2020-2021年中考英語書面表達(dá)單元測試題(含答案)經(jīng)典1

1、2020-2021 年 中考英語書面表達(dá)單元測試題( 含答案 ) 經(jīng)典 1一、中考英語書面表達(dá)（含答案詳細(xì)解析）1書面表達(dá)假如你是九年級(jí)學(xué)生李華，你的美國筆友Billy 發(fā)來郵件詢問你平時(shí)鍛煉的情況。請(qǐng)你根據(jù)以下信息，給Billy 回封電子郵件，并建議他每周都要花些時(shí)間鍛煉身體。寫作要點(diǎn)：1. 你最近正忙于為即將到來的體育測試（physical test）做準(zhǔn)備。2. 介紹你平時(shí)鍛煉的情況：（ 1）每天鍛煉的時(shí)間：不到一個(gè)半小時(shí)。（ 2）偶爾不鍛煉的原因：作業(yè)多，沒時(shí)間。（ 3）擅長的體育運(yùn)動(dòng)：球類運(yùn)動(dòng)。3. 談?wù)勫憻捊o你帶來了哪些好處。寫作要求：1. 不得使用真實(shí)的姓名和學(xué)校名。2. 可適當(dāng)

2、加入細(xì)節(jié)，使內(nèi)容充實(shí)，行文連貫。3. 字跡工整，語言精練，表達(dá)準(zhǔn)確，條理清晰。4. 至少 80 詞。Dear Billy,It s my great pleasure to receive your-maile._Best wishes!Yours,Li Hua【答案】 Dear Billy,It s my great pleasure to receive your- maile. You wanted to know about my usual exercise. Iit to you.I am busy preparing for the coming physical test. S

3、o I take exercise less than an hour every day.Sometimes I don t do exercise, because I have so much homework that I have no time to do it. Ido well in playing balls.Doing exercise can help me keep a strong body, and it is good for my health. Besides, I think it canmake me relaxed by doing exercise.

4、So I advise you to spend more time doing exercise everyweek.Best wishes!Yours,Li Hua ll tell【解析】【分析】這是一篇給材料作文，給Billy 回封電子郵件，介紹自己平時(shí)的鍛煉情況，并建議他每周都要花些 身體?！?解】 合所 材料，可知本文主要考 一般 在 ，人稱 數(shù)第一，三人稱，注意主 一致 ，句子 構(gòu)主要 系表 構(gòu)和 構(gòu)，注意一些常 句式的 用，比如：I ambusy ， because I have，Doing exercise can help， SoIadvise you to等句式的 用。寫作

5、中注意運(yùn)用代 ，注意多種句式交替運(yùn)用。寫作中注意敘述 序，符合 關(guān)系?！军c(diǎn)睛】本文 構(gòu) 湊， 言 。開 表示很高 收到Billy 的來信，接下來介 我平 的 情況，最后指出 我 來的好 以及我建 Billy要多 。此 be busy doing sth,prepare for, do well in, be good for, advise sb to do sth等 些 的運(yùn)用也 文章增色不少。2 面表達(dá)假 你是某英文 “Teenagers ”目的 Betty ，日前收到了Lucy 的來信。她在信中 了她的 ， 你根據(jù)Lucy 的來信，用英 寫一封90 左右的回信。要求內(nèi)容合理,信的開 和

6、尾已 出，不 入 數(shù)。Dear Lucy,I m sorry to know that you aren t allowed to read eBooks._All the best!Betty【答案】 Dear Lucy,I m sorry to know that you aren t allowed to read eBooks.In recent years, electronic books, as a product of information technology, have gained more and more popularity. It is no doubt ele

7、ctronic books bring many benefits. For one thing, they are so convenient that we can read them anywhere and anytime. For another, their appearance will make paper-waste less.However, as every coin has two sides, electronic books also have some disadvantages. For example, long time of reading e-books

8、 does harm to our eyes. And there are more radiation which is harmful to peoples body.In my opinion, E-book cannot take the place of traditional book, but its an useful product. I thinkthat e-books are beneficial if we read correctly and properly instead of reading over.All the best!Betty【解析】【 解】 篇短

