2019年6月大學(xué)英語四級(jí)真題練習(xí) 翻譯

1、 2019年6月大學(xué)英語四級(jí)真題練習(xí)翻譯 2018.12 真題一：手機(jī)閱讀 由于通信網(wǎng)絡(luò)的快速發(fā)展，中國智能手機(jī)用戶數(shù)量近年來以驚人速度增長。這極大地改變了許多人的閱讀方式。他們現(xiàn)在經(jīng)常智能手機(jī)上看新聞和文章，而不買傳統(tǒng)報(bào)刊。大量移動(dòng)應(yīng)用程序(apps)的開發(fā)使人們能用手機(jī)讀小說和其他形式的文學(xué)作品。因此，紙質(zhì)書籍的銷售受到了影響。但調(diào)查顯示，盡管手機(jī)閱讀市場穩(wěn)步增長，超半數(shù)成年人仍喜歡讀紙質(zhì)書。參考譯文： Due to the rapid development of communication network,Chinas smartphone users are growing at a

2、n amazing speed in recent years. This has greatly changed the way many people read. They often read news and articles on their smart phones instead of buying traditional newspapers or magazines. The development of numerous mobile Apps has enabled people to read novels and other forms of literary wor

3、ks on their phones. As a result,sales of printing books have been affected negatively. Despite steady growth in the smartphone reading market,however,more than half of the adults still prefer printing books, according to the survey. 2018.12 真題二：手機(jī)支付 過去幾年里，移動(dòng)支付市場在中國蓬勃發(fā)展，隨著移動(dòng)互聯(lián)網(wǎng)得出現(xiàn)，手機(jī)購物逐漸成為一種趨勢。18到30歲

4、的年輕人構(gòu)成了移動(dòng)支付市場的最大群體。由于現(xiàn)在用手機(jī)付款極容易，許多消費(fèi)者在購物時(shí)寧愿用手機(jī)付款，而不愿用現(xiàn)金或信用卡。為了鼓勵(lì)人們多消費(fèi)，許多商店給使用移動(dòng)支付的顧客打折。專家預(yù)測，中國移動(dòng)支付市場未來仍有很大發(fā)展?jié)摿?。參考譯文： In the past few years,the mobile payment market has flourished in China. With the appearance of mobile internet,shopping on mobile phone has gradually become a trend. Young people age

5、d from 18 to 30 constitute the largest user group in the mobile payment market. As it is extremely easy to pay by mobile phone now,many consumers prefer paying by mobile phone to using cash or credit card when shopping. To encourage people to consume more,numerous shopsofferdiscountstocustomerswhous

6、ethemobilepayment.ExpertspredictthatChinas mobile payment market will still have great potential of development in the future. 2018.12 真題三：手機(jī)應(yīng)用 越來越多的中國人現(xiàn)在的確離不開手機(jī)了。他們中的許多人，包括老年人，都使用手機(jī)應(yīng)用程序保持聯(lián)系并拓寬朋友圈。他們也用手機(jī)購物，查找信息，因?yàn)槭謾C(jī)便于攜帶。此外，使用手機(jī)應(yīng)用程序通信比傳統(tǒng)電話便宜。然而，這種新趨勢導(dǎo)致人們?cè)谏缃粫r(shí)過度依賴手機(jī)。事實(shí)上，一些年輕人已經(jīng)變得十分上癮，以至于忽略了與家人和朋友面對(duì)面的交流

7、。 參考譯文： More and more Chinese people really cannot live without mobile phones now. Many of them,including elder people, use Apps to keep in touch with each other and broaden their circle of friends. They also shop and look up information on mobile phones, because mobile phones are easy to take. In a

8、ddition, its cheaper to communicate by mobile Apps than by traditional phone However, this new trend has led people to rely too much on mobile phones on social calls. occasions. In fact, some young people have become so addicted that they neglect face-to-face communication with their family and frie

9、nds. 2018.06 真題一：公交車 公交車曾是中國人出行的主要交通工具。近年來，由于私家車數(shù)量不斷增多，城市的交通問題越來越嚴(yán)重。許多城市為了鼓勵(lì)更多人乘坐公交車出行，一直在努力改善公交車的服務(wù)質(zhì)量。車輛的設(shè)施不斷更新，車速也有了顯著提高。然而，公交車的票價(jià)卻依然相當(dāng)?shù)土，F(xiàn)在，在大多數(shù)城市，許多當(dāng)?shù)乩夏晔忻穸伎梢悦赓M(fèi)乘坐公交車。 參考譯文： The bus used to be the main means of transport for Chinese people. In recent years, urban traffic problems have become incre

