英語：2010年高考閱讀理解解題技巧(詞義猜測(cè)題

1、2010年高考閱讀理解詞義猜測(cè)題解題技巧猜詞悟義是應(yīng)用英語的重要能力，也是高考閱讀理解中必考的題型。它不但需要準(zhǔn)確無誤地理解上下文，而且要有較大的泛讀量，掌握或認(rèn)識(shí)較多的課外詞匯。考生應(yīng)學(xué)會(huì)通過構(gòu)詞、定義、同位、對(duì)比、因果、常識(shí)、同義、反義及上下文線索等確定詞義。一、題型特點(diǎn)與命題方式此類題型有逐漸增加的趨勢(shì)，尤其是猜測(cè)詞組、句義題。因?yàn)椴聹y(cè)詞組、句義題涉及題材背景、句子結(jié)夠、文章主旨、作者的觀點(diǎn)態(tài)度等。聯(lián)系主旨、整合上下文信息是解答這類題的關(guān)鍵。近幾年閱讀理解的生詞率略有上升，加大了猜測(cè)力度。命題者著重考查考生利用同義或反義關(guān)系、構(gòu)詞法、語法和語篇文脈等理解生詞的能力?！久}趨勢(shì)】1、要求根

2、據(jù)閱讀材料所提供的信息，結(jié)合中學(xué)生應(yīng)有的常識(shí)和經(jīng)驗(yàn)，正確判斷生詞詞組的含義或成熟詞在特定語境中表達(dá)的具體含義以及一些句子的意思。2、要求猜測(cè)詞義的詞一般為實(shí)詞及其詞組，通過構(gòu)詞、定義、對(duì)比、因果、聯(lián)想、上下文等線索確定詞義的具體內(nèi)容。3、代詞復(fù)指理解題也是猜測(cè)詞義的?？碱愋?。用“邏輯關(guān)系梳理法”、“遞向?qū)ほ櫡ā崩砬迦宋锛笆挛镏g的邏輯關(guān)系是關(guān)鍵所在?！驹O(shè)問形式】The underlined word “” in the second(third) paragraph refers to(means) _.By saying “” in the first(second) paragraph,

3、the author means that _.In paragraph , “” can be replaced by “_”.The meaning of “” in paragraph is related to _.Which of the following has the closest meaning to(paragraph)?The underlined sentence in the paragraph probably means that _.二、解題思路與應(yīng)試技巧 做這種類型的題，要根據(jù)詞、詞組、句子所在的語境上下文來判斷其意義。因此熟練掌握一些猜詞技巧是做好這類題的

4、關(guān)鍵。命題者在出這類題時(shí)慣用常規(guī)詞義來麻痹考生，我們要特別注意熟詞生義，切不可脫離語境主觀臆斷。下面結(jié)合近幾年高考試題，對(duì)猜詞悟義的技巧加以解讀。1、根據(jù)定義或上下文解釋進(jìn)行猜測(cè)有時(shí)短文中出現(xiàn)一個(gè)需要猜測(cè)其意義的詞或短語，下面接著出現(xiàn)其定義或解釋，這就是判斷該詞或短語意義的主要依據(jù)。例如：Annealing is a way of making metal softer by heating it and then letting it cool very slowly.句子給予annealing 以明確的定義，即“退火”。It will be very hard but also very

5、brittle that is, it will break easily.從后面that is(也就是說)的解釋中我們可以了解到brittle是“脆”的意思。The herdsman, who looks after sheep, earns about 650 yuan a year.定語從句中 looks after sheep 就表明了herdsman的詞義為“牧羊人”。【考例】（2009福建卷，E篇）73. The underlined words “tipping points” most probably refer to “_”.A. freezing points B. bu

6、rning points C. melting points D. boiling points【解析】C。請(qǐng)看原文：In his book, he had challenged readers to make deep cuts in personal emissions to keep the world from reaching extremely important tipping points, such as the melting（融化）of the ice sheets in Greenland or West Antarctica. 根據(jù)后一句的such as the me

7、lting（融化）of the ice sheets in Greenland or West Antarctica.可知tipping points的意思是“融點(diǎn)”。（2007山東卷，C篇）65.The underlined word “daunting” in Paragraph 1 most probably means _. A. discouraging B. interesting C. creative D. unbearable 【解析】A。請(qǐng)看文章第一段：When Andrea Peterson landed her first teaching job, she faced