9、文使用了大量的固定句式和短 ， 文章增色不少，如in recent years ，as a productof， live in ， more and more ， so that， for example ， do harm to ， be harmful to ，in my opinion ， take the place of ， instead of 等。同 For one thing, / For another,/ However, 等使短文的敘述很有條理，而 It is no doubt electronic books bring many benefits./ they ar

10、e soconvenient that we can read them anywhere and anytime. / And there are more radiation which is harmful to peoples body./ I think that e-books are beneficial if we read correctly and properly instead of reading over.等復(fù) 從句 構(gòu)的運(yùn)用，豐富了短文內(nèi)容，使表達(dá)多 化，是本文的最大亮點(diǎn)。在學(xué) 中注意 牢 一些固定句式及短 ，寫作 就可以適當(dāng)引用，使文章表達(dá)更有 性，也更富有條理

11、?！军c(diǎn)睛】 面表達(dá) 既不是 英，也不是可任意 的作文。它要求將所 定的材料內(nèi)容 整理后展開思 ，考 運(yùn)用所學(xué)英 知 準(zhǔn)確表達(dá)意思的能力。所以，考生不能 漏要點(diǎn)，要盡量使用自己熟悉的 、短 和句式，盡可能使用高 和 復(fù) 的句式 構(gòu)以便得到 高的分?jǐn)?shù)。3（ 文） 面表達(dá)在中學(xué)生機(jī)器人大 上，出 了一種 照 老人的新型家用智能機(jī)器人，它的主要功能有：1. 定 做 、洗衣服；2. 陪老人聊天、下棋、做運(yùn) ；3. 理 急情況（如： 打 120）假如你是 機(jī)器人的 明者， 你介 個(gè) 品，并 你的未來 想。要求： 1. 意思 ， 句通 ；2. 數(shù) 80 左右；短文的開 已 出（不 入 數(shù)）3. 參考 ：at

12、 a fixed time 定 emergency 急情況ccompany sb.陪伴某人Ladies and gentlemen,Thank you for attending our robot show. Now I dcelikemytonewintroduinvention to all of you.【答案】 Ladies and gentlemen,Thank you for attending our robot show. Now I d like to introduce my new invention to all of you.I invented the new r

13、obot mainly to help the elderly at home. It can cook meals and do somewashing at a fixed time. When old people feel alone, it can also accompany them by having a chat,playing chess or doing exercise. What s more, it can deal with some emergencies. For example, ifan old man falls ill suddenly, the ro

14、bot will call doctors immediately for help.I m sure my new invention will be a great help to the elderly. I think in the future people will live a more comfortable life with the help of new robots.【解析】亮點(diǎn) 明： 篇 作的 次清晰，內(nèi)容 ，表達(dá)流 。文中使用了非常好的短 ，例如thank you for doing ， I d like to do，introduce sb. to ， all o

15、f you ，at home ，do some washing ， at a fixed time ，have a chat， play chess， do exercise，deal with ，a great help ， in the future 等。而 Thank you for attending our robot show./ I invented the new robot mainly to help the elderly at home. / I think in the future people will live a more comfortable life w

16、ith the help ofnew robots. 等非 和復(fù) 從句的運(yùn)用，豐富了 作內(nèi)容，使表達(dá)多 化，是本文的最大亮點(diǎn)。點(diǎn)睛： 面表達(dá) 既不是 英，也不是可任意 的作文。它要求將所 定的材料內(nèi)容 整理后展開思 ，考 運(yùn)用所學(xué)英 知 準(zhǔn)確表達(dá)意思的能力。所以，考生不能 漏要點(diǎn)，要盡量使用自己熟悉的 、短 和句式，盡可能使用高 和 復(fù) 的句式 構(gòu)以便得到 高的分?jǐn)?shù)。4 面表達(dá)根據(jù)下列表格的提示，寫一篇 Changes in Our Hometown 的英 短文（80 左右）文章內(nèi)容必 包含所 的所有信息開 已 出，不 入 數(shù)內(nèi)容要點(diǎn)： 去 在1舊房1高樓2河水 2河水清澈（ clean an

17、d clear）3步行、 自行 上班3乘公交 、小汽 上班4道路狹窄（ narrow ）4街道 （ wide ），干 整 5居住條件（ living conditions ）差5生活越來越好， 境（ environment ）越來越舒適6你的感想 （寫兩到三句）Changes in Our HometownIn the past ten years ， great changes have taken place in our hometown 【答案】 Changes in Our HometownIn the past ten years, great changes have taken

