誤解的潛在性理論闡釋.ppt

1、言語誤解的潛在性：理論闡釋,山西大學(xué)外國語學(xué)院 吳亞欣,Subject: Hi, Mary. How is the work going? Experimenter: What do you mean, “How is it going?” Do you mean mentally or financially? Subject: I mean “How is it going?” Whats the matter with you? Experimenter: Nothing. Could you just explain a little clearer what you want to

2、know? Subject: Skip it. How is that new project coming? Experimenter: What do you mean, “How is it coming?” Subject: You know what I mean. Experimenter: I really dont. Subject: Whats the matter with you? Are you sick?,Example One,“Language use and communication are in fact pervasively and even intri

3、nsically flawed, partial, and problematic” (Coupland, Giles at the same time, the context is also an interpretation. Meaning (of language) and context each provide the grounds for the other .” (Heyman, 1994, p. 10),這次全國語用學(xué)研討會是最有地方特色的一次研討會。,Example Six,語言的反身性：語言使用的語境要靠語言的意義來界定?；蛘邠Q句話講，語言的意義和語境之間是互相界定的

4、。,反身性（Reflexivity）,One day as David was walking down the hall, his boss called him into her office and said, “David, what do you think of affirmative action?” Davids immediate response was “It certainly hasnt hurt our company. Especially since we depend on government contracts for much of our work.”

5、 Looking serious, his boss then responded, “Yes, I know, but I was thinking of affirmative action with respect to my son who is applying to law school this year. Hes afraid that he might not get in unless he scores really high on the law aptitude test because so many women and minority groups are ap

6、plying” (. (Cited from Heyman, 1994, p. 18),Example Seven,“Much even most- meaning in conversation does not reside in the words spoken at all, but is filled in by the person listening. Each of us decides whether we think others are speaking in the spirit of differing status or symmetrical connection

7、. The likelihood that individuals will tend to interpret someone elses words as one or the other depends more on the hearers own focus, concerns, and habits than on the spirit in which the words were intended. ”(Tannen, 1990, p.37),主體性：人對世界認(rèn)識及其表征的個體差異性。 差異的可能原因：交際的環(huán)境，交際者的性別、性格、喜好、情感狀態(tài)、交際時所關(guān)心的事情、意圖、習(xí)

8、慣、成長中所接受的文化等。,主體性（Subjectivity）,Egyptian pilots radioed their intention to land at an airbase on Cyprus and the Greek traffic controllers reportedly responded with silence. The Greeks intended thereby to indicate refusal of permission to land, but the Egyptians interpreted silence as assent. The res

9、ult of the misunderstanding in this case was the loss of a number of lives when Greeks fired on the planes as they approached the runway. (Saville-Troike, 1985p.11),Example Eight,(A is preparing a meal in the kitchen. B is in the living room next to it. Both rooms are connected by a door.) (8.1) A:

10、I want to hear the news. Keep the door open. (8.2) B: Thats not possible. Our neighbour is at home. (8.3) A: Keep the door open. I am coming. (E. Weigand / Journal of Pragmatics 31 (1999) 763-785 777),Example Nine,心理傾向指的是由于受心理或社會因素的影響，人會做出非理性的錯誤判斷的傾向，是認(rèn)知科學(xué)和社會心理學(xué)研究的一種現(xiàn)象，可分為動機(jī)傾向（motivational biases）和認(rèn)

11、知傾向（cognitive biases），前者指的是人們傾向于進(jìn)行和自己的需要和愿望相一致的推理，避免做和自己的需要和愿望相悖的推理，受此類動機(jī)影響，很容易導(dǎo)致非理性的推理錯誤；后者是由于受人們認(rèn)知能力所限，無法顧及和加工所有可為其所用的信息，而導(dǎo)致系統(tǒng)性的偏離常規(guī)和標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的推理錯誤。無論是哪種心理傾向，都是在非理性的、主觀心理因素的影響下表現(xiàn)出的對多個可能的判斷和結(jié)論中的某一個判斷的偏好（Kruglanski and Ajzen 1983）。,心理傾向性(Psychological biases),匹配傾向（matching bias） 注意傾向（attentional bias） 信念傾向

12、（belief bias） 證實(shí)傾向（confirmation bias） 代表性（representativeness）可及性（availability）、基點(diǎn)與調(diào)整（anchoring and adjustment）三種經(jīng)驗(yàn)推理方法 .,（成人A和小孩B一起散步。A手里拿著B想要玩的皮球和B在路上采的花。過了一會兒，A讓B拿住皮球。） （1）A: Can you hold the ball? (A gives B the ball) （2）B: And you keep the flower. （3）A: Do you want it? （4）B: No, you keep it. （摘自

13、Weigand 1999）,Example Ten,(席間) A: 今天早上真冷，都打不著車。 B：今天你打車上班的？ C：現(xiàn)在的車都先進(jìn)了，天再冷，一般也可以打著。 A：第一下沒打著。 B：我還以為你打的上班了呢。 C：你怎么會這么理解呢？難道你不知道天冷的時候車不容易發(fā)動嗎？ B：知道啊!A前一段時間因?yàn)榻?jīng)常堵車，就沒開車，打過一段時間的。 C：噢。這點(diǎn)我不知道。,Example Eleven,Old Lady 1 : “Is this stop Bloomington ?”An old lady asked the bus driver. Driver 1 : “No , Maam. ”

14、 Old Lady 2 : “Well , please tell me when we get there ,”she requested. Driver 2 : “Ill do that ,”promised the driver.,Example Twelve,Later , the driver got careless and passed through Bloomington before he realized it . He apologized to the other passengers , turned around , and drove back. Then he said to the old lady : Driver 3 : “This is the town where you wanted to get out . ” Old Lady 3 : “Who wanted to get out ?” Driver 4 : “You did. ” Old Lady