8、 the daunting task of creating a music program with almost no money for equipment or supplies in a climate where standards-based learning was the focus and music just provided a break for students and teachers. 由后半句的解釋“with almost no money for equipment or supplies”可知此項(xiàng)任務(wù)不可能是“interesting”或“creative”

9、，而她的教學(xué)工作也與“unbearable”無關(guān)，故A項(xiàng)正確。2、根據(jù)同位關(guān)系進(jìn)行猜測(cè)閱讀中出現(xiàn)的難詞有時(shí)后面緊跟一個(gè)同位語，對(duì)前面的詞進(jìn)行解釋，這時(shí)可利用同位關(guān)系對(duì)前面或后面的詞義或句意進(jìn)行猜測(cè)。例如：They traveled a long way, at last got to a castle, a large building in old times.同位語部分a large building in old times 給出了castle 的確切詞義，即古時(shí)候的“城堡”。We are on the night shiftfrom midnight to 8 a.m. this we

10、ek.兩個(gè)破折號(hào)之間的短語很清楚地表明night shift 是“夜班”的意思。The “Chunnel”, a tunnel(隧道) connecting England and France, is now complete.此句中a tunnel connecting England and France是Chunnel的同位語。因此，The “Chunnel”就是英法之間的海底隧道?！究祭浚?004上海卷，C篇）82. The word “favouritism” in paragraph 3 is used to describe the phenomenon that_.A. b

11、right children also need certificates go get satisfying jobs.B. children from well-respected schools tend to have good jobsC. poor children with certificates are favoured in job markets D. children attending ordinary schools achieve great success【解析】B。請(qǐng)看原文：Without examinations, employers will look f

12、or employees from the highly respected schools and from families known to thema form of favourtism will replace equality.破折號(hào)后的句子是對(duì)前面進(jìn)行解釋說明的，二者是同位關(guān)系，因此要猜測(cè)favourtism的意思可從前面句子的意思入手。答案為B。3、根據(jù)構(gòu)詞法（合成、派生、轉(zhuǎn)化等）進(jìn)行猜測(cè)在英語中，有很多詞可以在前面加前綴，在后面加后綴，從而構(gòu)成一個(gè)詞，乍看起來，這個(gè)詞可能是新詞，但掌握了一定的構(gòu)詞知識(shí)，就不難猜出它的詞義。例如： “Our parties are aimed

13、 for children 2 to 10,” Anaclerio said, “and theyre very interactive and creative in that they built a sense of drama based on a subject.”文中interactive是由前綴inter-(相互的)和active（活動(dòng)的，活躍的）而構(gòu)成的，同時(shí)根據(jù)上下文的意思可以判斷，該詞的含義應(yīng)是“互動(dòng)的”。Perhaps, we can see some possibilities for next fifty years. But the next hundred?pos

14、sibility 是 possible 的同根名詞， 據(jù)此可以判斷定 possibility 意思是“可能性”?！究祭浚?008全國(guó)卷I，B篇）62. The underlined word “fixture” in Paragraph 3 probably refers to something _.A. that people enjoy eating B. that is always presentC. that is difficult to get D. that people use as a gift【解析】B。請(qǐng)看文章原句：The new type of pineapple

15、 was selling fast, and the Del Monte Gold pineapple rapidly became a fixture in the shopping basket of the healthy eater.從文章意思可知，這種新型菠蘿很暢銷，當(dāng)然成為了健康飲食人士購(gòu)物筐中的?？汀Ａ硗飧鶕?jù)構(gòu)詞知識(shí)可知，該詞的詞根是fix，含有“固定”之意。4、根據(jù)因果關(guān)系進(jìn)行猜測(cè)在一篇閱讀文章中，根據(jù)原因可以預(yù)測(cè)結(jié)果，根據(jù)結(jié)果也可以找出原因。例如：The lack of movement caused the muscles to weaken. Sometimes the

16、weakness was permanent. So the player could never play the sport again.從后面的結(jié)果“永遠(yuǎn)不能再運(yùn)動(dòng)”中，可以推測(cè) permanent 的意思為“永遠(yuǎn)的，永久的”。The low test score, they think, will make it impossible for them to get into a good college. And without a degree from a prestigious university, they fear that many of lifes doors wil

