獨立主格結(jié)構(gòu)講解及練習(xí)

1、. 獨立主格結(jié)構(gòu)的用法 一、獨立主格結(jié)構(gòu)的概念獨立主格結(jié)構(gòu)（Absolute Structure）是由名詞或代詞加上分詞等構(gòu)成的一種獨立結(jié)構(gòu)，用于修飾整個句子。獨立主格結(jié)構(gòu)中的名詞或代詞與其后的分詞等構(gòu)成邏輯上的主謂關(guān)系。這種結(jié)構(gòu)與主句不發(fā)生句法上的聯(lián)系，它的位置相當靈活，可置于主句前、主句末或主句中，常由逗號將其與主句分開。在句中作狀語，相當于一個狀語從句。需特別注意的是，獨立主格結(jié)構(gòu)與主句之間不能使用任何連接詞。二、獨立主格結(jié)構(gòu)基本構(gòu)成形式名詞(代詞)+現(xiàn)在分詞；過去分詞；形容詞；副詞；不定式；名詞；介詞短語）1. 名詞(代詞)+現(xiàn)在分詞例句：The storm drawing near，

2、the navvy decided to call it a dayThe storm drawing near在句中作： 原因狀語Since the storm was drawing near，the navvy decided to call it a day由于暴風雨即將來臨，那個挖土小工決定收工。（call it a day 今天到此為止） 例句：Winter coming, it gets colder and colder. Winter coming在句中作：伴隨狀語= The winter comes, and it gets colder and colder.冬天來了，天

3、氣越來越冷了。造句：時間允許的話，我就和你一起走。 Time permitting, I will go with you. 獨立主格作：條件狀語=改寫：If time permits, I will go with you.造句：那個姑娘望著他，他不知道說什么好。 The girl staring at him, he didnt know what to say. 獨立主格作：時間狀語=改寫：As the girl stared at him, he didnt know what to say.2. 名詞(代詞)+過去分詞 例句：He was listening attentively

4、in class, his eyes fixed on the blackboard.他上課專心聽講，眼睛緊盯著黑板。例句：The meeting gone over, everyone tired to go home earlier. 會議結(jié)束后，每個人都想早點回家。造句：工作完成后，他回家了。The work done, he went back home.= When the work was done, he went back home. 3. 名詞(代詞)+不定式在“名詞/代詞+動詞不定式”結(jié)構(gòu)中，動詞不定式和它前面的名詞或代詞如果存在著邏輯上的主謂關(guān)系，動詞不定式則用主動的形式

5、；如果是動賓關(guān)系，則用被動形式。例句：The four of us agreed on a division of labor, each to translate a quarter of the book.我們四人同意分工干，每人翻譯全書的四分之一。例句：Many trees, flowers, and grass to be planted, our school will look even more beautiful.種上許多的樹、花和草后，我們新建的學(xué)?？瓷先⒏馈Ｔ炀洌哼€有很多作業(yè)要做，我不能和你走。A lot of home work to do, I cant go wi

6、th you.4. 名詞(代詞)+形容詞Computers very small, we can use them widely.電腦雖小，我們卻能廣泛地利用它們。he stood silent in the noon sunlight, its door open.5. 名詞(代詞)+副詞The meeting over, our headmaster soon left the meeting room.散會了，校長很快就離開了會議室。燈熄了，我們不能繼續(xù)工作了。造句：The lights off, we could not go on with the work.6. 名詞(代詞)+名詞

7、His first shot failure，he fired again他第一槍沒擊中，又打了一槍。Two hundred people died in the accident, many of them children.兩百人死于事故，其中有許多兒童。7. 名詞(代詞) +介詞短語The huntsman entered the forest, gun in hand. 那位獵人手里提著槍走進了樹林。三、with，without 引導(dǎo)的獨立主格結(jié)構(gòu)with ( without)+賓語（名詞/代詞）+賓語補足語，賓語通常由名詞或代詞充當，但代詞一定要用賓格。上文的獨立主格結(jié)構(gòu)的幾種情況都

8、適用于此結(jié)構(gòu)。The girl hid her box without anyone knowing where it was.小女孩把盒子藏了起來，沒有人知道它在哪里。（without +名詞/代詞+動詞的-ing形式）Without a word more spoken, she left the meeting room.她沒再說什么話就離開了會議室。（without+名詞/代詞+動詞的-ed形式）The kid feels excited with so many places of interest to visit.有這么多的名勝可參觀，小孩很激動。（with+名詞/代詞+動詞不定

9、式）The boy was walking, with his father ahead.父親在前，小孩在后走著。（with+名詞/代詞+副詞）He stood at the door, with a computer in his hand. 或He stood at the door, computer in hand.他站在門口，手里拿著一部電腦。（with+名詞/代詞+介詞短語）With his son so disappointing, the old man felt unhappy.由于兒子如此令人失望，老人感到很不快樂。（with+名詞/代詞+形容詞）在with (withou

