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1、Unit 1 Living with technology 動(dòng)詞與動(dòng)詞短語(yǔ) 概念引入動(dòng)詞表示動(dòng)作和狀態(tài), 動(dòng)詞的應(yīng)用是學(xué)習(xí)使用英語(yǔ)中最重要的部分, 幾乎所有的句子的 中心成分都是動(dòng)詞。 從在句子中的地位分, 動(dòng)詞分為謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞和非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞。 謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞使用 時(shí)要注意其時(shí)態(tài)、 語(yǔ)態(tài)和語(yǔ)氣等; 非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞也要根據(jù)其在句子中所作成分及發(fā)生時(shí)間, 選 擇使用不定式、分詞、動(dòng)名詞等的不同形式;這些都是學(xué)習(xí)和考查的重點(diǎn)。而從本單元開始我們要學(xué)習(xí)根據(jù)其特征分類的動(dòng)詞的一些知識(shí), 包括及物動(dòng)詞和不及物 動(dòng)詞、系動(dòng)詞、助動(dòng)詞及動(dòng)詞短語(yǔ)的使用要點(diǎn)。先看下面句子:1. Technology has seensome a

2、mazing developments in the last few decades.2. It all began in 1877, when Thomas Edison made the first recording of a human voice on his invention, the record player.3. Satellites were used to broadcast TV beginning in 1962.4. The first record players had to be wound up by hand and only played recor

3、ds that were two minutes long.5. However, his system was very primitive and had many drawbacks.這些句子中的黑體詞都是動(dòng)詞。句1中has是助動(dòng)詞,seen是及物動(dòng)詞;句 2中began是不及物動(dòng)詞,made是及物動(dòng)詞;句 3中were是助動(dòng)詞,used和broadcast是及物動(dòng)詞, beginning是不及物動(dòng)詞;句 4中had to, be是助動(dòng)詞,而 wound up是短語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞,played是 及物動(dòng)詞, were 是系動(dòng)詞;句 5 中 was 是系動(dòng)詞,而 had 是及物動(dòng)詞。及物動(dòng)詞和不及物

4、 動(dòng)詞有什么區(qū)別?為什么 be 一會(huì)兒是助動(dòng)詞, 一會(huì)兒又是系動(dòng)詞呢?而 have 有時(shí)是及物動(dòng) 詞,有時(shí)是助動(dòng)詞呢?這就是下面我們要學(xué)習(xí)的內(nèi)容。用法講解及物動(dòng)詞與不及物動(dòng)詞概念根據(jù)動(dòng)詞能否有賓語(yǔ),動(dòng)詞可以分為及物動(dòng)詞(Transitive verbs)和不及物動(dòng)詞(Intransitive verbs )。及物動(dòng)詞是指動(dòng)詞所表達(dá)的動(dòng)作能有一個(gè)接受動(dòng)作的對(duì)象,也就是后 面可接賓語(yǔ)的動(dòng)詞。而不及物動(dòng)詞是指后面不可以接賓語(yǔ)的動(dòng)詞。如:Class begins!Today I bellgin our lesson with a question.第一個(gè)句子中 begins 后面沒有賓語(yǔ), 是不及物動(dòng)

5、詞; 第二個(gè)句子中的動(dòng)詞 begin 后接名 詞短語(yǔ)our lesson,即涉及到一個(gè)名詞,是及物動(dòng)詞,所接的名詞短語(yǔ)是其賓語(yǔ)。及物動(dòng)詞的特點(diǎn)1. 必須接名詞,代詞,動(dòng)詞不定式,動(dòng)名詞或賓語(yǔ)從句作賓語(yǔ)。可以有三種構(gòu)成形式:1 ) Vt. + O( 賓 )Bob shut the door behind himself on his way out. 鮑勃出去時(shí)關(guān)上了門。2) Vt. + O ( 間賓 ) + O (直賓 ) (例句中:間接賓語(yǔ) -黑體;直接賓語(yǔ) 斜體)This will save you much time. 這將為您節(jié)約大量的時(shí)間。She promised me to att

6、end m y wedding. 她向我許諾參加我的婚禮。(不定式to attend 在此句中是直接賓語(yǔ),因?yàn)椴欢ㄊ绞窃S諾的內(nèi)容,動(dòng)作的執(zhí)行者不 是賓語(yǔ),而是主語(yǔ))有時(shí)直接賓語(yǔ)和間接賓語(yǔ)可以對(duì)調(diào),這時(shí),間接賓語(yǔ)前應(yīng)加上介詞to, for或of。如:He offered a job to her. 他向她提供了一份工作。I owe my success to you. 我的成功要?dú)w功于您。間接賓語(yǔ)前加介詞 for 的動(dòng)詞有: buy, choose, get, make, order, sing, do, play, save , do a favour 等。Who does Mary go t

