安全工程畢業(yè)論文中英文對(duì)照資料外文翻譯文獻(xiàn)

1、 安全工程畢業(yè)論文中英文資料外文翻譯文獻(xiàn) 譯文：關(guān)于安全評(píng)價(jià)的幾點(diǎn)論述 安全性評(píng)價(jià)是綜合運(yùn)用安全工效學(xué)、安全系統(tǒng)工程等方法對(duì)企事業(yè)單位員工的安全意識(shí)與排故能力、設(shè)備的完好性與事故隱患、環(huán)境因素的現(xiàn)狀及其存在的不安全因素等進(jìn)行檢查、預(yù)測(cè)和安全性評(píng)估 ,以確定企業(yè)的危險(xiǎn)程度。根據(jù)存在隱患的對(duì)象和部位 ,針對(duì)性地進(jìn)行整改 ,將事故消滅于萌芽狀態(tài) ,防患于未然。這對(duì)安全管理具有重要作用。文章以機(jī)械加工企業(yè)為例來(lái)闡明安全性評(píng)價(jià)的原理和操作方法。其它企業(yè)也可按行業(yè)特點(diǎn)仿此原理和方法提出自己的評(píng)價(jià)方案 ,均可收到安全生產(chǎn)的預(yù)期效果。 安全評(píng)價(jià)是對(duì)系統(tǒng)的危險(xiǎn)性進(jìn)行定性或定量分析,評(píng)價(jià)系統(tǒng)發(fā)生事故的可能性及嚴(yán)重

2、度。安全評(píng)價(jià)是安全管理和決策科學(xué)化的基礎(chǔ)。安全評(píng)價(jià)的內(nèi)容包括:安全管理績(jī)效評(píng)價(jià),人的行為安全性評(píng)價(jià),設(shè)備、設(shè)施的安全性評(píng)價(jià),作業(yè)環(huán)境安全性評(píng)價(jià),化學(xué)物品安全性評(píng)價(jià)等。 本文主要采用固有危險(xiǎn)程度的定性定量分析和風(fēng)險(xiǎn)程度的定性定量分析方法。從而得出分析結(jié)果，并指出了生產(chǎn)過(guò)程中可能出現(xiàn)的危險(xiǎn)有害因素,進(jìn)而提出了相應(yīng)對(duì)策措施,為企業(yè)消除事故及安全生產(chǎn)可以提供保障。通過(guò)一系列安全評(píng)價(jià)方法，得出相應(yīng)的安全評(píng)價(jià)結(jié)果。如運(yùn)用了美國(guó)道化學(xué)公司的火災(zāi)爆炸指數(shù)法對(duì)供氧裝置和供煤裝置進(jìn)行火災(zāi)爆炸危險(xiǎn)等級(jí)評(píng)價(jià)，并得出了相應(yīng)的安全補(bǔ)償系數(shù)，同時(shí)也運(yùn)用預(yù)先危險(xiǎn)性分析法對(duì)廠內(nèi)常見(jiàn)的傷害事故進(jìn)行分析，得出了事故潛在危險(xiǎn)。一般企

3、業(yè)或其它單位在設(shè)立時(shí)，或運(yùn)行后都需要進(jìn)行安全評(píng)價(jià)。主要目的是根據(jù)企業(yè)的生產(chǎn)或擬設(shè)立的項(xiàng)目的情況，由相應(yīng)的安全評(píng)價(jià)中介公司的評(píng)價(jià)師進(jìn)行現(xiàn)場(chǎng)檢查，針對(duì)安全上的不足，給出整改要求和措施，由企業(yè)進(jìn)行整改，達(dá)到安全生產(chǎn)的目的。評(píng)價(jià)師根據(jù)企業(yè)情況編制安全評(píng)價(jià)報(bào)告，經(jīng)安監(jiān)局審批后可以作為企業(yè)辦理各種審批手續(xù)的重要資料。安全評(píng)價(jià)分為安全預(yù)評(píng)價(jià)(在設(shè)立項(xiàng)目前進(jìn)行)，安全現(xiàn)狀評(píng)價(jià)和安全驗(yàn)收評(píng)價(jià)。其中生產(chǎn)產(chǎn)品或副產(chǎn)品中有危險(xiǎn)化學(xué)品的則要進(jìn)行預(yù)評(píng)價(jià)和驗(yàn)收評(píng)價(jià)。安全評(píng)價(jià)的目的主要是幫助企業(yè)找出安全上的不足，提供安全服務(wù)，并通過(guò)當(dāng)?shù)匕脖O(jiān)局審批，取得合法手續(xù)。安全評(píng)價(jià)在杜絕、減少事故的發(fā)生，降低災(zāi)害帶來(lái)的損失及事故原因分析