18、 place in our hometown. In the past, there used to be old houses. The river was very dirty. The roads were narrow and the living conditions were terrible. People were not rich. They went to work on foot or by bike. But now, there are many tall buildings in our hometown. We can see the clean river an

19、d the clear water . Even we can see fish in the water. There are many wide and clean roads. Our life is better and better The environmentbe in use（投入使用）；around us is more and more comfortable. People usually go to work by bus or by car.I am glad to see these great changes in my hometown. But I think

20、 it s still important to remembe the past. It tells that we should cherish the present life.【解析】【 解】亮點(diǎn) 明： 篇 作的 次清晰，內(nèi)容 ，表達(dá)流 。文中使用了非常好的短 ，例如take place， in our hometown ， in the past ， used to be ，go to do ， on foot ， by bike，better and better ， more and more 等。而 I think its still important to remember

21、 the past/It tells that we should cherish the present life. 等 從句 構(gòu)的運(yùn)用，豐富了 作內(nèi)容，使表達(dá)多 ，是本文的最大亮點(diǎn)?！军c(diǎn)睛】 面表達(dá) 既不是 英，也不是可任意 的作文。它要求將所 定的材料內(nèi)容 整理后展開思 ，考 運(yùn)用所學(xué)英 知 準(zhǔn)確表達(dá)意思的能力。所以，考生不能 漏要點(diǎn)，要盡量使用自己熟悉的 、短 和句式，盡可能使用高 和 復(fù) 的句式 構(gòu)以便得到 高的分?jǐn)?shù)。5 面表達(dá)某英文 “家 的 化 ”主 征文活 。 根據(jù)下表提示，以“The Changes in MyHometown” ，用英 寫一篇100 左右的短文，不必逐字逐句

22、翻 。生活條件差，道路狹窄，房屋破舊。 去 染 重，垃圾遍地。.（適當(dāng) 一至兩點(diǎn)） 境：政府采取措施來改善 染，城市 得越來越整 。生活：住房 敞明亮； 多人搬 了新公寓。越來越多的人 在有自己的汽 ；生活舒適。交通：新的 機(jī) 已投入使用多年。旅游：每年有成千上萬來自各地的游客。將來希望 （兩點(diǎn)）要求： 1. 短文的開 已 你寫好，不 入 數(shù)；2. 短文必 包括所有內(nèi)容要點(diǎn)，并適當(dāng) ，使短文 通 ；3. 文中不得出 真 的人名、校名、地名等相關(guān)信息。Changes my hometownMy hometown has changed a lot over the years.In the pa

23、st,_【答案】 My hometown has changed a lot over the years.In the past, my hometown was very poor and the streets were very narrow. Houses were small and old. Rubbish was everywhere. Few people would like to come to my hometown. Now the government takes measures to improve the pollution and the city beco

24、mes cleaner and cleaner. The houses are big and bright. Many people have moved into new apartments. More and more people have their own cars and live a comfortable life. The new airport has been in use for two years. There are thousands of tourists from all over the country every year.I hope my home

25、town is becoming more and more beautiful.【解析】【詳解】這篇作文要求我們以 The Changes in My Hometown 為題，介紹一下自己的家鄉(xiāng)這些年來發(fā)生的變化。題目中用表格的形式，給我們對(duì)比的家鄉(xiāng)的過去和現(xiàn)在，我們應(yīng)用正確的英語將這些內(nèi)容表達(dá)出來，并對(duì)將來提出兩點(diǎn)希望。審題可知，作文的基本框架和大概內(nèi)容都有了，需要注意的是在描寫過去的時(shí)候，需要適當(dāng)發(fā)揮一到兩點(diǎn)；還有對(duì)將來的希望也需要學(xué)生自己發(fā)揮。這兩個(gè)地方需要學(xué)生們展開想象，合理發(fā)揮，注意要與文章的其他部分能夠很好的結(jié)合起來，內(nèi)容也要統(tǒng)一，符合題目要求，合情合理。表達(dá)時(shí)，需要注意英語表達(dá)

