管理學專業(yè)術(shù)語(中英文對照

1、1. 管理與組織導論管理者:(manager)基層管理者:(first-line managers)中層管理者:(middle managers)高層管理者:(top managers)管理:(management)效率:(efficiency)效果:(effectiveness)計劃:(planning)組織:(organizing)領(lǐng)導:(leading)控制:(controlling)管理角色:(management roles)人際關(guān)系角色:(interpersonal roles)信息傳遞角色:(informational roles)決策制定角色:(descisional role

2、s)技術(shù)技能:(technical skills)人際技能:(human skills)概念技能:(conceptual skills)管理的普遍性:(universality of management)2. 管理的歷史勞動分工:(division of labor)工作專業(yè)化:(job specialization)工業(yè)革命:(industrific revolution)科學管理:(scientific management)一般行政管理理論:(general administrative theory)管理原則:(principles of management)官僚行政組織:(bur

3、eaucracy)定量方法:(quantitative approach)組織行為:(organizational behavior)霍桑研究系統(tǒng):(Hawthorne studies systems)封閉系統(tǒng):(closed systems)開放系統(tǒng):(open systems)權(quán)變理論:(contingency approach)勞動力多元化:(workforce diversity)電子企業(yè):(e-business)電子商務(wù):(e-commerce)內(nèi)部網(wǎng):(intranet)學習型組織:(learning organization)知識管理:(knowledge management)

4、質(zhì)量管理:(quality management)3. 組織文化與環(huán)境管理萬能論:(omnipotent view of management)管理象征論:(symbolil view of management)組織文化:(organization culture)強文化:(strong cultures)社會化:(socialization)工作場所精神境界:(workplace spirituality)外部環(huán)境:(external environment)具體環(huán)境:(specific environment)一般環(huán)境:(general environment)環(huán)境的不確定性:(envi

5、ronment uncertainty)環(huán)境的復雜性:(environment complexity)利益相關(guān)群體:(stakholders)4. 全球環(huán)境中的管理狹隘主義:(parochialism)民族中心論:(ethnocentric attitude)多國中心論:(polycentric attitude)全球中心論:(geocentric attitude)跨國公司:(multinational corporation)多國公司:(multidomestic corporation)全球公司:(global company)跨國或無邊界組織:(transnational or bor

6、edrless organization)初始全球化組織:(born globals)全球外購:(global sourcing)出口:(exporting)進口:(importing)許可證經(jīng)營:(licensing)許可經(jīng)營:(franchising)戰(zhàn)略同盟:(strategic alliance)合資企業(yè):(joint venture)外國子公司:(foreign subsidiary)市場經(jīng)濟:(market economy)計劃經(jīng)濟:(command economy)民族文化:(national culture)5. 社會責任與管理道德古典觀點:(classical view)社會

7、經(jīng)濟學觀點:(socioeconomic view)社會義務(wù):(social obligation)社會響應(yīng):(social responsiveness)社會責任:(social responsinility)社會屏障篩選:(social screening)管理的綠色化:(gerrning of management)以價值觀為基礎(chǔ)的管理:(values-based management)道德:(ethics)自我強度控制點:(ego strength locus of control)道德準則:(code of ethics)社會企業(yè)家:(social entrepreneur)社會影響

8、管理:(social impact management)6. 制定決策決策:(decisions)決策制定過程:(decision-making process)決策標準問題:(decision criteria problem)理性的:(rational)有限理性:(bounded rationality)滿意的承諾升級:(satisfied escalation of commitment)直覺決策:(intuitive decision making)結(jié)構(gòu)良好問題:(structured problems)程序化決策:(programmed decision)程序:(procedure

9、)規(guī)則:(rule)政策:(policy)結(jié)構(gòu)不良問題:(unstructured problems)非程序化決策:(nonprogrammed decisions)確定性:(certainty)風險性:(risk)命令型風格:(directive style)分析型風格:(analytic style)概念型風格:(conceptual style)行為型風格:(behavioral style)啟發(fā)法:(heuristics)7. 計劃的基礎(chǔ)陳述目標:(stated goals)真實目標:(real goals)戰(zhàn)略計劃:(strategic plans)運營計劃:(operational

10、 plans)長期計劃:(long-term plans)短期計劃:(short-term plans)具體計劃:(specific plans)方向性計劃:(directional plans)一次性計劃:(single-used plans)持續(xù)性計劃:(standing plans)傳統(tǒng)目標:(traditional goal setting)手段-目標鏈:(means-ends chain)目標管理:(management by objectives)使命:(mission)承諾概念:(commitment concept)正式計劃部門:(formal planning departm

11、ent)8. 戰(zhàn)略管理戰(zhàn)略管理:(strategic management)組織戰(zhàn)略商業(yè)模式:(strategies business model )戰(zhàn)略管理過程:(strategic management process)機會:(opportunities)威脅:(threats)資源:(resources)能力:(capabilities)核心競爭力:(core competencies)SWOT分析法:(SWOT analysis)公司層戰(zhàn)略:(corporate strategy)增長戰(zhàn)略:(growth strategy)相關(guān)多元化:(related diversification)