17、l remain forever closed.”學(xué)生認(rèn)為考試分?jǐn)?shù)低就不可能進(jìn)入一所好大學(xué)，而沒有“名?！钡漠厴I(yè)文憑，將來生活中的很多大門可能就會(huì)對(duì)他們永遠(yuǎn)關(guān)閉。由此推知A prestigious university應(yīng)是a famous university（名校）。 【考例】(2009北京卷，C篇) 66. The underlined sentence in the last paragraph probably means that _. A. the problem is not approached step by step B. the researchers so far ha

18、ve faults in themselves C. the problem is too difficult for researchers to detect D. research in this area is not enough to make generalized patterns【解析】D。句意猜測(cè)題。由前面一句“We have a very limited number of studies”可知，由于研究的對(duì)象非常有限，所以對(duì)于房間設(shè)計(jì)影響人們的工作和情緒這一現(xiàn)象只是“管中窺豹”，局限性太強(qiáng)。緊跟后面一句“How do you take answers to very s

19、pecific questions and make broad, generalized use of them?”做了進(jìn)一步說明，房間設(shè)計(jì)影響居住者工作和情緒這一理論正確與否還有待進(jìn)一步驗(yàn)證。(2009安徽卷，B篇) 60. The words “boats on land” underlined in Paragraph 2 refer to _ A. animals for taking goods B. creatures for pulling plows C. treasures of the folk culture D. tools in the farming econom

20、y【解析】A。請(qǐng)看原文：Of course, the good of oxen is not limited to plowing. In fact, they are seen as “boats on land” for their ability to carry loads.由劃線詞后原因的解釋for their ability to carry loads可以很輕松的得到結(jié)果：牛被看做“陸地之舟”，是一種運(yùn)輸貨物的動(dòng)物。5、根據(jù)上下文的指代關(guān)系進(jìn)行猜測(cè)文章中的代詞it, that, this, he, him 或them可以指上文提到的人或物，其中it和that還可以指一件事。有時(shí)代

21、詞指代的對(duì)象相隔較遠(yuǎn)，要認(rèn)真查找；也有時(shí)需要對(duì)前面提到的內(nèi)容進(jìn)行總結(jié)，才能得出代詞所指代的事。例如：Like Schmid, the editors of several self-published art magazines also champion (捍衛(wèi)) found photographs. One of them, called simply Found, was born one snowy night in Chicago, when Davy Rothbard returned to his car to find under his wiper(雨刷) an angry

22、note intended for someone else: “Whys your car HERE at HER place?”them指的是前面出現(xiàn)的self-published art magazines。However, the question that “moon people” asked is still an interesting one. A growing number of scientists are seriously thinking about it.it指的是月球人(moon people)所問的問題（the question）?！究祭?2009四川卷，

23、E篇) 58. The underlined word “it” in the second paragraph refers to “_”. A. the energy benefit B. the forest loss C. climate change D. burning ethanol 【解析】A。請(qǐng)看原文：Finally, over many years, the energy benefit from burning ethanol would make up for the forest loss. But by then, climate change would have

24、 progressed so far that it might not help. 燃燒乙醇帶來的能源方面的好處可能會(huì)彌補(bǔ)失去森林的損失，但是到那時(shí)，氣候的變化已經(jīng)太大，“這”也于事無補(bǔ)了。由此判斷，it指前面提到的the energy benefit。(2009安徽卷，E篇) 73. What does the word “this” underlined in the third paragraph refer to? A. We will lose much more than we can gain. B. Humans have begun destroying rainfores

25、ts. C. People have a strong desire for resources. D. Much carbon dioxide comes from burning rainforests.【解析】A。this指代前文提到的“but we will suffer much more than we will benefit”，意思是“砍伐森林帶來短期利益，但是從長(zhǎng)遠(yuǎn)來看，我們?cè)馐艿膿p失遠(yuǎn)大于獲得的利益”。因此選擇A項(xiàng)。(2009 浙江卷，A篇) 42. What does the underlined phrase “her gift” (Paragraph 2) refer

26、 to? A. Her words. B. Her smile. C. Her flowers. D. Her politeness. 【解析】B。請(qǐng)看原文：She smiled. It was a nice smile warm and reassuringand I retuned her gift by smiling back. 從前句話中可以知道her gift 指的是“smile”。6、根據(jù)同義關(guān)系進(jìn)行猜測(cè)當(dāng)詞或短語之間有并列連詞and 或or時(shí)，其連接的兩項(xiàng)內(nèi)容在含義上是接近的或遞進(jìn)的，由此確定同等關(guān)系中的某個(gè)生詞所屬的義域，由此可推知其大致意思。Although he ofte