10、asingly serious due to the increasing number of private cars.In order to encourage more people to travel by bus, many cities have been making efforts toimprovethequalityofbusservice.Thefacilitiesofbusesareconstantlybeingupdated,and the speed has also been increased significantly.However, bus fares a

11、re still quite low.Nowadays, in most cities, a large number of local senior citizens can take buses for free. 2018.06 真題二：地鐵 近年來，中國有越來越多的城市開始建造地鐵。發(fā)展地鐵有助于減少城市的交通擁擠和空氣污染。地鐵具有安全、快捷和舒適的優(yōu)點(diǎn)，越來越多的人選擇地鐵作為每天上班或上學(xué)的主要交通工具。如今，在中國乘坐地鐵正變得越來越方便。在有些城市里，乘客只需用卡或手機(jī)就可以乘坐地鐵。許多當(dāng)?shù)乩夏晔忻襁€可以免費(fèi)乘坐地鐵。 參考譯文： In recent years, more

12、 and more Chinese cities have begun to construct subways. Developing the subway helps reduce urban traffic congestion and air pollution. The subway has the advantages of safety, speed and comfort. A growing number of people choose subway as the main means of transportation to commute to work or go t

13、o school every day.Nowadays, it is becoming increasingly convenient to take the subway in China.In some cities, people just need to use cards or cellphones to take the subway. A large number of local senior citizens can take the subway for free. 2018.06 真題三：飛機(jī) 過去，乘飛機(jī)出行對(duì)大多數(shù)中國人來說是難以想象的。如今隨著經(jīng)濟(jì)的發(fā)展和生活水平的

14、提高，越來越多的中國人包括許多農(nóng)民和外出務(wù)工人員都能乘飛機(jī)出行。他們可以乘飛機(jī)到達(dá)所有大城市，還有許多城市也在籌建機(jī)場。航空服務(wù)不斷改進(jìn)，而且經(jīng)常會(huì)有特價(jià)機(jī)票。近年來，節(jié)假日期間選擇乘飛機(jī)外出旅游的人不斷增加。 參考譯文： In the past, it was unimaginable for the majority of Chinese to travel by air. Nowadays, with e development of the economy and the improvement of living standard, an increasing number of C

15、hinese people, including many farmers and migrant workers, can travel by plane.They are able to fly to all big cities, and many cities are also planning to build airports.Air service is being continuously improved In recent years, the number of people who and there are often cheap air tickets. choos

16、e airplanes to travel during festivals and holidays has been constantly increasing. 2017.12 真題一：華ft 華ft位于華陰市，距西安120公里。華ft是秦嶺的一部分，秦嶺不僅分隔陜南與陜北，也分隔華南與華北。與從前人們常去朝拜的泰ft不同，華ft過去很少有人光臨，因?yàn)樯蟜t的道路極其危險(xiǎn)。然而，希望長壽的人卻經(jīng)常上ft，因?yàn)閒t上生長著許多草藥，特別是一些稀有的草藥。自上世紀(jì)90年代安裝纜車以來，參觀人數(shù)大大增加。 參考譯文： Huashan is located in Huayin City, 120

17、 kilometers away from Xian. It is one part of the Qinling Mountains, which not only separates Southern and Northern Shaanxi, but also separates South and North China. Unlike Mount Tai where people often went to pay respects, Huashan was rarely visited in the past because of its extremely dangerous r

18、oads uphill. However, those who wished to live longer often went climbing the mountain for numerous herbs, especially some rare ones. After the installation of cable cars in the 1990s, the number of visitors has increased greatly. 2017.12 真題二：泰ft 泰ft位于ft東省西部，海拔1500余米，方圓約400平方公里。泰ft不僅雄偉壯觀，而且是一座歷史文化名f