26、習(xí)慣和漢語是不同的，不能逐詞翻譯表格中的語句，而應(yīng)從句子的整體考慮，使用恰當(dāng)?shù)脑~匯、短語和句型來表達(dá)。注意句式的多變，長短句結(jié)合、簡單句、并列句或復(fù)合句穿插使用，提升文章的檔次。語句之間注意使用適當(dāng)?shù)倪B接成分，使文意連貫?！军c(diǎn)睛】這是一篇優(yōu)秀的作文，短文作者按照題目要求，介紹了自己的家鄉(xiāng)這些年來的變化。文章是按照時(shí)間的順序，先介紹了家鄉(xiāng)過去的面貌，這一部分使用了過去時(shí)態(tài)，謂語動(dòng)詞都變成了過去式，形式準(zhǔn)確。然后是家鄉(xiāng)現(xiàn)在的樣子，這里主要以一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)態(tài)為主。最后對(duì)家鄉(xiāng)的未來表達(dá)了自己的愿望。整篇文章內(nèi)容充實(shí)、完整，敘述清晰、條理，結(jié)構(gòu)合理。文章中語言得體，語句通順，句式表達(dá)符合英語的習(xí)慣，語法規(guī)范

27、、準(zhǔn)確。短文里還使用了一些較好的短語和句型，如 In the past, my hometown was very poor and the streets were very narrow. 、Now the government takes measures to improve the pollution and the city becomes cleaner and cleaner 、 More and more people have their own cars and live a comfortable life 、There are thousands of tourist

28、s from all over the country every year. 等等。6共享單車自從2016 年在江陰投入使用以來，給人們帶來了諸多便利，受到人們的追捧，改變了人們的出行方式，但同時(shí)也遇到了一些挑戰(zhàn)，是國民素質(zhì)的 “照妖鏡 ”，請(qǐng)你根據(jù)表格中信息的提示，給 21 世紀(jì)英文報(bào)寫一篇關(guān)于共享單車看法的稿件。社會(huì)現(xiàn)狀自從出現(xiàn)，飽受贊譽(yù)。隨處可見，出行方便諸多優(yōu)勢有益健康，減少污染費(fèi)用不高，負(fù)擔(dān)得起未及時(shí)歸還存在問題占道擋路你的觀點(diǎn)我認(rèn)為 -參考詞匯：公共自行車public bicycles注意事項(xiàng)： 1.短文須包括表格中所有提示內(nèi)容，要求語句通順，意思連貫。2.表格中 “你的觀點(diǎn) ”

29、一欄用 2-3 句話展開合理想象，做適當(dāng)發(fā)揮。3.詞數(shù)在 90 個(gè)左右，文章的開頭部分已給出，不計(jì)入總詞數(shù)。Public bicycles are becoming more and more popular in our daily life.【答案】 Public bicycles are becoming more and more popular in our daily life. They have wonhigh praise since they appeared. Public bicycles have brought us many advantages. They ca

30、n beseen everywhere so that it s easy for us to get around on public bicycles. Also, Riding bicycles notonly is good for our health but also can helpreduce pollution. What s more, using public bicyclescosts so little that we can afford it. But there are some problems too. Some people canpublic bicyc

31、les in time. Sometimes because public bicycles take up too much of the road, they arein our way. I think we should encourage more people to use public bicycles. After all, itliving a green life.【解析】這是一篇材料作文，要求給英文報(bào)社寫一篇投稿，介紹對(duì)共享單車看法。作文應(yīng)包括 4 個(gè)主要內(nèi)容，一個(gè)是社會(huì)現(xiàn)狀，第二個(gè)優(yōu)點(diǎn)，第三是存在的問題，最后發(fā)表個(gè)人的觀點(diǎn)。動(dòng)筆前要認(rèn)真審題，深入挖掘題材內(nèi)涵，不可遺漏要

32、點(diǎn)，并適當(dāng)發(fā)揮。要注意上下文的連貫，將這些內(nèi)容有機(jī)的連接起來，不要逐句翻譯。使用一些好的句型和短語，注意正確的時(shí)態(tài)和語態(tài)以及謂語動(dòng)詞的形式，還需要注意英語表達(dá)和漢語習(xí)慣的不同，讓整篇短文表達(dá)流暢。7 假如你是李華，你的英國筆友 Jack給你寫郵件表達(dá)了想?yún)⒓幽阈Ｊ钇跒橥鈬鴮W(xué)生舉辦的漢語夏令營的愿望，希望你告知活動(dòng)舉辦的具體時(shí)間地點(diǎn)，活動(dòng)安排以及你的建議。提示詞語：Chinese classes, learn, attend, culture, prepare提示問題： When and where will the Chinese Summer Camp be held? What activ