4、諸方面均發(fā)揮了重要的作用，安全評(píng)價(jià)已越來(lái)越多地列入各國(guó)法規(guī)、標(biāo)準(zhǔn)以及國(guó)際化組織有關(guān)規(guī)范的條款中。 1安全評(píng)價(jià)的地位(1)安全評(píng)價(jià)已成為工程項(xiàng)目建設(shè)中必須進(jìn)行的一項(xiàng)工作美國(guó)重要的工程項(xiàng)目都要進(jìn)行安全評(píng)價(jià)。日本勞動(dòng)省則要求新建、改建的化工廠執(zhí)行化工裝置六階段安全評(píng)價(jià)。英國(guó)甚至規(guī)定新建企業(yè)沒(méi)有安全評(píng)價(jià)就不得開(kāi)工。我國(guó)將安全評(píng)價(jià)作為工程項(xiàng)目“三同時(shí)”的一項(xiàng)新內(nèi)容，是使“三同時(shí)”工作進(jìn)一步科學(xué)化和制度化的重要舉措。1992年，國(guó)家技術(shù)監(jiān)督局發(fā)布了光氣及光氣化產(chǎn)品生產(chǎn)裝置安全評(píng)價(jià)通則gbl3548-92強(qiáng)制性國(guó)家標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，標(biāo)準(zhǔn)中規(guī)定了安全評(píng)價(jià)的原則和方法。1992年，勞動(dòng)部發(fā)布了光氣及光氣化產(chǎn)品生產(chǎn)安全規(guī)程l

5、d 311-92部頒標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，標(biāo)準(zhǔn)中規(guī)定“報(bào)批初步設(shè)計(jì)時(shí)，必須附安全和工業(yè)衛(wèi)生評(píng)價(jià)報(bào)告”。1996年10月，勞動(dòng)部發(fā)布了建設(shè)項(xiàng)目(工程)勞動(dòng)安全衛(wèi)生監(jiān)察規(guī)定，其中規(guī)定：“初步設(shè)計(jì)會(huì)審前，必須向勞動(dòng)行政部門(mén)報(bào)送建設(shè)項(xiàng)目勞動(dòng)安全衛(wèi)生預(yù)評(píng)價(jià)報(bào)告和初步設(shè)計(jì)文件含勞動(dòng)安全衛(wèi)生專篇和有關(guān)的圖紙資料?！?998年2月，勞動(dòng)部發(fā)布了建設(shè)項(xiàng)目(工程)勞動(dòng)安全衛(wèi)生預(yù)評(píng)價(jià)管理辦法，對(duì)安全評(píng)價(jià)的具體內(nèi)容做了詳細(xì)規(guī)定。(2)安全評(píng)價(jià)是安全管理標(biāo)準(zhǔn)體系中的基礎(chǔ)性內(nèi)容隨著工業(yè)的發(fā)展，質(zhì)量保證體系及環(huán)境保護(hù)體系得到人們的認(rèn)同，iso 9000系列標(biāo)準(zhǔn)和is014000系列標(biāo)準(zhǔn)在全世界范圍內(nèi)廣泛采用。職業(yè)安全衛(wèi)生管理體系也越來(lái)越受