7、o do a favour for? 瑪麗要給誰幫個(gè)忙?He ordered some food for the two of them. 他為他們倆點(diǎn)了一些食物。 直接賓語(yǔ)前加介詞 of 的動(dòng)詞有: cure, convince, inform, rob, rid, warn 。They robbed the old man of his money. 他們搶了老人的錢。He s warned meof the danger. 他警告過我注意危險(xiǎn)。3)Vt. + O ( 賓) + Oc (賓補(bǔ)) (例句中:賓語(yǔ) 黑體;賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ) 斜體) 本句型中的動(dòng)詞只跟賓語(yǔ)不能表達(dá)完整的意思 ,必須加一補(bǔ)

8、充成分, 如形容詞、名詞、 動(dòng)詞不定式、分詞來補(bǔ)充說明賓語(yǔ)。賓語(yǔ)和賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)有邏輯上的主謂關(guān)系,即賓語(yǔ)做 或是 /在賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)。His mother didn t ahlliomw to keep in touchwith that girl. (他與女孩兒保持聯(lián)系)他母親不允許他與那個(gè)女孩保持聯(lián)系。President appointed John manager of Marketing. (約翰是經(jīng)理) 總裁任命約翰為營(yíng)銷部經(jīng)理。I found myself in dark. (我自己在黑暗中) 我發(fā)現(xiàn)自己還蒙在鼓里。2. 大部分及物動(dòng)詞都有被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)。He was made to work

9、 overtime. 老板叫他加班。不及物動(dòng)詞的特點(diǎn) 本身能表達(dá)一個(gè)完整意思的動(dòng)詞 , 叫做不及物動(dòng)詞 , 后面可以跟副詞、介詞短語(yǔ)、狀語(yǔ) 從句等作狀語(yǔ),不能接賓語(yǔ),也不能用于被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài),構(gòu)成“主+謂 ”結(jié)構(gòu),如:The machine works smoothly. 機(jī)器運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn)順暢。The sun was shining. 太陽(yáng)在照耀著。More challenges lie ahead of me. 我的前面有更多的挑戰(zhàn)。Many different people contributed to the development of TV. 許多不同的人為電視的發(fā)展做出了貢獻(xiàn)。有些動(dòng)詞既是及物動(dòng)

10、詞,也是不及物動(dòng)詞。 大多數(shù)及物動(dòng)詞有被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài),不及物動(dòng)詞沒有被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài); 有些動(dòng)詞用作不及物動(dòng)詞時(shí)表示主語(yǔ)本身的性質(zhì), 用主動(dòng)形式。 如: write, sell, tear, close, open, lock, shut 等。選擇及物動(dòng)詞或不及物動(dòng)詞的依據(jù)是句義和句子結(jié)構(gòu)的要求, 這種選擇是某些試題 考查的要點(diǎn),如:1. The teacher had his voice to make himself heard. (rise/ raise)2. This kind of cloth well, and I usually have it every week. (wash)3. Do

11、you still remember the holiday we spent in that village?解析:1. raised。聲音是被提高的,說明賓語(yǔ)his voice和補(bǔ)足語(yǔ) 提高”是被動(dòng)關(guān)系,有被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的是及物動(dòng)詞,所以應(yīng)該用及物動(dòng)詞raise的過去分詞。2. washes; washed。第一空說明主語(yǔ)的特點(diǎn),應(yīng)該用不及物動(dòng)詞washes;第二空 布”被洗”,用及物動(dòng)詞wash的過去分詞。第 2 頁(yè)3. that/ which。因?yàn)閟pent是及物動(dòng)詞,所修飾詞the holiday是spent的賓語(yǔ),所以填that 或 which。系動(dòng)詞(Linking verbs )系動(dòng)

12、詞(即連系動(dòng)詞)本身有一定的詞義,不能單獨(dú)作謂語(yǔ),后面必須與表語(yǔ)連用。說 明主語(yǔ)的狀態(tài)、性質(zhì)、特征或身份。表語(yǔ)通常由名詞、形容詞、分詞或介詞短語(yǔ)等充當(dāng),說 明主語(yǔ)是什么或怎么樣。系動(dòng)詞分類1. 存在”系動(dòng)詞:表示存在或具有某種特征或狀態(tài)。常見的有:be (是)。She is always like that.她總是那樣。These shoesare too tight for me. 這雙鞋我穿太小。2. 表象系動(dòng)詞:表示 看起來好像”,主要有seem, appear, look等。She appeared puzzled.她顯得迷惑不解。The doctor seemed very capa