27、n had the opportunity, Mr. Tritt was never able to steal money from a customer. This would have endangered his position at the bank, and he did not want to jeopardize his future. 作者為避免重復(fù)使用endanger一詞，用其同義詞jeopardize來替代它，由此推知其詞義為“使陷入危險(xiǎn)，危及、危害”。Doctors believe that smoking cigarettes is detrimental to y

28、our health. They also regard drinking as harmful. 句中detrimental是個(gè)生詞，但判斷出harmful替代detrimental后，不難推斷出其詞義為“不利的，有害的”?！究祭浚?009重慶卷，B篇）62. What does the underlined word “distractions” probably refer to? A. Ways that help one to focus. B. Words that help one to feel less tense. C. Activities that turn ones

29、 attention away. D. Habits that make it hard for one to relax.【解析】C。請(qǐng)看原文：When things are getting hard, a voice inside my head tells me that I cant achieve something. Then, there are other distractions, such as family or hobbies.由前面的other可知distractions是與第一句意思基本相同，第一句話表達(dá)的是讓人注意力分散的事情，結(jié)合上下文可知 答案為C。（2009

30、天津卷，A篇）37. What does the underlined phrase “die hard” in Paragraph 1 probably mean?A. Change suddenly.B. Change significantly.C. Disappear mysteriously.D. Disappear very slowly.【解析】D。請(qǐng)看原文：Frequently it happens that a place has two names: One is named by the people and the other by the government. As

31、 in many areas, old habits died hard, and the place continues to be called by its unofficial name long after the meaning is lost. 根據(jù)下文“the place continues to be called by its unofficial name long after the meaning is lost”可知前后是同義關(guān)系，die hard意思是“頑固”，同D項(xiàng)意義接近。7、根據(jù)轉(zhuǎn)折或?qū)Ρ汝P(guān)系進(jìn)行猜測(cè)根據(jù)上下句的連接詞，如but, however, othe

32、rwise等就可以看到前后句在意義上的差別，從而依據(jù)某一句的含義，來確定另一句的含義。另外，分號(hào)也可以表示轉(zhuǎn)折、對(duì)比或不相干的意義。例如：She is usually prompt for all her class, but today she arrived in the middle of her first class.but一詞表轉(zhuǎn)折，因此but 前后的意思正好相反。后半句的意思是她今天“第一節(jié)上了一半才來”，因此反向推理，可得出她平時(shí)一向“準(zhǔn)時(shí)”的結(jié)論?！究祭浚?009陜西卷，C篇）50. The phrase “hold water” in the last paragraph

33、 most probably means“_”. A. to be believable B. to be valuable C. to be admirable D. to be suitable 【解析】A。請(qǐng)看文章原句：Even though science can tell us that some of our traditional beliefs dont hold water, there is still a lot of truth in the old wives tales文章中本句意思是：即使科學(xué)能告訴我們一些傳統(tǒng)的想法是經(jīng)不起檢驗(yàn)的，但“老人言”中還有很多正確的東西

34、。根據(jù)前后轉(zhuǎn)折的意思可知，hold water在此處意思是：經(jīng)得起檢驗(yàn)的，值得相信的。(2008江蘇卷，A篇) 56. The underlined word “ally” in Para. 3 most likely means somebody or something that is _. A. your slave and serves youB. your supporter and helps you C. under your control and obeys youD. under your influence and follows you【解析】B。請(qǐng)看原文：We can

35、 allow time to slip by and let it be our enemy. Or we can take control of it and make it our ally. 前一句說“我們可以讓時(shí)間流逝或讓它成為我們的敵人”，下面一句由or引出，表示相反的意思，即：我們可以控制時(shí)間，讓時(shí)間成為我們的朋友來支持我們。8、通過上下文理解猜測(cè)詞義通過上下文的具體信息猜測(cè)詞義是目前高考閱讀理解題中最常見的一種命題形式。【考例】（2009重慶卷，A篇）59. What does the underlined word “antics” refer to? A. Smart wor

36、ds. B. Unusual actions. C. Surprising Looks.D. Anxious feelings. 【解析】B。由上文she rushed in, seized the phone, tore off the wires, and shouted at the phoneAnd she swept it into the wastebasket.以及She stepped to the doorway and shouted at the rest of the house, “Now hear this! All objects in this room if