6、到社會(huì)的關(guān)注，就世界范圍看，安全管理體系業(yè)已形成。危險(xiǎn)辨識(shí)、安全評(píng)價(jià)是做好安全管理的前提，因此，國(guó)內(nèi)外在有關(guān)安全管理的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)中幾乎無(wú)一例外地將安全評(píng)價(jià)作為一個(gè)重要的組成部分：加拿大的責(zé)任與關(guān)懷將“安全評(píng)價(jià)”作為“支持實(shí)施規(guī)程應(yīng)遵守的合作計(jì)劃”9項(xiàng)工作內(nèi)容之一，美國(guó)職業(yè)安全衛(wèi)生管理體系、英國(guó)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)bs 8800、澳大利亞標(biāo)準(zhǔn)as 1470也都包括了安全評(píng)價(jià)的內(nèi)容；我國(guó)的職業(yè)安全管理體系試行標(biāo)準(zhǔn)主要由5個(gè)要素組成，在“計(jì)劃”要素中將“危險(xiǎn)辨識(shí)、安全評(píng)價(jià)和危險(xiǎn)控制計(jì)劃”作為一項(xiàng)重要內(nèi)容。(3)安全評(píng)價(jià)成為控制重大工業(yè)事故的重要手段為避免重大工業(yè)事故，國(guó)際勞工組織于1993年通過(guò)了預(yù)防重大工業(yè)事故公約，其

7、中要求雇主須提交“安全報(bào)告”，“安全報(bào)告”的第1項(xiàng)內(nèi)容就是“危險(xiǎn)的鑒別與分析以及對(duì)事故危險(xiǎn)的評(píng)估，包括考慮各種物質(zhì)之間可能的相互作用?！眹?guó)際勞工組織1988年出版的重大事故控制實(shí)用手冊(cè)中將“安全評(píng)價(jià)”作為企業(yè)管理者的職責(zé)并提供了若干安全評(píng)價(jià)方法；1991午出版的重大工業(yè)事故的預(yù)防中“危險(xiǎn)分析”則作為一個(gè)獨(dú)立的章節(jié)。1992年美國(guó)職業(yè)安全衛(wèi)生管理局發(fā)布的聯(lián)邦法規(guī)高度危害化學(xué)品處理過(guò)程的安全管理中規(guī)定應(yīng)在5年之內(nèi)完成“危險(xiǎn)評(píng)估”，并且在以后要對(duì)業(yè)已完成的“危險(xiǎn)平估”重新確認(rèn)。美國(guó)環(huán)保局發(fā)布的化學(xué)事故預(yù)防規(guī)定也有進(jìn)行危險(xiǎn)分析和評(píng)價(jià)的條款。歐洲共同體于1996年對(duì)1982年的塞維索指令進(jìn)行了修改，修改

8、后的指令(9682ec危險(xiǎn)物質(zhì)重大事故危險(xiǎn)的控制)要求，成員國(guó)企業(yè)的安全管理體系中應(yīng)涉及“鑒別、評(píng)價(jià)重大危險(xiǎn)修訂、實(shí)施由正常操作或不正常操作引發(fā)的重大危險(xiǎn)的系統(tǒng)鑒別方法，評(píng)價(jià)重大危險(xiǎn)的可能性和嚴(yán)重程度”。2安全評(píng)價(jià)的作用(1)可以使系統(tǒng)有效地減少事故和職業(yè)危害預(yù)測(cè)、預(yù)防事故及職業(yè)危害的發(fā)生，是現(xiàn)代安全管理的中心任務(wù)。對(duì)系統(tǒng)進(jìn)行安全評(píng)價(jià)，可以識(shí)別系統(tǒng)中存在的薄弱環(huán)節(jié)和可能導(dǎo)致事故和職業(yè)危害發(fā)生的條件，通過(guò)系統(tǒng)分析還能夠找到發(fā)生事故和職業(yè)危害的真正原因，特別是可以查找出未曾預(yù)料到的易被忽視的危險(xiǎn)因素和職業(yè)危害，并且通過(guò)定量分析，預(yù)測(cè)事故和職業(yè)危害發(fā)生的可能性及后果的嚴(yán)重性，從而可以采取相應(yīng)的對(duì)策措

