巧用虛擬語氣解答GRE閱讀題

1、巧用虛擬語氣解答gre閱讀題 巧用虛擬語氣解答gre閱讀題,我們來看看吧，下面就和大家分享，來欣賞一下吧。巧用虛擬語氣解答gre閱讀題(1) 對虛擬語氣的敏感性若在*中看到虛擬語氣，考慮直接取非反義理解，迅速把握作者態(tài)度。如下面這句話：例一：perhaps, some scientists thought, migrants determine their geographic position on earth by celestial navigation, almost as human navigators use stars and planets, but this would d

2、emand of the animals a fantastic map sense. (選自n0.6題第一套section 1短*)這句話看似很長，翻譯成為中文的意思是：“有些科學(xué)家認(rèn)為，就像人類采用恒星和行星來定位一樣，候鳥或許也是采用天體的導(dǎo)航才得以確定它們所處的地理位置，但這要求這類動物具有令人難以置信的地圖感?！敝形淖x過去都讓人頭疼。其實(shí)我們用虛擬語氣取非的思想來處理，其要表達(dá)的意思就很簡單，對前半句話取非，說白了就是前半句話是行不通的，也就是“migrants cannot determine their geographic position on earth by celest

3、ial navigation?！笨梢灾雷髡邔@種解釋持負(fù)評價。20xx年gre考試場次大比較高分考生親授報(bào)名時間選擇技巧我們再來看個例子：例二：according to natural selection theory, a worker would enhance her fitnessor ability to propagate her genesby hatching her own eggs in addition to or in place of the queens。(選自國內(nèi)題1993年10月考題section 5短*)這句話也是虛擬語氣，我們直接取反理解，作者想要表達(dá)的就

4、是“a worker will not enhance her ”運(yùn)用這種取非的思想我們可以迅速的把握作者的態(tài)度，以及作者想要表達(dá)的真實(shí)意思。就不用先翻譯成繞口的中文，再拼命的思索其中的含義，可以有效地為考試爭取時間。(2) 如何運(yùn)用虛擬語氣在題干中看到虛擬語氣，大多需要用到取非思想，與之相對應(yīng)的一種題型是gre閱讀題中常見的一種，叫做“改進(jìn)型取非題”?？蠢又?，先簡單解釋下什么是“改進(jìn)型取非題”。很簡單，如果題干問“如果一個對象怎樣會更好”則是改進(jìn)型取非題，來看具體的例子：例：it can be inferred from the passage that the “first theor

5、ies”of grazer control mentioned in line 3 would have been more convincing if researchers had been able to(選自no.6第二套section 1長*)，這是一個典型的改進(jìn)型取非題題干，問的是第三行第一個理論怎樣會更好。邏輯思路：既然是改進(jìn)，原文肯定說到了它的不好之處或者有unless的句子，我們把造成不好的原因取非，就是所要的答案了。按照此思路定位原文三行，看到后面有這樣一句話“a low number of algal cells in the presence of a high num

6、ber of grazers suggested, but did not prove, that the grazers had removed most of the algae?！弊⒁饪床迦胝Z部分的“but did not prove”，這個就是缺點(diǎn)，取非就是“prove”再看五個選項(xiàng)：(a) observe high phytoplankton numbers under natural lake conditions(b) discover negative correlations between algae and zooplankton numbers from their f

7、ield research(c) understand the central importance of environmental factors in controlling the growth rates of phytoplankton(d) make verifiable correlations of cause and effect between zooplankton and phytoplankton numbers(e) invent laboratory techniques that would have allowed them to bypass their

8、field research concerning grazer control一眼掃過去就只有一個選項(xiàng)在講證明，就是d中的verifiable。所以答案選d。很快解完此題。(3) 虛擬語氣的作用取非的思路除了可以在虛擬語氣中使用，還可以在另一種邏輯關(guān)系中使用，就是強(qiáng)對比的關(guān)系，也就是gre閱讀題中另一種?？碱}型“強(qiáng)對比互取非題”，其主要特點(diǎn)是：原文中有強(qiáng)對比的雙方，題干只問及其中一方，答案是對另一方敘述的取非;或者題干和原文存在強(qiáng)對比要素，如典型的時間要素，答案也是對原文的敘述取非。來看個簡單的例子，例：the author suggests that, before the early 1

