英語語法基礎(chǔ)知識(shí)

1、Grammar,語法層次,語法結(jié)構(gòu)的五個(gè)層次,詞素 (Morpheme) 詞 ( Word) 詞組 (Phrase) 分句 (Clause) 句子 (Sentence,morphemes,詞素（morpheme,free,bound,lexical (child) Functional(and,derivational(re-) Inflectional(s,詞(word,分句類型(Types of clauses) Independent (main; min S+V, complete) 獨(dú)立分句 ( 主干, 主謂齊全，完整） I love linguistics. You believe

2、 me. Dependent (subordinate; SUB CONJ, incomplete) 從屬子句 （從屬，需加連詞，不完整） when she entered the room who delivered the lecture,句子類型(Types of sentences) 簡(jiǎn)單句Simple (one independent clause) She read the book. 并列句Compound (2 independent clauses connected with co-ordinating conjunctions: 并列連詞) She read the bo

3、ok but she didnt like it。 復(fù)合句Complex (a combination of dependent (subordinate) and independent clauses：從屬連詞、連接代詞、連接副詞) She read the book while she was in college. 并列復(fù)合句Compound-Complex (2 independent clauses + 1() dependent clauses) He jumped for joy and screamed very loudly when his team won the ga

4、me,簡(jiǎn)單句：句子只包含一個(gè)主謂結(jié)構(gòu)，且句子的各個(gè)成分都是由單詞或者短語表示,A school is an important place to students. Many people have a close relationship with their pets. The students I teach have made better grades in the past few weeks,并列句：兩個(gè)或兩個(gè)以上互相獨(dú)立的主謂結(jié)構(gòu)、由并列連詞連接,Oliver came to the party, but Rose did not. Every room in the hous

5、e has its own function and it is difficult to imagine the life without one of them,Tip: 根據(jù)兩個(gè)簡(jiǎn)單句之間的關(guān)系結(jié)合、選擇、轉(zhuǎn)折，因果， 選擇不同的并列連詞 結(jié)合：and, bothand, as well as, not onlybut also 選擇：or, eitheror, neithernor. or else. Otherwise 轉(zhuǎn)折：but, yet, however, nevertheless, while, whereas 因果：for, so, therefore,復(fù)合句：兩個(gè)或兩個(gè)以

6、上的主謂結(jié)構(gòu)，其中一個(gè)(或多個(gè))主謂結(jié)構(gòu)充當(dāng)句子的某一(些)成分，如：主語、賓語、表語、定語、狀語、同位語。從屬連詞、連接代詞、連接副詞,This is an interesting book. This is the book which they talked about. Everything depends on the weather. Whether well go on a picnic tomorrow depends on the weather. He came here at seven. He came here when we were about to leave,

7、主語從句,從屬連詞：whether，that， That the driver was drunk is obvious. Whether you come or not doesnt concern me. 連接代詞:which, who, whoever, whose, what, whatever Which team will win the championship is still not clear. Who will be the monitor makes no difference. 連接副詞:how, when, where, why, How he did it puz

8、zled us all. Why he was absent from class is a mystery. Tip: 主語從句后置,表語從句,從屬連詞：whether，that，as if He looks as if he didnt care. The question is whether they would like to help us. 連接代詞:which, who, what, The problem is which road we should take. What I want to know is who can finish it in one week. 連接

9、副詞:how, when, where, why, The question is when they will arrive. That is why they stayed there for two weeks,賓語從句,從屬連詞：whether，that，if I think that you want to be a teacher is practical. I dont know whether/if his son is still living with them. 連接代詞:which, who, what, I really want to know what he di

10、d yesterday. Tell me which you like most. 連接副詞:how, when, where, why, He told us where he found that missing boy. I asked him why he didnt show up at the party last night. Tip: 賓語從句后置,定語從句引導(dǎo)定語從句的關(guān)系詞，除引導(dǎo)定語從句外，還在定語從句中承擔(dān)一個(gè)句子成分,關(guān)系代詞：who, whom, whose, which, that The girl who got the first place in the E

11、nglish Competition is my roommate. The policeman is talking to a girl whose iphone has been robbed. These are the books that I bought through on-line purchasing 關(guān)系副詞：when, where, why Do you still remember the days when we worked together？ She lived in Beijing for five years, where she studied Chines

12、e. These are the reasons why they dont like their boss,狀語從句,時(shí)間狀語連詞或詞組：when/while/as, whenever, before after, since, till/until, as soon as/the moment/the minute, hardlywhen/scarcelywhen/no soonerthan/instantly/ directly, once, every/each time I think that you want to be a teacher is practical. I don