12、非相關(guān)多元化:(unrelated diversification)穩(wěn)定性戰(zhàn)略:(stability strategy)更新戰(zhàn)略:(renewal strategies)緊縮戰(zhàn)略:(retrenchment strategy)扭轉(zhuǎn)戰(zhàn)略:(turnaround strategy)BCG矩陣:(BCG matrix)業(yè)務(wù)層戰(zhàn)略:(business strategy)戰(zhàn)略業(yè)務(wù)單元:(strategic business units)競爭優(yōu)勢:(competitive advantage)成本領(lǐng)先戰(zhàn)略:(cost leadership strategy)遵循差異化戰(zhàn)略:(differentiation

13、 strategy)聚焦戰(zhàn)略:(focus strategy)徘徊其間:(stuck in the middle)戰(zhàn)略靈活性:(strategic flexibility)市場先入者:(first mover)9. 計劃的工具技術(shù)環(huán)境掃描:(environment scanning)競爭對手情報:(competitor intelligence)預測:(forecasts)定量預測:(quantitative forecasting)定性預測:(qualitative forecasting)標桿比較:(benchmarking)資源:(resources)預算:(budget)甘特圖:(Ga

14、ntt chart)負荷圖:(load chart)事件:(events)計劃評審技術(shù):(the program evaluation and review technique)活動:(activities)松弛時間:(slack time)關(guān)鍵路徑:(critical path)盈虧平衡分析:(breakeven analysis)線性規(guī)劃:(linear programming)項目管理:(project management)腳本:(scenario)10. 組織結(jié)構(gòu)與設(shè)計組織結(jié)構(gòu)設(shè)計:(organazational structure design)工作專門化:(work specia

15、lization)職能部門化:(functional departmentalization)產(chǎn)品部門化:(product departmentalization)地區(qū)部門化:(geographical departmentalization)過程部門化:(process departmentalization)顧客部門化:(customer departmentalization)跨職能團隊:(cross-functional teams)指揮鏈:(chain of command)職權(quán):(authority)職責:(responsibility)統(tǒng)一指揮:(unity of command

16、)管理跨度:(span of control)集權(quán)化:(centralization)分權(quán)化:(decentralization)員工授權(quán):(employee empowerment)正規(guī)化:(formalization)機械式組織:(mechanistic organization)有機式組織:(organic organization)單件生產(chǎn):(unit production)大批量生產(chǎn):(mass production)連續(xù)生產(chǎn):(process production)簡單結(jié)構(gòu):(simple structure)職能型結(jié)構(gòu):(flanctional structure)事業(yè)部型結(jié)構(gòu):

17、(divisional structure)團隊結(jié)構(gòu):(team structure)矩陣型結(jié)構(gòu):(matrix structure)項目型結(jié)構(gòu):(project structure)無邊界組織:(boundaryless organization)虛擬組織:(virtual organization)學習型組織:(learning organization)組織結(jié)構(gòu)圖:(organizational charts)11. 溝通與信息技術(shù)溝通:(communication)人際溝通:(interpersonal communication)組織溝通:(organizational commun

18、ication)信息:(message)編碼:(encoding)解碼:(decoding)溝通過程:(communication process)噪聲:(noise)非語言溝通:(nonverbal communication)體態(tài)語言:(body language)語調(diào):(verbal intonation)過濾:(filtering)信息超載:(information overload)積極傾聽:(active listening)正式溝通:(formal communication)非正式溝通:(informal communication)下行溝通:(upward communica

19、tion)橫向溝通:(lateral communication)斜向溝通:(diagonal communication)溝通網(wǎng)絡(luò):( communication networks)小道消息:(grape-vine)電子郵件:(e-mail)即時消息:(instant messaging)音頻郵件:(voice-mail)電子數(shù)據(jù)交換:(electrinic data interchange)電話會議:(teleconferencing)可視會議:(videoconferencing)網(wǎng)絡(luò)會議:(webconferencing)內(nèi)部互聯(lián)網(wǎng):(intranet)外部互聯(lián)網(wǎng):(Extranet)

20、實踐社區(qū):(communities practive)12. 人力資源管理高績效工作實務(wù):(high-performance work practices)人力資源管理過程:(human resource management process)工會(labor union)反優(yōu)先雇傭行動計劃:(affirmative action)人力資源規(guī)劃:(human resource planning)職務(wù)分析:(job analysis)職務(wù)說明書:(job description)職務(wù)規(guī)范:(job specification)招聘:(recruitment)解聘:(decriuitment)甄選