9、950s, most historians who studied preindustrial europe did which of the following(選自no.6第三套section 4 長*)思路：在題干中看到了1950s，第一反應(yīng)就是要回原文定位，發(fā)現(xiàn)原文只講到了“in the early 1950s”并沒有“before”，這顯然就是時間上一個取非的關(guān)系，我們把in the early 1950s干的事情取個非，就是之前干的事情。答案就很好選了，在此不舉出來了。gre 閱讀虛擬語氣中這個思路很好理解，比如說“我1995年第一次去北京?！焙茱@然，1995年以前我就沒有去過北京

10、。這就是時間狀語的取非。其它的強(qiáng)對比關(guān)系(如處于相對低于空間的事物通常其特點(diǎn)呈強(qiáng)對比;新事物、新觀點(diǎn)和舊事物、傳統(tǒng)觀點(diǎn)呈強(qiáng)對比;用最高級、唯一性限定的事物和其余所有同類事物的特征呈強(qiáng)對比等)，相信考生可以一眼看出。gre考試閱讀理解模擬題及答案解析p1traditional research has confronted only mexican and united states interpretations of mexican-american culture.now we must also examine the culture as we mexican americans ha

11、ve experienced it, passing from a sovereign people to compatriots with newly arriving settlers to, finally, a conquered people a charter minority on our own land.when the spanish first came to mexico, they inter-married with and absorbed the culture of the indigenous indians.this policy of colonizat

12、ion through acculturation was continued when mexico acquired texas in the early 1800s and brought the indigenous indians into mexican life and government.in the 1820s, united states citizens migrated to texas, attracted by land suitable for cotton.as their numbers became more substantial, their poli

13、cy of acquiring land by subduing native populations began to dominate.the two ideologies clashed repeatedly, culminating in a military conflict that led to victory for the united states.thus, suddenly deprived of our parent culture, we had to evolve uniquely mexican-american modes of thought and act

14、ion in order to survive. (168 words)1. the authors purpose in writing this passage is primarily to(a) suggest the motives behind mexican and united states intervention in texas(b) document certain early objectives of mexican-american society(c) provide a historical perspective for a new analysis of

15、mexican-american culture(d) appeal to both mexican and united states scholars to give greater consideration to economic interpretations of history(e) bring to light previously overlooked research on mexican americans2. the author most probably uses the phrase “charter minority” (lines 6-7) to reinfo

16、rce the idea that mexican americans(a) are a native rather than an immigrant group in the united states(b) played an active political role when texas first became part of the united states(c) recognized very early in the nineteenth century the need for official confirmation of their rights of citize

17、nship(d) have been misunderstood by scholars trying to interpret their culture(e) identify more closely with their indian heritage than with their spanish heritage3. which of the following statements most clearly contradicts the information in this passage?(a) in the early 1800s, the spanish committ

18、ed more resources to settling california than to developing texas.(b) while texas was under mexican control, the population of texas quadrupled, in spite of the fact that mexico discouraged immigration from the united states.(c) by the time mexico acquired texas, many indians had already married peo

19、ple of spanish heritage.(d) many mexicans living in texas returned to mexico after texas was annexed by the united states.(e) most indians living in texas resisted spanish acculturation and were either killed or enslaved.p2the determination of the sources of copper ore used in the manufacture of cop

20、per and bronze artifacts of bronze age civilizations would add greatly to our knowledge of cultural contacts and trade in that era.researchers have analyzed artifacts and ores for their concentrations of elements, but for a variety of reasons, these studies have generally failed to provide evidence

21、of the sources of the copper used in the objects.elemental composition can vary within the same copper-ore lode, usually because of varying admixtures of other elements, especially iron, lead, zinc, and arsenic.and high concentrations of cobalt or zinc, noticed in some artifacts, appear in a variety

22、 of copper-ore sources.moreover, the processing of ores introduced poorly controlled changes in the concentrations of minor and trace elements in the resulting metal.some elements evaporate during smelting and roasting; different temperatures and processes produce different degrees of loss.finally,

23、flux, which is sometimes added during smelting to remove waste material from the ore, could add quantities of elements to the final product.an elemental property that is unchanged through these chemical processes is the isotopic composition of each metallic element in the ore.isotopic composition, t