19、t，過去3000多年一直是人們前往朝拜的地方。據(jù)記載，共有72位帝王曾來此游覽。許多作家到泰ft獲取靈感，寫詩作文，藝術(shù)家也來此繪畫。ft上因此留下了許許多多的文物古跡。泰ft如今已成為中國一處主要的旅游景點(diǎn)。 參考譯文： Mount Tai, located in the west of Shandong Province, is over 1,500 meters above sea level and covers an area of about 400 square kilometers. Mount Tai is majestic and it is famous for hist

20、ory and culture. It is a place where people used to worship in the past more than 3,000 years. It is recorded that totally 72 emperors once visited Mount Tai. Many writers visited Mount Tai for inspiration to write poems and essays. And so many artists drew pictures and paintings here. Thats why lot

21、s of cultural and historical relics are preserved on the mountain. Nowadays, Mount Tai has become a famous tourist attraction inChina. 2017.12 真題三：黃ft 黃ft位于安徽省南部。它風(fēng)景獨(dú)特，尤以其日出和云海著稱。要欣賞大ft的宏偉壯麗，通常得向上看。但要欣賞黃ft美景，就得向下看。黃ft的濕潤氣候有利于茶樹生長，是中國主要產(chǎn)茶地之一。這里還有許多溫泉，其泉水有助于防治皮膚病。黃ft是中國主要旅游目的地之一，也是攝影和傳統(tǒng)國畫最受歡迎的主題。 參考譯文

22、： Huangshan is located in southern Anhui Province. It has unique scenery, especially famous for the sunrise and sea of clouds. To appreciate the magnificence of the mountain, you need to look upward. But if you want to enjoy the beauty of Huangshan, you need to look downward. The moist climate of Hu

23、angshan is beneficial to the growing of tea trees and thus it is one of the major tea producing areas in China. Huangshan is also home to many hot springs, which help to prevent skin diseases. It is one of the main tourist destinations in China and a popular subject of photography and traditional Ch

24、inesepainting. 2017.06 真題一：珠江 珠江是華南一大河系，流經(jīng)廣州市，是中國第三長的河流，僅次于長江和黃河。珠江三角洲是中國最發(fā)達(dá)的地區(qū)之一，面積約11,000平方公里。它在面積和人口方面也是世界上 最大的城市聚集區(qū)。珠江三角洲九個(gè)最大城市共有 5,700 多萬人口。上世紀(jì) 70 年代末中國改革開放以來，珠江三角洲已成為中國和世界主要經(jīng)濟(jì)區(qū)域和制造中心之一。 參考譯文： The Pearl River, the largest river system of southern China that flows through Guangzhou, is the third

25、 longest river in China, only second to the Yangtze River and the Yellow River.The Pearl River Delta is one of the most developed regions in China with an area of about 11,000 square kilometers.It is also the largest urban area in both size and population all over the world.The nine largest cities o

26、f the Pearl River Delta have a total population of more than 57 million. Since the Chinese reform and opening up in the late 1970s, the Pearl River Delta has become one of the major economic regions and manufacturing centers in China and the world. 2017.06 真題二：長江 長江是亞洲最長、世界上第三長的河流。長江流經(jīng)多種不同的生態(tài)系統(tǒng)，是諸多瀕

27、危物種的棲息地，灌溉了中國五分之一的土地。長江流域(riverbasin)居住著中國三分之一的人口。長江在中國歷史、文化和經(jīng)濟(jì)上起著很大的作用。長江三角洲(delta)產(chǎn)出多達(dá)20%的中國國民生產(chǎn)總值。幾千年來，長江一直被用于供水、運(yùn)輸和工業(yè)生產(chǎn)。長江上還坐落著世界最大的水電站。 參考譯文： The Yangtze River is the longest in Asia and the third longest in the world. The river, which flows through varied ecosystems along its passage, offers h

28、abitats for many endangered species and provides irrigation for 1/5 of Chinas land. The Yangtze River basin is home to 1/3 of Chinas population. The river plays a very important role in China historically, culturally and economically. The Yangtze River Delta contributes up to 20% of Chinas GNP. For

29、thousands of years, the Yangtze River has been used for water supply, shipment and industrial activities. The worlds largest hydropower station is also built across theriver. 2017.06 真題三：黃河 黃河是亞洲第三、世界第六長的河流。“黃”這個(gè)字描述的是其河水渾濁的顏色。黃河發(fā)源于青海，流經(jīng)九個(gè)省份，最后注入渤海。黃河是中國賴以生存的幾條河流之一。黃河流域 (riverbasin)是中國古代文明的誕生地，也是中國早期