37、you do anything to upset my husband, out you go!” 可知，作者的妻子聽到作者的吼叫聲后，做了一些古怪的事情，如將電話機(jī)扔進(jìn)垃圾箱、對(duì)著屋子里的東西喊話等。而正是她的這些古怪的行為讓作者突然意識(shí)到了自己的失控。由上文這些信息可推知“antics”指的是Unusual actions。 鞏固練習(xí)：（1）An advertisement is just like a Somebody Else says quotation(引語) in a news story. The newspaper does not say that what the adv

38、ertiser says is true. All the newspaper says is, “This is what the advertiser says.” To find out whether it is true or not will be left to the reader. All the statements in the ads are the advertisers statements, not the papers.Q: What does “Somebody Else” in the paragraph refer to? A. The editor of

39、 the paper. B. The reader of the paper. C. The author of the passage. D. The advertiser of the ads.（2）Emma had never read it, nor had she ever purchased a copy. But, when she opened it up, she was floored to see her own name and address inside the cover, in her own handwriting. It turned out that th

40、e summer before, at a concert back in Montreal, Emma had met a Californian who was in town visiting friends. They decided to exchange addresses, but neither of them had any paper. The man had opened up a book he was carrying in his backpack and asked Emma to write her name and address inside. When h

41、e returned to California, he left the book behind in Montreal, and his friend Alex kept it. When Alex later relocated to Jerusalem, he took the now-treasured book along.Q: What does the underlined word “floored” in the paragraph mean? A. interested B. shocked C. frightened D. excited（3）Oxygen is vit

42、al to life; it is needed by the body cells of all animals. It is also very useful in industry. The method Priestley used produces only small quantities. The large amounts needed for industry are produced in a different way. Air is put into containers under great pressure. This turns it into liquid a

43、nd makes it very cold. It is then gradually warmed up and each substance evaporates at a different temperature. The boiling point of oxygen is -183C. It is caught and stored in strong steel cylinders at a pressure of 136 atmospheres. The process is known as fractional distillation.Q: Which word has

44、the rough meaning of “vital”? A. important B. useful C. helpful D. interesting（4） These different kinds of learning disabilities are known by different names. For example, a person who has difficulty reading may have dyslexia. Someone who cannot do mathematics may have a disorder called dyscalculia(

45、計(jì)算困難).Q: The underlined word “dyslexia” in the paragraph probably means _. A. difficulty in seeing B. problem in reading C. trouble in listening D. brain disorder（5）A childs birthday party doesnt have to be a hassle; it can be a basket of fun, according to Beth Anaclerio, an Evaston mother of two, a

46、ges 4 and 18 months.Q: What does the underlined word “hassle” probably mean in the paragraph?A. a party designed by specialistsB. a plan requiring careful thoughtC. a situation causing difficulty or troubleD. a demand made by guests（6）And if youve gathered your friends around you to rebuild a happy

47、family atmosphere(氣氛), you may fear that saying no will bring back the kind of conflict you grew up with or destroy the nice atmosphere you now enjoy.Q: The underlined word “conflict” in the paragraph means .A. dependent lifeB. fierce fightC. bad mannersD. painful feeling（7）“She is ashamed and embar

48、rassed but doesnt really have any explanation why she did this,” Miss Duff said. “She didnt intend to steal when she went into the store. She is at a loss to explain it. She is otherwise a very respectable and intelligent young lady .She went to her doctor and asked for advice because she wants to k

49、now if there is anything in particular that caused her to do this.”Q: What does the underlined sentence “She is at a loss to explain it” mean?A. In her opinion it was a loss to the clothes shops where she stole things.B. She doesnt have any idea why she has the desire to steal from shops.C. She thin

50、ks it is a loss for her to explain why she stole things from shops.D. Personally she feels ashamed and embarrassed for her shoplifting actions.（8）One of the best-known sayings must be “Early to bed and early to rise makes a man healthy, wealthy and wisdom”. The promises of health, wealth, and wisdom

51、 to those who join the teams of early retirees and rises must be particularly pleasing to many people in our modern society.Q: The underlined word “ retiree” here refers to_. A. people who give up their work B. people who have a lot of free time C. people who go to bed D. people who live in a quiet

52、place（9）The reasons for a visit to lighthouse are not all so backward-looking(思想過時(shí)的) in time. It is true that lighthouses were built in out-of-the-way places. But on a pleasant sunny summer day, this very isolation has a natural beauty that many people will love to experience.Q: The underlined phrase “out-of-the-way” probably means _. A