24、he percentages of the different isotopes of an element in a given sample of the element, is therefore particularly suitable as an indicator of the sources of the ore.of course, for this purpose it is necessary to find an element whose isotopic composition is more or less constant throughout a given

25、ore body, but varies from one copper ore body to another or, at least, from one geographic region to another.the ideal choice, when isotopic composition is used to investigate the source of copper ore, would seem to be copper itself.it has been shown that small but measurable variations occur natura

26、lly in the isotopic composition of copper.however, the variations are large enough only in rare ores; between samples of the common ore minerals of copper, isotopic variations greater than the measurement error have not been found.an alternative choice is lead, which occurs in most copper and bronze

27、 artifacts of the bronze age in amounts consistent with the lead being derived from the copper ores and possibly from the fluxes.the isotopic composition of lead often varies from one source of common copper ore to another, with variations exceeding the measurement error; and preliminary studies ind

28、icate virtually uniform isotopic composition of the lead from a single copper-ore source.while some of the lead found in an artifact may have been introduced from flux or when other metals were added to the copper ore, lead so added in bronze age processing would usually have the same isotopic compo

29、sition as the lead in the copper ore.lead isotope studies may thus prove useful for interpreting the archaeological record of the bronze age. (473 words)4. the author first mentions the addition of flux during smelting in the last sentence in the last paragraph in order to(a) give a reason for the f

30、ailure of elemental composition studies to determine ore sources(b) illustrate differences between various bronze age civilizations(c) show the need for using high smelting temperatures(d) illustrate the uniformity of lead isotope composition(e) explain the success of copper isotope composition anal

31、ysisfor the following question, consider each of the choices separately and select all that apply5. according to the passage, possible sources of the lead found in a copper or bronze artifact include which of the following?a the copper ore used to manufacture the artifactb flux added during processi

32、ng of the copper orec other metal added during processing of the copper ore6. select the sentence in the passage that the author rejects copper as the “ideal choice” .7. it can be inferred from the passage that the use of flux in processing copper ore can alter the lead isotope composition of the re

33、sulting metal except when(a) there is a smaller concentration of lead in the flux than in the copper ore(b) the concentration of lead in the flux is equivalent to that of the lead in the ore(c) some of the lead in the flux evaporates during processing(d) any lead in the flux has the same isotopic co

34、mposition as the lead in the ore(e) other metals are added during processing1traditional research has confronted only mexican and united states interpretations of mexican-american culture.傳統(tǒng)的對墨西哥裔美國人文化的研究，一直以來只注意墨西哥和美國視角的解讀。2now we must also examine the culture as we mexican americans have experienc

35、ed it, passing from a sovereign people to compatriots with newly arriving settlers to, finally, a conquered people a charter minority on our own land.現(xiàn)在我們也必須從墨西哥裔美國人的歷史經(jīng)驗(yàn)出發(fā)考察這種文化，從自治到成為一國的國民，從新登陸的開拓者到被征服者這片土地上的少數(shù)族群。3when the spanish first came to mexico, they inter-married with and absorbed the cult

36、ure of the indigenous indians.西班牙人剛到墨西哥就與當(dāng)?shù)厝送ɑ椋⑽樟水?dāng)?shù)氐挠〉诎参幕?this policy of colonization through acculturation was continued when mexico acquired texas in the early 1800s and brought the indigenous indians into mexican life and government.這種文化融合的政策，在1800年代早期墨西哥擴(kuò)展到德州時仍在發(fā)揮作用，(德州)當(dāng)?shù)氐挠〉诎踩艘簿偷靡赃M(jìn)入墨西哥人的生活與治

37、理。5in the 1820s, united states citizens migrated to texas, attracted by land suitable for cotton.1820年代，美國人遷徙到德州，發(fā)現(xiàn)這片土地很適合種棉花。6as their numbers became more substantial, their policy of acquiring land by subduing native populations began to dominate.美國人越來越多，他們的政策轉(zhuǎn)而以強(qiáng)征當(dāng)?shù)厝说耐恋貫橹鳌?the two ideologies clas