30、歷史上最繁榮的地區(qū)。然而，由于極具破壞力的洪水頻發(fā)，黃河曾造成多次災(zāi)害。在過去幾十年里，政府采取了各種措施防止災(zāi)害發(fā)生。 參考譯文： The Yellow River is the third longest in Asia and the sixth longest in the world. The word “yellow” describes the muddy color of the water. Originating in Qinghai province, the Yellow River flows through nine provinces and finally em

31、pties into the Bohai Sea. It is one of the several rivers for China to live on. Its basin was the birth place of ancient Chinese civilization and the most prosperous region in early Chinese history. However,because of the frequent devastating floods,theriverhascausedmanydisasters.Inthepastfewdecades

32、,thegovernmenthastaken various measures to prevent disasters. 2016.12 真題一：紅色 在中國文化中，紅色通常象征著好運(yùn)、長壽和幸福，在春節(jié)和其他喜慶場合，紅色到處可見。人們把現(xiàn)金作為禮物送給家人或親密朋友時(shí)，通常放在紅信封里。紅色在中國流行的另一個(gè)原因是人們把它與中國革命和共產(chǎn)黨相聯(lián)系。然而，紅色并不總是代表好運(yùn)與快樂。因?yàn)閺那八勒叩拿殖Ｓ眉t色書寫，用紅墨水寫中國人名被看成是一種冒犯行為。 參考譯文： The color of red in Chinese culture usually means good luck, l

33、ongevity and happiness. Red can be found everywhere during Chinese Spring Festival and other joyous occasions. Cashes often in red envelopes are sent to family members or close friends as gifts. Its popularity can also be attributed to the fact that people associate it with Chinese revolution and Co

34、mmunist Party. However, it does not always equal to good luck and joy in that the name of the dead used to be written in red. Using red ink to write names of Chinese people were seen as an offense. 2016.12 真題二：白色 隨著中國的改革開放，如今很多年輕人都喜歡舉行西式婚禮。新娘在婚禮上穿著白色婚紗，因?yàn)榘咨徽J(rèn)為是純潔的象征。然而，在中國傳統(tǒng)文化中，白色經(jīng)常是葬禮上使用的顏色。因此務(wù)必記住，

35、白花一定不要用作祝人康復(fù)的禮物，尤其不要送給老年人或危重病人。同樣，禮金也不能裝在白色信封里，而要裝在紅色信封里。 參考譯文： With Chinas reform and opening up, many young people tend to hold Western-style weddings. The bride wears a white wedding dress at the wedding, because white is considered a symbol of purity. However, in traditional Chinese culture, whi

36、te is often used in funerals. Thus it should be kept in mind that white flowers must not be used as a gift to patients, especially seniors or patients in severe conditions. Similarly, the cash gift cannot be packed in a white envelope, but in a red envelope. 2016.12 真題三：黃色 在中國文化中，黃顏色是一種很重要的顏色，因?yàn)樗哂歇?dú)

37、特的象征意義。在封建(feudal)社會(huì)中，它象征統(tǒng)治者的權(quán)力和權(quán)威。那時(shí)，黃色是專為皇帝使用的顏色，皇家宮殿全都漆成黃色，皇袍總是黃色的，而普通老百姓是禁止穿黃色衣服的。在中國，黃色也是收獲的象征。秋天莊稼成熟時(shí)，田野變得一片金黃。人們興高采烈，慶祝豐收。 參考譯文： In Chinese culture, yellow is an important color because of its unique symbolic meaning. In feudal society, it symbolizes power and authority of the rulers. At that

38、 time, yellow was used for the emperor only. The royal palace was painted yellow and the imperial robe was always yellow, while the ordinary people were not allowed to wear yellow clothes. In China, yellow is also the symbol of harvest. When rice becomes mature and fields grow golden yellow in autum

39、n, people will celebrate cheerfully for the harvest of crops. 2016.06 真題一：功夫 功夫(KungFu)是中國武術(shù)(martialarts)的俗稱。中國武術(shù)的起源可以追溯到自衛(wèi)的需要、狩 獵活動(dòng)以及古代中國的軍事訓(xùn)練。它是中國傳統(tǒng)體育運(yùn)動(dòng)的一種，年輕人和老年人都練。 它已逐漸演變成了中國文化的獨(dú)特元素。作為中國的國寶，功夫有上百種不同的風(fēng)格，是世界上練得最多的武術(shù)形式。有些風(fēng)格模仿了動(dòng)物的動(dòng)作，還有一些則受到了中國哲學(xué)思想、神話和傳說的啟發(fā)。 參考譯文： Kung Fu is the common name of Chine