33、ities will be held at the Chinese Summer Camp? What is your advice for Jack?Dear Jack,I am very glad to know that you are interested in the Chinese Summer Camp in ourschool this summer holiday.Yours,Li Hua【答案】 Dear Jack,I am very glad to know that you are interested in the Chinese Summer Camp in our

34、 school this summer holiday.The Chinese Summer Camp will be held in our school from July 10th to July 30th this summer.The activities of this Chinese Summer Camp are as follows:First, you will attend Chinese classes, learning the meaning of Chinese characters.Second, you will take part in different

35、parties, knowing the history of China and Chinese culture, especially Chinese holidays, which will impress you deeply.Whatsmore, you will have chances to visit some museums and the Great Wall. What you should prepare is a pair of shoes for the visit.If you have any questions, please tell me. I am lo

36、oking forward to your early reply.Yours,Li Hua【解析】【詳解】1.題干解讀：這是一篇提綱類書面表達(dá)，只給了一些要點(diǎn)提示，但都不很明確。學(xué)生除了要把所給要點(diǎn)提示都表達(dá)出來外，還要進(jìn)行適當(dāng)拓展，使文章內(nèi)容充實(shí)。2.例文點(diǎn)評(píng)：該題要求寫作體裁為書信格式，所以例文用第一人稱I 進(jìn)行寫作，在文章結(jié)尾也按照標(biāo)準(zhǔn)書信格式進(jìn)行了收尾。文章時(shí)態(tài)用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)和一般將來時(shí)。文章條理分明，三個(gè)要點(diǎn)提示都已表達(dá)清楚，并進(jìn)行了適當(dāng)拓展，所給單詞也都全部用上。3.高分亮點(diǎn)：短語： as follows，take part in ， Whats more， look forwar

37、d to 。句型：被動(dòng)句型，現(xiàn)在分詞作狀語，主語從句。82019 年 2 月 20 日，中央宣傳部授予北京榜樣優(yōu)秀群體“時(shí)代楷模 ”稱號(hào)。時(shí)代楷模充分體現(xiàn) “愛國、敬業(yè)、誠信、友善”的價(jià)值準(zhǔn)則。某網(wǎng)站正在開展以“向時(shí)代楷模學(xué)習(xí)”為主題的英語征文活動(dòng)。假如你是李華，請(qǐng)用英語寫一篇短文投稿，談?wù)勆钪心阍撛趺醋觯约斑@樣做的意義。提示詞語： pick up, rubbish, study, honest, important提示問題： What should you do in your daily life?Why do you do so?As a middle student, I can

38、do a lot to learn from our role models.【答案】例文As a middle student, I can do a lot to learn from our role models. First, we can protect the environment. For example, we can pick up the rubbish, recycle things in our daily life, and so on. Second, we shall respect people around us. Respect others to st

39、art from small things. Third, behave well. We should be kind to others, warm-hearted to everyone, and generous to our friends. By doing so, our world will become more and more beautiful.【解析】【詳解】題干解讀：該題目屬于應(yīng)用文寫作，但寫作時(shí)要按照應(yīng)用文格式寫，寫作時(shí)承接短文開頭，具體寫出怎樣做以及這樣做的意義。例文點(diǎn)評(píng)：例文采用的是一段式，人稱用的是第一人稱復(fù)數(shù)形式，時(shí)態(tài)主要用的是一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)，描述具體怎么做時(shí)

40、，描寫細(xì)致，條理清晰。高分亮點(diǎn)：短語： protect the environment ； pick up the rubbish ； behave well ； be kind to sb ；more andmore beautiful 。句型： By doing so, our world will become more and more beautiful； we can pick up the rubbish,recycle things in our daily life, and so on 。9假設(shè)你是Beth,前段時(shí)間曾向英語?？端鸵黄}為My English Teache