38、hed repeatedly, culminating in a military conflict that led to victory for the united states.兩種意識形態(tài)不斷沖突，最終爆發(fā)了武裝沖突，以美國的勝利告終。8thus, suddenly deprived of our parent culture, we had to evolve uniquely mexican-american modes of thought and action in order to survive. (168 words)因此，當(dāng)?shù)厝耸チ嗽械奈幕?，不得不發(fā)展出一種墨西哥

39、裔美國人的思維和行為方式，以圖生存。1. the authors purpose in writing this passage is primarily to(a) suggest the motives behind mexican and united states intervention in texas(b) document certain early objectives of mexican-american society(c) provide a historical perspective for a new analysis of mexican-american c

40、ulture(d) appeal to both mexican and united states scholars to give greater consideration to economic interpretations of history(e) bring to light previously overlooked research on mexican americans選ca 暗示了墨西哥和美國干涉德州事物背后的動機(jī)，搞笑b 記錄了墨美社會特定的早期目標(biāo)，瞎聊c 提供了一種新的分析墨美文化的史學(xué)觀點(diǎn)，正確項(xiàng)，句1，2d 呼吁墨西哥和美國的學(xué)者更重視從經(jīng)濟(jì)角度解釋歷史，瞎

41、聊e 揭示了一直被忽略的關(guān)于墨美人的研究，瞎聊2. the author most probably uses the phrase “charter minority” (lines 6-7) to reinforce the idea that mexican americans(a) are a native rather than an immigrant group in the united states(b) played an active political role when texas first became part of the united states(c) r

42、ecognized very early in the nineteenth century the need for official confirmation of their rights of citizenship(d) have been misunderstood by scholars trying to interpret their culture(e) identify more closely with their indian heritage than with their spanish heritage選a挺精致的一題。charter 我們在很早以前的一個填空題

43、里講過 “黃熱病肆虐北美，以至于費(fèi)城 lost its charter ”，charter 是指英國頒發(fā)給海外殖民者，建立城市的特許狀，其中規(guī)定了殖民城市所擁有的武裝、稅收等權(quán)力。結(jié)合本段內(nèi)容，墨西哥人是西班牙人加南美土著，他們來到德州，接納了德州當(dāng)?shù)氐耐林?，這些人相處是比較融洽的，他們通婚，文化上也融合。但這群倒霉蛋后來碰上來種棉花的美國人，美國人就不那么友好了，通過武力強(qiáng)搶當(dāng)?shù)厝说耐恋?。那么一旦建立?texas ，美國人的 charter 是不太可能保障前者的權(quán)益的，他們在這個新建立的政權(quán)中，自然就成了少數(shù)派 minority 。a 墨美人是當(dāng)?shù)厝?，而不是外來族群b 墨美人在墨西哥時期的

44、德州是統(tǒng)治階層的一部分，美國人來了就不是了c 十九世紀(jì)早期，是個非常模糊的范圍，1800年其實(shí)是承認(rèn)當(dāng)?shù)厝藱?quán)力的，1820年代美國人來了，情況開始轉(zhuǎn)變，所以這個描述不清晰，不選d 不能看出其他學(xué)者 misunderstood 了，也可能只是忽略了e 看不出與西班牙更近還是印第安人更近，更類似于聯(lián)合政府，西班牙換成美國就對了3. which of the following statements most clearly contradicts the information in this passage?(a) in the early 1800s, the spanish committe

45、d more resources to settling california than to developing texas.(b) while texas was under mexican control, the population of texas quadrupled, in spite of the fact that mexico discouraged immigration from the united states.(c) by the time mexico acquired texas, many indians had already married peop

46、le of spanish heritage.(d) many mexicans living in texas returned to mexico after texas was annexed by the united states.(e) most indians living in texas resisted spanish acculturation and were either killed or enslaved.選ea 不一定，文中沒說加州的事，無法判斷b quadurpled 四倍于，不能判斷c 墨西哥統(tǒng)治德州以前，當(dāng)?shù)厝司团c西班牙裔通婚，不能判斷d 美國吞并德州，很

47、多墨西哥人逃回墨西哥，不能判斷e 多數(shù)印第安人反抗西班牙人的文化融合政策，被殺被奴役，這個正好說反了，是美國人動粗的，墨西哥統(tǒng)治德州時，當(dāng)?shù)厝说拇霾诲e，還能參與城市管理，見句4p21the determination of the sources of copper ore used in the manufacture of copper and bronze artifacts of bronze age civilizations would add greatly to our knowledge of cultural contacts and trade in that era.