40、se martial arts,whose origin can be traced back to self-defense purposes, hunting activities and military training of ancient China. As one of Chinas traditional sports, it is popular among all people, old and young. Gradually, it has evolved into a unique element of the Chinese culture. Kung Fu, re

41、garded as the national treasure of China, consists of hundreds of fighting styles and has become the most common forms of martial arts in the world. Some styles imitate the movements of animals, while others are inspired by Chinese philosophy, myth and legends. 2016.06 真題二：風(fēng)箏 在ft東省濰坊市，風(fēng)箏不僅僅是玩具，而且還是這

42、座城市文化的標(biāo)志。濰坊以“風(fēng)箏之都”而聞名，已有將近2400年放飛風(fēng)箏的歷史。傳說中國古代哲學(xué)家墨子用了三年時(shí)間在濰坊制作了世界上首個(gè)風(fēng)箏，但放飛的第一天風(fēng)箏就墜落并摔壞了。也有人相信風(fēng)箏是中國古代木匠魯班發(fā)明的。據(jù)說他的風(fēng)箏用木頭和竹子制作，飛了三天后才落地。 參考譯文： In Weifang, Shandong, kites are not only for entertainment, but also the symbol for the culture of the city. Weifang, known as the “capital of kites”, boasts a hi

43、story of nearly 2,400 years in flying kites. A legend has it that Motze, an ancient Chinese philosopher, spent three years making the worlds first kite just in the city. However, the kite fell and broke the first day it flew. Some also believe that it was Lu Ban, an ancient Chinese carpenter, who in

44、vented the kite. Itssaid that his kite was made of wood and bamboo and it landed after three days offlying. 2016.06 真題三：烏鎮(zhèn) 烏鎮(zhèn)是浙江的一座古老的水鎮(zhèn)，坐落在京杭大運(yùn)河畔。這是一處迷人的地方，有許多古橋、中式旅店和餐館。在過去的一千年里，烏鎮(zhèn)的水洗和生活方式并未經(jīng)歷多少變化，是一座展現(xiàn)古文明的博物館。烏鎮(zhèn)所有房屋都用石木建造。數(shù)百年來，當(dāng)?shù)厝搜刂舆吔ㄆ鹆俗≌图?。無數(shù)寬敞美麗的庭院藏身于屋舍之間，游客們每到一處都有會(huì)驚喜的發(fā)現(xiàn)。 參考譯文： Wuzhen is an a

45、ncient water-town in Zhejiang Province, which is located by the bank of Beiji ng-Hangzhou Grand Canal. It is a charming place, with many ancient bridges, Chinese-style hotels and restaurants. Over the past one thousand years, the water system and lifestyle of Wuzhen has not experienced many changes,

46、 which is like a museum showing ancient civilizations. All the houses in Wuzhen are built of stone and wood. For hundreds of years, the local people have built their houses and fairs along the river. With countless beautiful spacious courtyards hiding among the houses, the tourists will have a surpr

47、iseeverywhere. 2015.12 真題一：望子成龍 中國父母往往過于關(guān)注孩子的學(xué)習(xí)，以至于不要他們幫忙做家務(wù)。他們對(duì)孩子的首要要求就是努力學(xué)習(xí)?？嫉煤?，能上名牌大學(xué)。他們相信這是為孩子好，因?yàn)樵谥袊@樣競爭激 如果孩子能在社會(huì)上取得大中國父母還認(rèn)為，只有成績好才能保證前途光明。烈的社會(huì)里， 的成就，父母就會(huì)受到尊重。因此，他們?cè)敢鉅奚约旱臅r(shí)間、愛好和興趣，為孩子提供更好的條件。 參考譯文： Chinese parents have frequently tended to pay too much attention to their childrens study, so th

48、at they dont let children help them do the housework. Their only requirement for their children is to study hard, perform well in the exams, and go to a famous/prestigious university. They believe it is good for their children, because in such a highly competitive society, only good results could en