9、施，預(yù)防、控制事故和職業(yè)危害的發(fā)生。(2)可以系統(tǒng)地進(jìn)行安全管理現(xiàn)代工業(yè)的特點(diǎn)是規(guī)模大、連續(xù)化和自動(dòng)化，其生產(chǎn)過(guò)程日趨復(fù)雜，各個(gè)環(huán)節(jié)和工序之間相互聯(lián)系、相互作用、相互制約。系統(tǒng)安全評(píng)價(jià)則是通過(guò)系統(tǒng)分析、評(píng)價(jià)，全面地、系統(tǒng)地、有機(jī)地、預(yù)防性地處理生產(chǎn)系統(tǒng)中的安全問(wèn)題，而不是孤立地、就事論事地去解決生產(chǎn)系統(tǒng)中的安全問(wèn)題，實(shí)現(xiàn)系統(tǒng)安全管理。系統(tǒng)安全管理包括：發(fā)現(xiàn)事故隱患；預(yù)測(cè)由于失誤或故障引起的危險(xiǎn)；設(shè)計(jì)和調(diào)整安全措施方案；實(shí)現(xiàn)最優(yōu)化的安全措施；持續(xù)采取改進(jìn)措施。(3)可以用最少投資達(dá)到最佳安全效果對(duì)系統(tǒng)的安全性進(jìn)行定量分析、評(píng)價(jià)和優(yōu)化安全技術(shù)，為安全管理和事故預(yù)測(cè)、預(yù)防提供了科學(xué)依據(jù)。根據(jù)分析可以

10、選擇出最佳方案，使各個(gè)子系統(tǒng)之間達(dá)到最佳配合，用最少投資得到最佳的安全效果，從而可以大幅度地減少人員傷亡和設(shè)備損壞事故。(4)可以促進(jìn)各項(xiàng)安全標(biāo)準(zhǔn)制定和可靠性數(shù)據(jù)積累系統(tǒng)安全評(píng)價(jià)的核心是要對(duì)系統(tǒng)作出定性和定量評(píng)價(jià)，這就需要有各項(xiàng)安全標(biāo)準(zhǔn)和數(shù)據(jù)，如許可安全值、故障率、人機(jī)工程標(biāo)準(zhǔn)和安全設(shè)計(jì)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)等。因此，安全評(píng)價(jià)可以促進(jìn)各項(xiàng)安全標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的制定和有關(guān)可靠性數(shù)據(jù)的收集、積累，為建立可靠性數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)打下基礎(chǔ)。 (5)可以迅速提高安全技術(shù)人員的業(yè)務(wù)水平通過(guò)系統(tǒng)安全評(píng)價(jià)的開(kāi)發(fā)和應(yīng)用，使安全技術(shù)人員學(xué)會(huì)各種系統(tǒng)分析和評(píng)價(jià)方法，可以迅速提高安全技術(shù)人員、操作人員和管理人員的業(yè)務(wù)水平和系統(tǒng)分析能力，提高安全技術(shù)人員和安全

11、管理人員的素質(zhì)，以便能夠很好地開(kāi)展安全生產(chǎn)。五、安全評(píng)價(jià)的分類安全評(píng)價(jià)從工程項(xiàng)目立項(xiàng)到正常生產(chǎn)乃至退役、報(bào)廢，其中的任何一個(gè)階段都有不同的評(píng)價(jià)分類方法，其中常用的有以下幾種。1根據(jù)評(píng)價(jià)對(duì)象的不同階段分類(1)安全預(yù)評(píng)價(jià)安全預(yù)評(píng)價(jià)是根據(jù)建設(shè)項(xiàng)目(包括新、改、擴(kuò)建項(xiàng)目)可行性研究報(bào)告的內(nèi)容，分析和預(yù)測(cè)該建設(shè)項(xiàng)目可能存在的危險(xiǎn)、有害因素的種類和程度，提出合理可行的安全對(duì)策措施及建議。根據(jù)原勞動(dòng)部(1996)3號(hào)令建設(shè)項(xiàng)目(工程)勞動(dòng)安全衛(wèi)生監(jiān)察規(guī)定，凡符合下列情況之一的建設(shè)項(xiàng)目必須進(jìn)行勞動(dòng)安全衛(wèi)生預(yù)評(píng)價(jià)：大中型和限額以上的建設(shè)項(xiàng)目；火災(zāi)危險(xiǎn)性生產(chǎn)類別為甲類的建設(shè)項(xiàng)目；爆炸危險(xiǎn)場(chǎng)所等級(jí)為特別危險(xiǎn)和高度