10、t) 的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)中，多數(shù)情況下with 能省略，但without 不能省略。造句：老師走進教室，胳膊下面夾了一本書。The teacher walked into the classroom, with a book under his arm.造句：老師坐在椅子上，周圍一群學(xué)生圍著他。The teacher is sitting in the chair, with a group of students around him造句：工作完成了，他回家了。With the work done, he went back home.造句：由那個男孩帶路，我們很容易就找到了那奇怪的洞。With t

11、he boy leading the way, we had no trouble finding the strange cave.四、獨立主格結(jié)構(gòu)的句法功能獨立主格結(jié)構(gòu)在句中一般作狀語，表示時間、條件、原因、伴隨狀況等，還可以作定語。1. 作時間狀語 My shoes removed，I entered a low-ceilinged room，treading cautiously on the soft tatami matting我脫掉鞋子后，走進一間屋頂很低的房間，小心翼翼地踩在柔軟的塌塌米墊子上。 The governor pondering the matter，more st

12、rikers gathered across his path總督思考問題時，更多的罷工工人聚集在他要通過的路上。2. 作條件狀語 Weather permitting，they will go on an outing to the beach tomorrow如果天氣允許的話，他們將在明天組織一次海濱郊游。 Such being the case，you have no grounds for dismissing him如果情況如此的話，你沒有理由解聘他。3. 作原因狀語 The boy leading the way, we had no trouble finding the str

13、ange cave.由那個男孩帶路，我們很容易就找到了那奇怪的洞。 There being no further business to discuss, we all went home.沒有別的事可討論，我們都回家了。4. 作伴隨狀語或補充說明 I took my ticket，and marched proudly up the platform，with my cheeses，the people falling back respectfully on either side我拿著車票還有我的奶酪，雄赳赳氣昂昂地跨步走向月臺。人們似乎很尊敬我，紛紛向兩邊退去。 Ten student

14、s entered for the competition, the youngest a boy of 12.十個學(xué)生報名參加了這次競賽，年紀最小的是個12歲的男孩。比較：動詞不定式表示動作沒有發(fā)生或即將發(fā)生，動詞-ed形式表示動作已經(jīng)結(jié)束，動詞-ing形式往往表示動作正在進行。The manager looks worried，many things to settle. 經(jīng)理看上去很著急, 有這么多的事情要處理。（事情還沒有處理，而且是由經(jīng)理本人來處理，用不定式to settle）The manager looks relaxed, many things settled. 許多事情已經(jīng)

15、處理好了， 經(jīng)理看上去很輕松。（事情已經(jīng)處理好了，用動詞-ed形式settled表示動作已經(jīng)結(jié)束）The food being cooked, the boy was watching TV. 小孩一邊做飯，一邊看電視。（兩個動作同時進行）The food cooked, the boy went to bed.飯做好了，小孩去睡了。（兩個動作有先后，飯已做好，小孩才去睡覺的） 五、 獨立主格結(jié)構(gòu)的特殊用法1、有些分詞短語可以獨立存在,在句子中沒有邏輯上的主語,實際上已經(jīng)變成了習(xí)慣用法。這些短語有:Generally speaking 總的說來, Frankly speaking 坦率地說,J

16、udging from 從判斷, Supposing 假設(shè),等等。 Generally speaking, the rule is very easy to understand. 總的說來,這條規(guī)則很容易懂。Judging from what he said, he must be an honest man. 由他所說的來判斷,他一定是一個誠實的人。2、有些固定短語是帶 to 的不定式,表明說話人的立場或態(tài)度,在句中作獨立成分。這些短語有: to be honest老實說,to be sure 確實,to tell you the truth 說實話,to cut a long story

17、 short 長話短說,to be frank 坦率地說,to make matters / things worse 更糟糕的是,等等。 To tell you the truth, I made a mistake in the word spelling. 說實話,我犯了一個拼寫錯誤。單項填空1. The lecture _, he left his seat so quietly that no one complained that his leaving disturbed the speaker. A. began B. beginning C. having begun D.

18、being beginning2. Such _ the case, I have no other choices. A. being B. is C. was D. to be 3. Darkness _ in, the young people strolled on the streets. A. set B. setting C. has set D. was set4. With all factors _ ,we think this program may be better than all the others in achieving the goal. A. being

19、 considered B. considering C. considered D. are considered 5. A new technique _, the production increased by 20 percent. A. to have been worked outB. having worked out C. working out D. having been worked out 6. On the top was the clear outline of a great wolf sitting still, ears _, alert, listening

20、. A. pointed B. pointing C. are pointed D. are pointing 7. Walter offered us a lift when he was leaving the office, but our work _, we didnt accept the offer. A. not being finished B. not having finished C. had not been finished D. was not finished 8. There are various kinds of metals, each _ its ow

21、n properties (特性). A. has B. had C. to have D. having 9. The old man stood under a big tree, _. A. a pipe in mouth B. with a pipe in mouth C. pipe in mouth D. pipe in his mouth10. The production _ steadily, the factory needs an ever-increasing supply of raw material (原料). A. has gone up B. is going up C. having gone upD. being gone up11The lecture_，he left his seat so quietly that no one complained that his leaving disturbed the speakerAbegan Bbeginning Chaving begun Dbeing beginning 12Such_the case ，there are no ground