49、sure a promising future. Chinese parents also believe that parents will be honored if their children can achieve great success in society. Therefore, they are willing to sacrifice their own time, hobbies and interests to create much better conditions forchildren. 2015.12 真題二：麗江古鎮(zhèn) 云南省的麗江古鎮(zhèn)是中國著名的旅游目的地

50、之一。那里的生活節(jié)奏比大多數(shù)中國城市都要緩慢。麗江到處都是美麗的自然風(fēng)光，眾多的少數(shù)民族同胞提供了各式各樣，豐富多彩的文化讓游客體驗(yàn)。歷史上，麗江還以“愛之城”而聞名，當(dāng)?shù)厝酥辛鱾髦S多關(guān)于因愛而生、為愛而死的故事。如今，在中外游客眼中，這個(gè)古鎮(zhèn)被視為愛情和浪漫的天堂（paradise）。參考譯文： Lijiang, an ancient town of Yunnan Province, is one of the most famous tourist destinations. Its pace of life is slower than that of most cities of C

51、hina. There are many natural beauties everywhere in Lijiang and many ethnical minorities provide tourists with a great variety of cultural experience. Lijiang is also well-known as the city of love in history. Many stories about life and dying for love have spreaded widely among the locals. Nowadays

52、, for tourists home and abroad, the ancient town is regarded as a paradise of love and romance. 2015.12 真題三：漢語比賽 今年在長沙舉行了一年一度的外國人漢語演講比賽，這項(xiàng)比賽證明是促進(jìn)中國和世界其他地區(qū)文化交流的好方法。它為世界各地的年輕人提供了更好地了解中國的機(jī)會(huì)。來自87個(gè)國家共計(jì)126位選手聚集在湖南省省會(huì)參加了從7月6日到8月5日進(jìn)行的半決賽和決賽。比賽并不是唯一的活動(dòng)，選手們還有機(jī)會(huì)參觀了中國其他地區(qū)的著名景點(diǎn)和歷史名勝。 參考譯文： The Annual Chinese Spe

53、ech Contest for Foreigners was held in Changsha this year. The contest was proved to be a good way to promote cultural exchanges between China and other regions all over the world. It provides an opportunity for young people around the world to better understand China . A total of 126 players from 8

54、7 countries gathered in the capital of Hunan province to participate in the semi-final and the final from July 6th to August 5th.Competition is not the only activity. Players also have a chance to visit famous and historical attractions in other parts of China. 2015.06 真題一：中國經(jīng)濟(jì) 中國是世界上最古老的文明之一。構(gòu)成現(xiàn)在世界

55、基礎(chǔ)的許多元素都起源于中國。中國現(xiàn)在擁有世界上發(fā)展最快的經(jīng)濟(jì)，并經(jīng)歷著一次新的工業(yè)革命。中國還啟動(dòng)了雄心勃勃的太空探索計(jì)劃，其實(shí)包括到2020年建成一個(gè)太空站。目前，中國是世界上最大的出口國之一，并 年，中國超越日本成為第2011正在吸引大量外國投資。同時(shí)，它也在海外投資數(shù)十億美元。 二大經(jīng)濟(jì)體。參考譯文： China is one of the worlds oldest civilizations. Many elements which formed the basis of the modern world originated from China. Now, China has t

56、he worlds fastest growing economy, experiencing a new industrial revolution. It also has launched an ambitious space exploration plan, including to build a space station by 2020. At present, China is one of the worlds largest exporter, and is attracting a large number of foreign investment. At the s

57、ame time, it also has invested billions of dollars abroad. In 2011, China overtook Japan and became the second largest economy. 2015.06 真題二：中國主食 在西方人心目中，和中國聯(lián)系最為密切的基本食物是大米。長期以來，大米在中國人的飲食中占據(jù)很重要的地位，以至于有諺語說“巧婦難為無米之炊”。中國南方大多種植水稻，人們通常以大米為主食；而華北大部分地區(qū)由于過于寒冷或過于干燥無法種植水稻，那里的主要作物是小麥。在中國，有些人用面粉做面包，但大多數(shù)人用面粉做饅頭和面條。 參考譯文： In the eyes of the westerners, the basic food closest to China is rice. Rice has long occupied so significant a position in the diet of Chinese that there is a proverb “ Even a clever housewife cannot c