12、危險(xiǎn)的建設(shè)項(xiàng)目； 大量生產(chǎn)或使用工級(jí)、級(jí)危害程度的職業(yè)性接觸毒物的建設(shè)項(xiàng)目；大量生產(chǎn)或使用石棉粉料或含有10以上的游離二氧化硅粉料的建設(shè)項(xiàng)目；勞動(dòng)行政部門(mén)確認(rèn)的其他危險(xiǎn)、危害因素大的建設(shè)項(xiàng)目。(2)安全驗(yàn)收評(píng)價(jià)安全驗(yàn)收評(píng)價(jià)是在建設(shè)項(xiàng)目竣工、試運(yùn)行正常后，通過(guò)對(duì)建設(shè)項(xiàng)目的設(shè)施、設(shè)備、裝置實(shí)際運(yùn)行狀況及管理狀況的安全評(píng)價(jià)，查找該建設(shè)項(xiàng)目投產(chǎn)后存在的危險(xiǎn)、有害因素，確定其程度并提出合理可行的安全對(duì)策措施及建議。(3)安全現(xiàn)狀評(píng)價(jià)安全現(xiàn)狀評(píng)價(jià)也稱在役裝置安全評(píng)價(jià)，是針對(duì)某一個(gè)生產(chǎn)經(jīng)營(yíng)單位(企業(yè))總體或局部的生產(chǎn)經(jīng)營(yíng)活動(dòng)的安全現(xiàn)狀進(jìn)行安全評(píng)價(jià)，查找其存在的危險(xiǎn)、有害因素并確定其程度，提出：合理可行的安全

13、對(duì)策措施及建議。 (4)專項(xiàng)安全評(píng)價(jià) 專項(xiàng)安全評(píng)價(jià)是針對(duì)某一項(xiàng)活動(dòng)或場(chǎng)所，以及一個(gè)特定的行業(yè)、產(chǎn)品、生產(chǎn)方式、生產(chǎn)工藝或生產(chǎn)裝置等存在的危險(xiǎn)、有害因素進(jìn)行的安全評(píng)價(jià)，查找其存在的危險(xiǎn)、有害因素，確定其程度并提出合理可行的安全對(duì)策措施及建議。如2002年國(guó)家安全生產(chǎn)監(jiān)督管理局開(kāi)展的危險(xiǎn)化學(xué)品專項(xiàng)安全評(píng)價(jià)。 2根據(jù)評(píng)價(jià)量化程度分類 (1)定性評(píng)價(jià) 定性評(píng)價(jià)主要是根據(jù)經(jīng)驗(yàn)對(duì)生產(chǎn)系統(tǒng)的工藝、設(shè)備、環(huán)境、人員、管理等方面的安全狀況進(jìn)行定性的判斷。定性評(píng)價(jià)時(shí)不對(duì)危險(xiǎn)性進(jìn)行定量化處理，只作定性比較。定性評(píng)價(jià)使用系統(tǒng)工程方法將系統(tǒng)進(jìn)行分解，依靠評(píng)價(jià)人員的觀察分析能力，借助于有關(guān)法規(guī)、標(biāo)準(zhǔn)、規(guī)范、經(jīng)驗(yàn)和判斷能力

14、進(jìn)行評(píng)價(jià)。屬于這類評(píng)價(jià)方法的有安全檢查表(safety check list，英文縮寫(xiě)scl)、預(yù)先危險(xiǎn)性分析(preliminary hazard analysis，英文縮寫(xiě)pha)、故障類型和影響分析(failuremode effects analysis，英文縮寫(xiě)fmea)、危險(xiǎn)和可操作性研究(hazardandoperabilitysmdy英文縮寫(xiě)hazop)等方法。這類方法的特點(diǎn)是簡(jiǎn)單、容易掌握、便于操作、評(píng)價(jià)過(guò)程及結(jié)果直觀，可以清楚地表達(dá)出設(shè)備、設(shè)施或系統(tǒng)的當(dāng)前狀況，目前在國(guó)內(nèi)外企業(yè)安全管理工作中被廣泛使用。其缺點(diǎn)是：評(píng)價(jià)結(jié)果不能量化；評(píng)價(jià)結(jié)果取決于評(píng)價(jià)人員的經(jīng)驗(yàn)，含有相當(dāng)高的經(jīng)

