǔ)上，仔細考慮這句話或短語與文章主題是否有密切的聯(lián)系，對文章的概括性或覆蓋面如何，避免以下三種錯誤：概括不夠（多表現(xiàn)為部分代替整體）；過度概括（多表現(xiàn)為人為擴大范圍）；以事實或細節(jié)代替抽象概括的大意。實戰(zhàn)演練：A（記敘文）Yong Liang, two years old, is the first giant panda raised from birth in the zoo. Last month zoo keepers found the panda was suffering from serious anemia(貧血), calling for urgent

29、blood transfusion（輸血）.The best way, according to the zoos experts, to save Yong Liang from anemia would be to transfuse blood from another panda. But it was the breeding(繁殖) season for giant pandas, and such a transfusion would be very difficult.But the experts found that there exits a close consang

30、uinity(血緣) between giant pandas and black bears, and so they decided to try to take blood from black bears in the zoo and transfuse it to Yong Liang.With the help of hospitals and the Beijing Blood Donor Station, they made an experiment which proved that the red blood cells in the blood of black bea

31、rs can be used.On the afternoon of February 15th, the first red blood cell transfusion was given to the giant panda - about 600 ml blood from the black bear. Immediately the young panda started to recover.1.WhichofthefollowingisNOTtruetothearticle?A.Giantpandasandblackbearsareofthesamerace（種族）.B.The

32、transfusionwasbasedonscientificresearchandexperiments.C.Afterthetransfusion,theyoungpandabegantobe healthy.D.The2-year-oldpandawasprobablybornintheBeijingzoo.2.Theydecidedtotryanotherwaytosavethepandabecause_.A.itwasdifficulttofindotherpandasB.thebloodofpandaswastooexpensiveC.itwasthebreedingseasonf

33、orthepanda,YongLiangD.otherpandaswereproducingyoungatthattime3.Thebesttitleofthearticleshouldbe_.A.ProtectingGiantPandasB.YongLiangAGiantPandaC.BearBloodSavedPandaD.Bear and Panda 【答案與解析】兩歲的熊貓永良貧血，專家們發(fā)現(xiàn)熊貓的血與黑熊的血緣相近，于是就從黑熊身上抽了3600毫升血輸給永良，最后永良得救了。1.A。判斷題。B、C、D三項內(nèi)容文章涉及了，惟獨沒說熊貓和黑熊是同一種族。2.D。語義理解題。從第2段最后一

34、句話Butitwasthebreedingseasonforgiantpandas可以知道答案是D。3.C。主旨題。文章主要是講熊貓永良貧血，專家們發(fā)現(xiàn)黑熊的血和熊貓的血是相近的血緣，于是抽了黑熊的血救了熊貓。所以答案應該選C。B（議論文，總分總）Computers are very important to modern life. Many people think that in the future computers will be used in lots of everyday life. It is thought that we wont have to go shoppin

35、g because we will be able to get most things which are sold in shops on the Internet. There will be no more books because we will be able to get all texts from computers. The Internet will be used to play games, see films and buy food. Most telephone calls will be made by computers, too.Some people

36、are glad about these new ways of shopping and communicating(交際). Others do not think that computers will replace our old ways.Lets look at books, for example. Some people think that one day we will not read books made of paper. Instead, we will buy and read books using computers. We will read texts

37、on small pocket computers. The computers will keep many different books in them at the same time. We wont need to turn lots of pages and paper will be saved. Computerized(計算機化) books will be used more and more.Is Internet shopping such a pleasure as going to the shop? Many people say it is not. It i

38、s a pleasure to go in to shops and look at things you want to buy. It is also unlikely that many people will want to read large texts on our computers. Because paper books will perhaps be more friendly. Maybe computers wont change these two habits.1.Inparagraph(段落)1itisthoughtpeoplewillusecomputersf

39、or_.A.playinggames,shoppingandmakingtelephonecallsB.makingtelephonecalls,havingmealsandseeingfilmsC.seeingfilms,buyingfood,andgoingforholidaysD.playinggames,makingtelephonecallsandseeingthedoctor2.WhichreasonforusingcomputerizedbooksisNOTsaidinthepassage?A.Computerizedbookswontbeveryexpensive.B.Comp

40、uterscankeepmanydifferentbooksinthem.C.Wewonthavelotsofpages.D.Wewontneedanypaper.3.Paragraph4tells_.A.abouttheoldandnewwaysofshoppingandcommunicatingB.iftheInternetwillchangeourhabitsC.aboutcomputerizedbooksD.aboutfutureusesofcomputers4.Thetitleforthispassageis_.A.ComputerswillReplaceShopsandBooks

41、B.ComputersAretheFutureC.ComputerswillDoEverythingforMan D.HowComputersChangeOurHabits【答案與解析】本文主要敘述計算機在未來生活中的應用以及計算機能否改變我們的一些生活習慣的問題。1.A。細節(jié)題。在第一自然段中我們可知在未來計算機會涉及到我們?nèi)粘Ｉ畹姆椒矫婷?，其中提到了購物、玩游戲、看電影和打電話?.A。細節(jié)題。從文章的第三自然段中可知計算機可同時貯存許多本書，這樣我們就不再看書本了，并且還節(jié)約了紙，computerized(計算機化)books被使用的越來越多。但有一點理由沒有說，那就是computer

42、izedbooks是非常貴的。3.B。語義理解題。計算機雖給我們帶來了許多便利，但有些人仍然喜歡到商店購物，paperbooks仍舊受許多人的青睞，那么這Internet將是否改變?nèi)藗兊牧晳T呢？4.B。主旨題?？v讀全文(特別是開頭的兩句)可知，計算機與我們的生活息息相關(guān)，所以說computersarethefuture。C（說明文）City people usually think they are a lot smarter than country people. They often laugh at simple country ways. But people do not laug

43、h at country music. It is one of the most popular kinds of music in the United States today.Perhaps it is so popular because it is about simple but strong human feelings and events-love, sadness, good times and bad times. It tells real-life stories and sounds the way people really talk. As life beco

44、mes more and more complicated, it is good to hear music about ordinary people.Country music, sometimes called country-western, comes from two kinds of music. One is the traditional(傳統(tǒng)的) music of the people in Appalachian Mountains in the eastern United States. The other is traditional cowboy（牛仔） mus

45、ic from the West. The singers usually play guitars, and in the 1920s they started using electric guitars.At first city people said country music was low class. It was popular mostly in the South. But during World War II, thousands of southerners went to the Northeast and Midwest to work in the facto

46、ries. They took their music with them. Soldiers from the rest of the country went to army camps in the South. They learned to like country music. Slowly it became popular all over the world.Today country music is popular everywhere in the United States and Canada in small towns and in New York City,

47、 among black and white, and among educated and uneducated people. About 1,200 radio stations broadcast country music twenty-four hours a day. People sing it in their languages. The music that started with cowboys and poor farmers in now popular all over the world.1. People enjoy country music becaus

48、e _.A. it is free of charge B. it is very excitingC. it is about ordinary people D. it is easy to learn2. Which of the following is TRUE according to the passage ? A. American country music comes from Appalachian Mountains and the West. B. American country music first started in the South. C. Americ

49、an country music is becoming more and more complicated. D. American country music is low class.3. The fourth paragraph mainly tells us _. A. why people love country music in the United Stated B. when people began to enjoy country music C. where country music was most popular D. how country music bec

50、ame more and more popular4. From the last paragraph we can see that _. A. black people enjoy country music best of all B. rich people love country music best of all C. country music is well received all the world D. all people enjoy country music all over the world5. Which of the following can be used as the best title for this p