13、t know whether/if his son is still living with them. Well leave the minute everything is ready. I had hardly sat down when the telephone rang. No sooner had he arrived home than it began to rain. 地點(diǎn)狀語連詞：where, wherever, anywhere The police ordered the suspect to stay where he was. He likes to make f

14、riends wherever he goes. Come in and sit anywhere you like,狀語從句,條件狀語連詞或詞組：if, unless, as long as/so long as/so far as, in case, suppose/supposing/provided that/providing, on condition that If you can practice enough, you are sure to pass the driving test this time. Id like to go swimming unless the

15、water is too cold. Supposing that he doesnt help, what shall we do？ 原因狀語連詞：because/since/as/now that, considering that , seeing Since youre not interested in this TV play, lets change the channel. Now that you are grown up, you should not rely on your parents,狀語從句,結(jié)果狀語連詞或詞組：sothat/suchthat, so that/

16、 This is such a heavy box that nobody can move it. His car broke down halfway to the company so that he had to take a taxi. 目的狀語連詞：that/so that/in order that, lest, for fear that, in case The two boys were whispering so that they should no interrupt other students. We must check the car regularly so

17、 that it can run well. Ill show you the place on the map lest you should get lost. Youd better take an umbrella with you in case in rains,狀語從句,方式狀語連詞或詞組：as, as if, as though, The little girl likes to do something as her mother tells her. He speaks Chinese as if he were a Chinese. It looks as if it i

18、s going to rain. 比較狀語連詞：than, as He studies much harder than his brother. This Park is far more beautiful than I expected. 讓步狀語連詞：though/although/as/while, even if/even though, however/no matter how Although he is young, he has been in may countries. He wont go to see that kind of film even though h

19、e has time. Try as he might, he couldnt move this stone,同位語從句,從屬連詞：that There is truth in the old saying that necessity is the mother of invention. There is a rumor that Mr.Zhang has been dismissed. 連接副詞:how, when, where, why, I have no idea how I can get the car going in such cold weather. I have n

20、o idea why she dropped out of school,Summary: 句子類型,簡(jiǎn)單句(Simple Sentence) 并列句(Compound Sentence) 復(fù)合句(Complex Sentence,三種句子類型(結(jié)構(gòu),三種句子類型(用途,陳述句 疑問句(一般/特殊/選擇/翻譯疑問) 祈使句 感嘆句,句子結(jié)構(gòu),主謂結(jié)構(gòu)：S(主語）+ Vi(謂語不及物動(dòng)詞） 主謂賓結(jié)構(gòu)：S(主語）+ Vi(謂語及物動(dòng)詞)+ O(賓語） 主系表結(jié)構(gòu): S(主語)+LV(系動(dòng)詞)+P(表語) 雙賓語結(jié)構(gòu)：S(主語)+Vt(謂語及物動(dòng)詞+InO(間 接賓語)+DO(直接賓語） 復(fù)合賓語

21、結(jié)構(gòu)：S(主語)+Vt(謂語及物動(dòng)詞)+ O(賓語)+C(賓語補(bǔ)足語,五種基本結(jié)構(gòu),一)主謂結(jié)構(gòu)：S(主語）+ Vi(謂語不及物動(dòng)詞,Everyone laughed. The price peaked in August. Views on the issue in question vary from person to person. Notions about euthanasia differ widely. The number of female professors dropped significantly in 1970. The number of female prof

22、essors dropped significantly in 1970,二)主謂賓結(jié)構(gòu)：S(主語）+ Vi(謂語及物動(dòng)詞)+O(賓語,Liverpool won the game. Travelling broadens ones vision. We often hear about an overnight success Instead,they live in high-rise apartments complexes. We are all exposed to such advertisements every day. The train is building up spe

23、ed. The train is building up speed,三)主系表結(jié)構(gòu): S(主語)+LV(系動(dòng)詞)+P(表語,That car is mine. She is in good health. She looks beautiful. The primary purpose of a zoo is to educate. First of all, pig farming is still an important industry in China. In most countries, the most important animal is a national symbo

24、l. In most countries, the most important animal is a national symbol,Tip: 常用系動(dòng)詞 be, feel, look, sound, taste, smell, seem, appear, become, grow, get, turn, fall, go, come, run, remain, continue, stay, keep, rest, prove, turn out,Back,四)雙賓語結(jié)構(gòu)：S(主語)+Vt(謂語及物動(dòng)詞+InO(間接賓語)+DO(直接賓語,Beckham lent me his car. Someone left you this note. Travelling to foreign countries gives us an opportunity to experience another culture and broaden our horizon. His mother in-law bought him a luxurious car as the marriage present. His mother in-law bought him a l