區(qū)域之間的空間組織

1、Spatial recognization between regions,The theories of economic development relation between regions The relation between regions Regional economic inegualities and harmony,Sector The theories of economic development relation between,一、Hirshmans polarisation tricklingdown theory Economy developed reg

2、ion -north Economy developing region -south 1Polarisation effect-disadvaneage 2Tricklingdown effect- advaneage 3The relation between polarisation and tricklingdown effects,二、梯度推移學(xué)說,區(qū)域之間經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展梯度區(qū)域之間經(jīng) 濟(jì)總體水平的差異，而不僅僅是技術(shù)水平的 差異。 1梯度推移說的基本觀點(diǎn) 2梯度推移學(xué)說在我國的發(fā)展 與梯度推移有關(guān)的三種有代表性的觀點(diǎn)： 反梯度推移論；并存論；主導(dǎo)論。,三、Friedmann s core

3、-periphery theory 1.pre-industrial economy: Independent local centres no hierarchy. 2.Transitional economy: a single strong centre emerges.this dominates the colonial society as the stage of pre-conditions begins.a growing manufacturing sector encourages concentration of investment in only a few cen

4、tres-hence a core emerges with a primate city.,3.Industrial economy: a single national centre,strong peripheral sub-centres,increased regional inequalities between core and periphery;upward spiral in the periphery(myrdals cumulative causation).in time,as the economy expands,more balanced national de

5、velopment occurs-sub-centres develop,forming a more integrated national urban hierarchy. 4.Post-industrial economy: a functionally interdependent urban system;the periphery is eliminated. Friedmann believed that stage 4 has been reached in the usa,although There are still peripheral areas such as th

6、e Ozarks,Appalachians,and Alaska.,圖9.1弗里德曼的經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展中心外圍模型,圖9.2歐洲的中心外圍 箭頭表示戰(zhàn)后主要移民路徑，圓圈內(nèi)的區(qū)域?yàn)闅W洲核心區(qū),圖9.3世界體系 的中心、次外圍、 外圍的動(dòng)態(tài)變化 (a)1795年; (b) 1895年; (c)1995年,四 、Regional tnterdependency theories (一) Dependency theory According to dependency theory, countries become more dependent upon more powerful countries,

7、frequently colonial power,as a result of interaction anddevelopment.as the more powerful country exploits of its weaker colony, the colony becomes dependent upon the stronger power.Goods flow from the colony to support consumers in the overseas country.,Andre frank (1971) described the effect of cap

8、italist development on many countries asthe development of underdevelopment.the problem of poor countries is not that they lack the resources,technical kmow-how,modern institutions,or cultural develpments that lead to development,but that they are being exploited by capitalist countries.dependency t

9、heory is a very different approach most models of development:,it incorporates politics and economics in its explanation it takes into account the historical processes of how underdevelopment came about,i.e.how capitalist development began in one part of the world and then expanded into other areas

10、(the bourgeoisie) and the working classes (imperial expansion) it sees development as a revolutionary break,a clash of interests between ruling classes (the bourgeoisie) and the working classes(the proletariat) it stresses that to be developed is to be self-reliant and in control of national resourc

11、es it believes that modernisation does not necessarily mean westernisation,and that underdeveloped countries must set goal of their own,appropriate to their own resources,needs,and values,(二) Brookfields tnterdependency theory,布魯克菲爾德的相互依賴觀點(diǎn)： 發(fā)達(dá)國家的經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展不僅比不發(fā)達(dá)國家更依 賴于資源和資本密集的技術(shù)，而且也依賴不發(fā)達(dá) 國家的資源、勞動(dòng)力和市場。受依賴

12、關(guān)系的影響, 不發(fā)達(dá)國家的內(nèi)部變革也使得它們越來越依賴發(fā) 達(dá)國家的資源和資本。所以，很難區(qū)分出它們誰 依賴誰，實(shí)際上是相互依賴。在世界范圍內(nèi)，沒 有相互依賴經(jīng)濟(jì)和社會(huì)的發(fā)展就無法進(jìn)行下去。,西方學(xué)術(shù)界對相互依賴的理解： 世界上的任何國家之間都存在相互依賴關(guān)系，只不過程度有所差異。 相互依賴意味著依賴是雙向的傳遞和影響，而不是只作用于某一方。 相互依賴的內(nèi)容和程度在不斷地發(fā)生變化。 因此，可以這樣來理解相互依賴，即國家之間在經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展上（包括經(jīng)濟(jì)行動(dòng)和政策）所發(fā)生的雙向作用、影響的過程或現(xiàn)象。,一、Spatial interaction theory (一) spatial interaction

13、 precondition 1mutual supplement between regions 2Accessibility to regions 3Interference opportunity,Sector The relation between regions,(二) Measuring to spatial interaction,Q ij = AiWiBjWj f(dij) 式中：Qiji與j區(qū)域之間的空間相互作用力； Wi、Wji、j區(qū)域產(chǎn)生作用力的因子（如 人口、經(jīng)濟(jì)規(guī)模等）； diji、j區(qū)域之間的距離； f(dij)距離摩擦函數(shù)； Ai，BjWi和Wj的權(quán)重。,能夠使各

14、區(qū)域充分發(fā)揮資源、要素、區(qū)位等方面的優(yōu)勢，進(jìn)行專業(yè)化生產(chǎn)。 合理利用資源，推動(dòng)生產(chǎn)技術(shù)的提高和創(chuàng)新，提高產(chǎn)品質(zhì)量和管理水平。 有利于提高各區(qū)域的經(jīng)濟(jì)效益和國民經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展的總體效益。,二、Regional division of production theories (一) Regional division of production signification,(二)Cost theories 1AdamSmiths theory of absolute cost of production 2DavidRicardos theory of absolute cost of producti

15、on (三) H-O theory,(三) 要素稟賦學(xué)說,區(qū)域之間或國家之間存在生產(chǎn)要素的稟賦差異。如果它們都密集地使用豐富的要素生產(chǎn)商品就能獲得比較優(yōu)勢，又滿足了相互的需求。在自由貿(mào)易的條件下，各個(gè)區(qū)域或國家都應(yīng)該根據(jù)要素稟賦條件，進(jìn)行分工，開展貿(mào)易。,三、Regional cooperation theory (一) Regional cooperation signification (二) Regional cooperation basic principles,(二) Regional cooperation basic principles,1自愿平等，互惠互利 2優(yōu)勢互補(bǔ)，相互

16、協(xié)調(diào) 3區(qū)域之間在空間上盡量相連,1區(qū)域行業(yè)合作,(三) Types of regional cooperation,2區(qū)域全面合作,Sector Regional economic inegualities and harmony,一、Regional inequalities 1. Types of regional inequalities 2. Measuring regional inequalities A variety of economic, social, demographic ,and environmental indices are used to measure

17、regional variations in development and standard of living: Gross Domestic Product ,unemployment rates, labour costs, income per head , proportion of population employed in agriculture, type of industry , receipt of regional and structural aid , inward investment, rates of out-migration , levels of e

18、ducation, housing quality, social service provision , and environmental dereliction.,3.Examples of regional inequalities Local : disparities between the inner city areas and rich suburbs. National : Britains North-South Divide, Italys Mezzogiorno. International : core and periphery in the European Union , e.g. Portugals position in the EU Global : the developed west versus the less developed countries.,4. Fingletons positive and negative feedback (1991) There are two views of regional inequali