13、ble.那醫(yī)生似乎很能干。3. 感官”系動(dòng)詞:表示“起來”,有feel(摸起來,感覺),smel 1(聞起來),sound(聽起來), taste(嘗起來)等。Silk feels soft and smooth.絲綢摸起來很柔軟平滑。The story sou nds true.這個(gè)故事聽起來很真實(shí)。4. 持續(xù)”系動(dòng)詞:表示某種情況或狀態(tài)的持續(xù)。這類系動(dòng)詞強(qiáng)調(diào)持續(xù)”。常見的有:remain (依然),keep (保持),stay (保持),continue (繼續(xù)、仍舊),stand (處于某狀況或情形)等。I put the meat in the fridge to stay fresh

14、 for several days.我把肉放入冰箱,這樣可以保鮮幾天。It s already ten. The store remains closed.經(jīng)十點(diǎn)了,商店還關(guān)著門呢。The hospital sta nds ready for emerge ncy cases.這家醫(yī)院隨時(shí)準(zhǔn)備接受急病患者。5. 表狀態(tài)變化”的系動(dòng)詞She had grown thinner and thinner. 她越來越瘦了。We get wiser as we get old.隨著年齡的增長(zhǎng),我們也變得聰明些了。表狀態(tài) 變化”的系動(dòng)詞系動(dòng)詞用法習(xí)慣搭配go多指朝壞的方面變化wrong, bad, mad

15、, hun gry, bli nd, etc.turn表顏色、職業(yè)、年齡、時(shí)間”等接單數(shù)名詞時(shí),名詞前不接冠詞grow表成長(zhǎng),發(fā)展”中的變化strong, tall, thick, healthy, etc.fall表由動(dòng)態(tài)到靜態(tài)的轉(zhuǎn)變ill, sick, sile nt, asleep, e表事物的發(fā)展轉(zhuǎn)向好的狀態(tài)true, alive, etc.run表發(fā)展的狀態(tài)不是人們所希望的dry, short, wild, etc.get/become常用來指人或物的狀態(tài)的變化get hurt, get paid, become a teacher, etc.巧學(xué)助記:好是come,壞

16、是 go;體重、外貌慢慢 grow ;顏色、天氣大不同 turn ; get/become 口語(yǔ)化, 如果要說就用它,成為后接名詞了, turn就等于become a/ar。6.終止系動(dòng)詞:主要有 prove, turn out (結(jié)果是,證明是)等。His story proved false.他講的情況原來是假的。My in tuitio n turned out to be correct. 我的直覺證明是對(duì)的。注意:make也有系動(dòng)詞的用法,表示足以成為”。第3頁(yè)幾點(diǎn)注意:1. 系動(dòng)詞通常不用于被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)和進(jìn)行時(shí)態(tài)中。如作系動(dòng)詞的feel, taste 等詞。The material f

17、eels very soft. 這種材料摸著很軟。2. 一般情況下,系動(dòng)詞主要跟形容詞或分詞作表語(yǔ)。Be careful when you cross this very busy street. If not, you may get run over by a car. 過這條非常繁忙的街道時(shí)要小心,否則會(huì)被車撞的。3. 能接名詞作表語(yǔ)的系動(dòng)詞常見的有:be, become, appear, seem, prove, remain禾口 turn 等。Twenty years later, he turned teacher. 20 年后,他成了老師。The population growt

18、h in China remains a problem. 中國(guó)的人口增長(zhǎng)仍是個(gè)問題。4. 系動(dòng)詞也可接不定式 (to do / to be),常見的有:appear, seem, remain, prove, look 等。On the long journey, Peter proved to be a most interesting guide. 長(zhǎng)途旅行中,證明彼得是一個(gè)很有趣的向?qū)А?. 一些系動(dòng)詞同時(shí)也是實(shí)義動(dòng)詞,如果是及物動(dòng)詞可有被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài),可以單獨(dú)作謂語(yǔ)。He fell ill yesterday. 他昨天病了。 (fell 是系動(dòng)詞,后跟表語(yǔ) ill ,說明主語(yǔ)的情況)He