15、驗(yàn)成分；對(duì)同一評(píng)價(jià)對(duì)象，不同的評(píng)價(jià)人員可能得出不同的評(píng)價(jià)結(jié)果；對(duì)系統(tǒng)危險(xiǎn)性的描述缺乏深度，不同類型評(píng)價(jià)對(duì)象的評(píng)價(jià)結(jié)果沒(méi)有可比性；評(píng)價(jià)人員需要確定大量的評(píng)價(jià)依據(jù)，根據(jù)已經(jīng)設(shè)定的評(píng)價(jià)依據(jù)，才能對(duì)設(shè)備、設(shè)施或系統(tǒng)的當(dāng)前狀態(tài)給出定性評(píng)價(jià)結(jié)果。(2)定量評(píng)價(jià)定量評(píng)價(jià)是用設(shè)備、設(shè)施或系統(tǒng)的事故發(fā)生概率和事故嚴(yán)重度進(jìn)行評(píng)價(jià)的方法。定量評(píng)價(jià)是在危險(xiǎn)性量化基礎(chǔ)上進(jìn)行的一種評(píng)價(jià)，主要依靠歷史統(tǒng)計(jì)數(shù)據(jù)，運(yùn)用數(shù)學(xué)方法構(gòu)造數(shù)學(xué)模型進(jìn)行評(píng)價(jià)。按對(duì)危險(xiǎn)性量化方式的不同，定量評(píng)價(jià)方法又分為概率風(fēng)險(xiǎn)評(píng)價(jià)方法和指數(shù)評(píng)價(jià)方法。概率風(fēng)險(xiǎn)評(píng)價(jià)方法它是根據(jù)零部件或子系統(tǒng)的事故發(fā)生概率，求取整個(gè)系統(tǒng)的事故發(fā)生概率。從1974年拉斯姆遜教授

16、評(píng)價(jià)核電站的安全性開(kāi)始，繼而有1977年的英國(guó)坎威島石油化工聯(lián)合企業(yè)的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)評(píng)價(jià)，1979年德國(guó)對(duì)19座大型核電站的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)評(píng)價(jià)，1979年荷蘭雷杰蒙德6項(xiàng)大型石油化工裝置的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)評(píng)價(jià)等，都是使用概率評(píng)價(jià)方法。這些評(píng)價(jià)項(xiàng)目都耗費(fèi)了大量的人力、物力，在方法的討論、數(shù)據(jù)的取舍、不確定性的研究以及災(zāi)害模型的研究方面均有所創(chuàng)建，對(duì)大型企業(yè)的安全評(píng)價(jià)影響較大。這種方法結(jié)構(gòu)簡(jiǎn)單、清晰，對(duì)相同元件的基礎(chǔ)數(shù)據(jù)相互借鑒性強(qiáng)，如在航空、航天、核能等領(lǐng)域，這種方法得到了廣泛應(yīng)用。但是，這種方法要求數(shù)據(jù)準(zhǔn)確、充分，要求分析過(guò)程完整，判斷和假設(shè)合理，對(duì)于化工、石油化工等行業(yè)，由于系統(tǒng)復(fù)雜、不確定因素多、人員失誤概率的估計(jì)十分困

17、難，因此至今未能取得很大進(jìn)展。隨著模糊概率理論的進(jìn)一步發(fā)展，概率風(fēng)險(xiǎn)評(píng)價(jià)方法的缺陷將會(huì)得到一定程度的克服。由于使用概率風(fēng)險(xiǎn)評(píng)價(jià)方法需要取得組成系統(tǒng)各零部件和子系統(tǒng)發(fā)生故障的概率數(shù)據(jù)，目前在民用工業(yè)系統(tǒng)中，這類數(shù)據(jù)的積累還很不充分，是使用這一方法的根本性障礙。指數(shù)評(píng)價(jià)方法 指數(shù)評(píng)價(jià)方法有美國(guó)道(dow)化學(xué)公司的火災(zāi)、爆炸危險(xiǎn)指數(shù)(f&e1)評(píng)價(jià)法、英國(guó)帝國(guó)化學(xué)公司(ici)蒙德(mond)分部火災(zāi)、爆炸、毒性指標(biāo)評(píng)價(jià)法、日本勞動(dòng)省化工廠安全評(píng)價(jià)六階段法、我國(guó)的化工廠危險(xiǎn)程度分級(jí)方法等安全評(píng)價(jià)方法。指數(shù)法的采用使結(jié)構(gòu)復(fù)雜的系統(tǒng)和用概率難以表述其危險(xiǎn)性的單元進(jìn)行評(píng)價(jià)時(shí)有了一個(gè)可行的方法，這類方法操