41、r Miss Zhang 的短詩。近日，又至畢業(yè)季，師生們忙著互致臨別贈(zèng)言。為此，編輯部策劃開“A Letter to MyTeacher專”欄，邀請(qǐng)你以信件的形式重新投稿。短詩如下：My English Teacher Miss ZhangThere is a teacher, Miss Zhang,Who is friendly, patient and helpful.Always encouraging us to try,She leads us to a world of why.We all respect and admire her.注意事項(xiàng)：1.稿件內(nèi)容須根據(jù)短詩展開合理想

42、象，不得抄寫短詩原文：2.要求語句通順、意思連貫、符合情境。3.詞數(shù)在 70 個(gè)左右，稿件的首尾已在答題卡上給出，不計(jì)入總詞數(shù)：4.稿件必須寫在答題卡指定的位置上。_【答案】 Dear Editorial Office,I am writing to recommend as The Most Popular Teacher She is Miss Zhang.She is my English teacher She is in her forties Her small round glasses make her look smart She often works to high st

43、andards and is willing to work extra hours She is kind and helpful ， too She always helps us with our study She loves jogging， so she looks healthy To my surprise， she has donated blood many times since 2001 She has also decided to donate her body for medical research after her death I really love h

44、er and I want to be a teacher like her in the future I think Miss Zhang is the most suitable person to be the Most Popular TeacherI hope that you agree with me Yours sincerely，Beth,【解析】【詳解】本文是一篇給材料作文。根據(jù)編輯部策劃開 “A Letter to My Teacher專欄”，邀請(qǐng)你以信件的形式重新投稿。文章時(shí)態(tài)用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)，人稱主要為第一人稱。本文所給材料比較詳細(xì)，考生要做的就是用正確的英語把這些內(nèi)容

45、表達(dá)出來。動(dòng)筆前要認(rèn)真閱讀材料，不可遺漏要點(diǎn)，并可適當(dāng)發(fā)揮。在寫作時(shí)，注意緊扣主題，連句成篇，要層次清楚，要點(diǎn)分明，中心突出。同時(shí)要注意語言的表述應(yīng)該符合語法的結(jié)構(gòu)，造句應(yīng)該符合英語的表達(dá)習(xí)慣；盡量使用自己熟悉的單詞句式，最好不要寫太長的復(fù)合句；盡量選取簡單的易拼寫的單詞，確保正確率；詞匯、句式要豐富多樣，可以為文章增色添彩。最后要細(xì)心復(fù)核檢查，確保正確無誤。【點(diǎn)睛】點(diǎn)睛：首先認(rèn)真審題，看清題目中的要求和要點(diǎn)；然后根據(jù)提示內(nèi)容，列出寫作要點(diǎn)及每個(gè)要點(diǎn)中可能要用到的表達(dá)；然后緊扣要點(diǎn)，動(dòng)筆寫作，在寫作過程中，要注意句與句、段與段之間的過渡，必要時(shí)可適當(dāng)運(yùn)用表示轉(zhuǎn)折、因果、并列、比較等關(guān)系的連詞，

46、使文章過渡平穩(wěn)，自然流暢；最后，要仔細(xì)檢查有無單詞拼寫錯(cuò)誤、標(biāo)點(diǎn)符號(hào)誤用等，還要檢查語法結(jié)構(gòu)是否合理，有無重復(fù)、啰嗦的語言，大小寫是否正確，詞數(shù)是否符合要求等。10 書面表達(dá)假如你是英語俱樂部的Cathy,上周五你們收到了外教Angel 為同學(xué)們網(wǎng)購的英文書籍。俱樂部的同學(xué)們很喜歡網(wǎng)購圖書這種便捷的方式，并打算在本周五交流讀書后的感受。請(qǐng)你根據(jù)以下信息 , 給 Angel 寫一封電子郵件，告訴她俱樂部的活動(dòng)情況，并說說網(wǎng)購圖書的好處。寫作要點(diǎn)：1 表達(dá)收到圖書后的喜悅與感激之情。2 介紹活動(dòng)的情況：（ l ）上周五，俱樂部成員們一起讀英文書。（ 2）本周五的下午 3 點(diǎn)，大家將共同交流讀書的體會(huì)。（ 3）同學(xué)們將在下個(gè)月網(wǎng)購其他的英文書。3 說一說網(wǎng)上購書有什么好處。寫作要求：1 不得使用真實(shí)的姓名和學(xué)校名。2 可適當(dāng)加入細(xì)節(jié)