21、:(selection)效度:(validity)信度:(reliability)工作抽樣:(work samping)評估中心:(assessment centers)真實工作預覽:(relistic job preview)上崗培訓:(orientation)績效管理系統(tǒng):(performance management system)書面描述法:(written essay)關(guān)鍵事件法:(critical incidents)評分表法:(graphic rating scales)行為定位評分法:(behaviorally anchored rating scales)多人比較法:(mul

22、tiperson comparisons)360度反饋法:(360-degree feedback)基于技能薪酬:(skill-based pay)浮動工資:(variable pay)精簡機構(gòu):(downsizing)性騷擾:(sexual harassment)基于家庭的福利:(family-friendly benefits)13. 變革與創(chuàng)新管理組織變革:(organizational change)變革推動者:(change agent)組織發(fā)展:(organizational development)壓力:(stress)14. 行為的基礎(chǔ)行為:(behavior)組織行為學:(o

23、rganizational behavior)員工生產(chǎn)率:(employee productivity)離職率:(turnover)組織公民行為:(organizational citizen behavior)工作滿意度:(job satisfaction)工作場所不當行為態(tài)度:(workplace misbehavior attitudes)認知行為:(cognitive component)情感成分:(affective component)行為成分:(behavior component)組織承諾:(organizational commitment)組織支持感:(perceived

24、organizational support)認知失調(diào):(cognitive dissonance)態(tài)度調(diào)查:(attitude surveys)人格:(personality)馬基雅維里主義:(machiavellianism)自尊:(self-esteem)自我控制:(self-monitoring)印象管理:(impression management)情緒:(emotion)情緒智力:(emotional Intelligence)知覺:(perception)歸因理論:(attribution theory)基本歸因錯誤:(fundamental attribution error)

25、自我服務(wù)偏見:(self-serving bias)假設(shè)相似性:(assumed similarity)刻板印象:(stereotyping)暈輪效應(yīng):(halo effect)操作性條件反射:(operant conditioning)社會學習理論:(social learning theory)行為塑造:(shaping behavior)15. 理解群體與團隊群體:(group)形成階段:(forming)震蕩階段:(storming)規(guī)范階段:(norming)執(zhí)行階段:(performing)解體階段:(adjourning)群體思維:(groupthink)地位:(status)社

26、會惰化:(social loafing)群體內(nèi)聚力:(group cohesiveness)沖突:(conflict)沖突的傳統(tǒng)觀點:(traditional view of conflict)沖突的人際關(guān)系觀點:(human relations view of conflict)沖突的交互作用觀點:(interactionist view of conflict)積極沖突:(functional conflict)消極沖突:(disfunctional conflict)任務(wù)沖突:(task conflict)關(guān)系沖突:(relationship conflict)過程沖突:(process

27、 conflict)工作團隊:(workteams)自我管理團隊:(self-managed work teams)跨職能團隊:(cross-functional team)虛擬團隊:(virtual team)社會網(wǎng)絡(luò)構(gòu)造:(social network structure)16. 激勵員工動機:(motivation)需要層次理論:(hierarchy of needs theory)雙因素理論:(two-factor theory)保健因素:(hygiene factors)激勵因素:(motivators)三種需要理論:(three-needs theory)成就需要:(need fo

28、r achievement)權(quán)力需要:(need for power)歸屬需要:(need for affiliation)目標設(shè)置理論:(goal-setting theory)自我效能感:(self-efficacy)強化理論:(reinforcement theory)強化物:(reinforcer)工作設(shè)計:(job design)工作擴大化:(job enlargement)工作豐富化:(job enrichment)工作深度:(job depth)工作特征模型:(job characteristics model)公平理論:(equity theory)參照對象:(referent

29、s)分配公平:(distributive justice)程序公平:(procedural justice)期望理論:(expectancy theory)壓縮工作周:(compressed workweek)彈性工作制:(flexible work hours)彈性時間制:(flextime)工作分擔:(job sharing)遠程辦公:(telecommuting)賬目公開管理:(open-book management)員工認可方案:(employee recognition programs)績效工資方案:(pay-for-performance program)股票期權(quán):(stock

30、 options)17. 領(lǐng)導領(lǐng)導者:(leader)領(lǐng)導:(leadership)行為理論:(behavioral theories)獨裁型風格:(authoeratic style)民主型風格:(democratic style)放任型風格:(laissez-faire style)定規(guī)維度:(initiating strueture)關(guān)懷維度:(consideration)高-高型領(lǐng)導者:(high-high leader)管理方格:(managerial grid)權(quán)變模型:(contingency model)最難共事著問卷:(least-preferred co-worker questionnaire)情境領(lǐng)導理論:(situational leadership theory)成熟度:(readiness)領(lǐng)導者參與模型:(leader participation model)路徑-目標理論:(path-goal theory)交易型領(lǐng)導者:(transactional leaders)變革型領(lǐng)導者:(transformational leaders)領(lǐng)袖魅力型領(lǐng)導者:(charismatic leader)愿景規(guī)劃型領(lǐng)導:(visionary lea