18、作簡(jiǎn)單，是目前應(yīng)用較多的評(píng)價(jià)方法之一，在石油、化工等領(lǐng)域應(yīng)用較多。指數(shù)的采用避免了事故概率及其后果難以確定的困難，評(píng)價(jià)指數(shù)值同時(shí)含有事故頻率和事故后果兩個(gè)方面的因素。這類評(píng)價(jià)方法的缺點(diǎn)是評(píng)價(jià)模型對(duì)系統(tǒng)安全保障體系的功能重視不夠，特別是危險(xiǎn)物質(zhì)和安全保障體系間的相互作用關(guān)系未予考慮，盡管在蒙德法和我國(guó)化工廠危險(xiǎn)程度分級(jí)方法中有一定的考慮，但這種缺陷仍然很明顯，各因素之間以乘積或相加的方式處理，忽視了各因素之間重要性的差別。評(píng)價(jià)自開(kāi)始起就用指標(biāo)值給出，使得評(píng)價(jià)后期對(duì)系統(tǒng)的安全改進(jìn)工作較困難。在目前的各類指數(shù)評(píng)價(jià)模型中，指標(biāo)值的確定只與指標(biāo)的設(shè)置與否有關(guān)，而與指標(biāo)因素的客觀狀態(tài)無(wú)關(guān)，致使對(duì)危險(xiǎn)物質(zhì)種

19、類、含量、空間布置相似，而實(shí)際安全水平相差較遠(yuǎn)的系統(tǒng)，其評(píng)價(jià)結(jié)果相近，導(dǎo)致這類方法的靈活性和敏感性較差。3根據(jù)評(píng)價(jià)內(nèi)容分類(1)工廠設(shè)計(jì)的安全性評(píng)價(jià)工廠設(shè)計(jì)和應(yīng)用新技術(shù)、開(kāi)發(fā)新產(chǎn)品，在進(jìn)行可行性研究的同時(shí)進(jìn)行安全評(píng)價(jià)，通過(guò)評(píng)價(jià)在規(guī)劃設(shè)計(jì)階段就對(duì)危險(xiǎn)因素進(jìn)行控制和消除，一些國(guó)家已將它用法規(guī)的形式固定下來(lái)。(2)安全管理的有效性評(píng)價(jià)對(duì)企業(yè)現(xiàn)有的安全管理結(jié)構(gòu)效能、事故傷害率、損失率、投資效益等進(jìn)行系統(tǒng)的安全評(píng)價(jià)，找出薄弱的環(huán)節(jié)，從技術(shù)措施和安全管理上加以改進(jìn)。(3)人的行為的安全性評(píng)價(jià)對(duì)人的不安全心理狀態(tài)和人機(jī)工程要點(diǎn)進(jìn)行行為測(cè)定，評(píng)定其安全性。(4)生產(chǎn)設(shè)備的安全可靠性評(píng)價(jià)對(duì)設(shè)備、裝置、部件的故障

20、，應(yīng)用安全系統(tǒng)工程分析方法進(jìn)行安全可靠性評(píng)價(jià)。(5)作業(yè)環(huán)境條件評(píng)價(jià)評(píng)價(jià)作業(yè)環(huán)境和條件對(duì)人體健康危害的影響。(6)化學(xué)物質(zhì)危險(xiǎn)性評(píng)價(jià)評(píng)價(jià)化學(xué)物質(zhì)在生產(chǎn)、使用、儲(chǔ)存、運(yùn)輸、經(jīng)營(yíng)過(guò)程中存在的危險(xiǎn)性，以及可能發(fā)生的火災(zāi)、爆炸、中毒、腐蝕等事故，提出防止事故發(fā)生的措施。4根據(jù)評(píng)價(jià)性質(zhì)進(jìn)行分類(1)系統(tǒng)固有危險(xiǎn)性評(píng)價(jià)固有危險(xiǎn)性是指由系統(tǒng)的規(guī)劃、設(shè)計(jì)、制造、安裝等原始因素決定的危險(xiǎn)性，即系統(tǒng)投入運(yùn)行前已經(jīng)存在的危險(xiǎn)性。根據(jù)固有危險(xiǎn)性評(píng)價(jià)的結(jié)果，可以對(duì)系統(tǒng)危險(xiǎn)性劃分等級(jí)，針對(duì)不同危險(xiǎn)等級(jí)考慮應(yīng)采取的對(duì)策措施，以達(dá)到可以接受的程度。(2)系統(tǒng)現(xiàn)實(shí)危險(xiǎn)性評(píng)價(jià)主要是評(píng)價(jià)系統(tǒng)目前仍然實(shí)際存在的危險(xiǎn)性，通過(guò)評(píng)價(jià)掌握各