19、fell off the ladder. 他從梯子上摔下來。 ( fell 是實(shí)義動(dòng)詞,單獨(dú)作謂語(yǔ))It was cloudy this morning, but fortunately it has turned fine. 今天早上是陰天,幸好已經(jīng)轉(zhuǎn)晴了。 (系動(dòng)詞)All the lights in the house were turned off. 屋里的燈都關(guān)掉了。 (實(shí)義動(dòng)詞) 助動(dòng)詞( Auxiliary verbs ) 助動(dòng)詞的作用1. 動(dòng)詞和其他動(dòng)詞一起構(gòu)成時(shí)態(tài)、語(yǔ)氣和語(yǔ)態(tài)??梢杂米髦鷦?dòng)詞的有be、do、have和情態(tài)動(dòng)詞等。This is the place I have

20、 been longing to visit. 這就是我一直渴望參觀的地方。Such books are to be found in any library. 這種書任何圖書館都有。I would fly to Sweden if I were a bird. 如果我是只鳥的話,我就飛到瑞典去。2. 助動(dòng)詞還可用來構(gòu)成否定或疑問句,以及強(qiáng)調(diào)結(jié)構(gòu)。Did you study English before you came here?He did tell me that. 他的確告訴我這件事了。3. 情態(tài)動(dòng)詞表示必要性、職責(zé)和可能性。像其他助動(dòng)詞一樣,情態(tài)動(dòng)詞也用于其他主要?jiǎng)?詞前,不能單獨(dú)做

21、句子的謂語(yǔ)。因此,情態(tài)動(dòng)詞被當(dāng)作情態(tài)助動(dòng)詞。另外,多數(shù)情態(tài)動(dòng) 詞可以直接構(gòu)成否定與疑問。We needngto home now. 我們不需要現(xiàn)在回家。Students must study hard. 學(xué)生必須努力學(xué)習(xí)。It can be very hot in summer in our hometown. 我們家鄉(xiāng)夏天會(huì)很熱。 短語(yǔ)助動(dòng)詞短語(yǔ)助動(dòng)詞由兩個(gè)或三個(gè)動(dòng)詞組成作為一個(gè)助動(dòng)詞用的,如:have (got) to 不得不 , be likely to 可能 , used to 過去常常 , would sooner/rather (.than)had better 最好 ,be su

22、pposed to 應(yīng)該 , be about to 正要 , 寧愿,更愿意be to (構(gòu)成將來時(shí))ought to 應(yīng)該be able to 能I have to go to help her every Saturday. 我每個(gè)周六不得不去幫她。 You had better take an umbrella. 你最好拿把傘。Many countries would rather be cautious with this new technology. 許多國(guó)家對(duì)這項(xiàng)新技術(shù)寧愿謹(jǐn)慎些。I would sooner walk to work than take a bus. 我寧愿步行

23、上班,而不是乘公交車。The president is to speak on TV tonight. 總統(tǒng)今晚要做電視講話。That is not likely to happen. 那好像不會(huì)發(fā)生。You are not supposed to smoke on the bus. 你不應(yīng)該在公交車上吸煙。 動(dòng)詞短語(yǔ)( Phrasal verbs)動(dòng)詞常和某些其他詞類用在一起, 構(gòu)成固定詞組, 形成所謂短語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞。和動(dòng)詞一樣, 短 語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞也可分為及物和不及物兩種,其結(jié)構(gòu)常見的有四種: 動(dòng)詞 +副詞:1.這類短語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞有的用作及物動(dòng)詞,有的用作不及物動(dòng)詞。如:He took off his coa

24、t when he entered the house and put it on again when he went out. 他進(jìn)來時(shí)脫掉外套,出去時(shí)又穿上。 (及物短語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞 )He likes watching planes taking off and landing. ( 不及物短語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞 ) 他喜歡看飛機(jī)起飛降落。Uncle Tom passed away(去世)many years ago.(不及物短語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞)2. 及“物動(dòng)詞 +副詞 ”短語(yǔ)的賓語(yǔ)既可以放在副詞之前也可以放在副詞之后,但如果賓語(yǔ)為人 稱代詞,則必須放在副詞之前。Having worn his raincoat al

25、l the way, he took it off when he arrived at his office.一路都穿著大衣,到了辦公室他脫了下來。3. 這一類的短語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞很多,如:put out 撲滅, eat up 吃光, putdown 放下, drive away 趕走, try out 試用 set off 出發(fā), come up 走近, go on 繼續(xù),break out 爆發(fā), link up 連起來wash up 洗碗 talk over 討論,說服動(dòng)詞 + 介詞賓語(yǔ)通常是名詞、 代詞、 動(dòng)名詞等,這類短語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞不可分開使用, 其后可以直接跟賓語(yǔ),depend on (upon) 依靠,deal with 對(duì)待, ask for 要求得到,在被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)中介詞不能省略。這一類的短語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞有很多,如wait on 服侍,look for 尋找look after 照料,wait for 等待link with 與相

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