48、了解青銅時代的文明如何確定用來制造銅和青銅制品的銅礦石，會極大地幫助我們了解那個時代文明間的交流和貿(mào)易。2researchers have analyzed artifacts and ores for their concentrations of elements, but for a variety of reasons, these studies have generally failed to provide evidence of the sources of the copper used in the objects.研究者們已經(jīng)分析過這些制品和礦石中各元素的含量，但由于種種

49、原因，這些研究大多不能為銅的*提供證據(jù)。3elemental composition can vary within the same copper-ore lode, usually because of varying admixtures of other elements, especially iron, lead, zinc, and arsenic.一處礦脈中的元素構(gòu)成可能有差異，通常是因?yàn)榛烊肓瞬煌康钠渌兀貏e是鐵，鉛，鋅，砷。4and high concentrations of cobalt or zinc, noticed in some artifacts, a

50、ppear in a variety of copper-ore sources.而在某些制品中可以觀察到，某些銅礦石*中鈷或鋅的含量高。5moreover, the processing of ores introduced poorly controlled changes in the concentrations of minor and trace elements in the resulting metal.而且，礦石的生產(chǎn)工藝顯示，煉制出的金屬中的微量元素含量的變化無法有效控制。6some elements evaporate during smelting and roast

51、ing; different temperatures and processes produce different degrees of loss.有些元素在熔煉和鍛造過程中蒸發(fā);不同的溫度和工藝過程造成不同程度的損耗。7finally, flux, which is sometimes added during smelting to remove waste material from the ore, could add quantities of elements to the final product.最后，熔劑，加入到熔煉過程中用來從礦石中去除廢料的一種物質(zhì)，也會在成品中混入

52、一定量的其他元素。8an elemental property that is unchanged through these chemical processes is the isotopic composition of each metallic element in the ore.經(jīng)過這些化學(xué)工藝，一個不變的性質(zhì)是礦石中每種金屬元素的同位素構(gòu)成比例。9isotopic composition, the percentages of the different isotopes of an element in a given sample of the element, is th

53、erefore particularly suitable as an indicator of the sources of the ore.同位素構(gòu)成，是某元素的一份樣品中各種同位素所占的百分比，所以它特別適合作為鑒定礦石*的指標(biāo)。10of course, for this purpose it is necessary to find an element whose isotopic composition is more or less constant throughout a given ore body, but varies from one copper ore body

54、to another or, at least, from one geographic region to another.當(dāng)然，為了完成測定有必要找到這樣一種元素，它在一塊礦石中的同位素構(gòu)成比例或多或少是穩(wěn)定的，但在不同礦石，或不同地域出產(chǎn)的礦石中它的比例互相區(qū)別。11the ideal choice, when isotopic composition is used to investigate the source of copper ore, would seem to be copper itself.當(dāng)我們用同位素構(gòu)成比例來調(diào)查銅礦石*，理想的選擇，似乎就是銅本身。12it h

55、as been shown that small but measurable variations occur naturally in the isotopic composition of copper.我們已經(jīng)知道銅的同位素構(gòu)成在自然情況下會發(fā)生小但可測量的變化。13however, the variations are large enough only in rare ores; between samples of the common ore minerals of copper, isotopic variations greater than the measurement

56、 error have not been found.然而，這種改變只有在稀有礦石中才足夠大(可測量);普通銅礦物樣本的同位素差異，一般都小于測量誤差。14an alternative choice is lead, which occurs in most copper and bronze artifacts of the bronze age in amounts consistent with the lead being derived from the copper ores and possibly from the fluxes.另一種選擇是鉛，在多數(shù)青銅時代的銅以及青銅制品中

57、都含有鉛，數(shù)量大體與銅礦石中的鉛相當(dāng)，也可能有部分來自熔劑。15the isotopic composition of lead often varies from one source of common copper ore to another, with variations exceeding the measurement error; and preliminary studies indicate virtually uniform isotopic composition of the lead from a single copper-ore source.同類型*的不同普通銅礦石中，鉛的同位素比例通常不同，這種差異超過了測量誤差的范圍;且初步的研究顯示，單