21、類危險(xiǎn)源的分布情況和安全管理狀態(tài)，以便重點(diǎn)加強(qiáng)控制。原文：some opinions about safety evaluation evaluation of safety is one that by comprehensire safe ergonomics, systematic project of safety, we examine and forecast the safety awareness of the staff members and their ability to clear stoppage, the conditions of equipments and

22、the hidden peril,the present conditions of the enviroment,and the existing unsafe factors,so as to determine the degree of danger of an enterprise. according to the factors which way cause danger, we take necessary measures so as to prevent the accident before it takes place. safety assessment is to

23、 risk of system with qualitative and quantitative analysis, and evaluation system of the accident possibility and severity. safety assessment is safety management and decision-making scientific basis. safety evaluation content includes: safety management performance evaluation, the persons behavior

24、safety evaluation, equipment, facilities, and the safety evaluation of operational environment safety evaluation, chemicals safety evaluation, etc. this paper mainly uses the inherent risk degree of qualitative and quantitative analysis and qualitative and quantitative analysis of risk degree method

25、.through a series of safety evaluation methods and the corresponding safety evaluation results. if use the word of fire and explosion chemical companies to oxygen index method for coal and device of fire and explosion danger level evaluation, and the corresponding safety coefficient of compensation,

26、 also used in advance within the risk analyzedof common accident is analysised, and the accident potential danger.general business or other units in the set up, or running for safety evaluation is required. the main purpose is based on the production or the case of the proposed project, the safety e

27、valuation by the appropriate agency for evaluation of division-site inspections for safety deficiencies, and gives corrective measures required by the business for rectification, to achieve safe production purposes. evaluate the situation according to business division safety evaluation report prepa

28、red by the work safety supervision bureau for approval after examination and approval procedures as a business for a variety of important information.safety assessment into the safety pre-evaluation (before the establishment of the project), safety evaluation and safety inspection evaluation of the

29、status quo. products or by-products in which dangerous chemicals have to pre-evaluation and acceptance evaluation.the main purpose of safety evaluation is to help companies identify security deficiencies, provide security services, and approval by the local safety supervision bureau to obtain legal

30、procedures.safety evaluation in prevent, reduce accidents, reduce disaster losses and the cause of the accident analysis of various aspects play an important role in safety evaluation has been increasingly included in national legislation, standards, and relevant norms of international organizations

31、 terms. 1. the status of safety assessment (1) the safety assessment has become a construction project, a work must be carried out u.s. projects have important safety evaluation. japans labor requires new construction, renovation of the chemical implementation of six stages of chemical plant safety

32、assessment. britain and even that new enterprises may not start on the safety assessment. china will secure the project evaluation as the three simultaneous a new element is to make the three simultaneous further scientific work and an important measure of institutionalization. in 1992, the bureau o

33、f technical supervision issued a light gas and light gasification plant safety evaluation of products general gbl3548 - 92 mandatory national standard, the standard set forth in the safety assessment principles and methods. in 1992, the ministry of labor issued the light-gasification product gas and

34、 safety regulations ld 311 - 92 ministerial standard, the standard provides that the preliminary design approval must be accompanied by safety and industrial hygiene evaluation report . in october 1996, the ministry of labor issued a construction project (engineering) work safety and health supervis

35、ion requirement, which states: joint hearing before the preliminary design must be submitted to the administrative department of labor occupational safety and health pre-construction project evaluation report and preliminary design documents including the labor safety and health of special articles,

36、 and the related drawings. in february 1998, the ministry of labor issued a construction project (engineering) work safety and health management practices pre-assessment of the safety assessment of the specific content of a detailed requirements. (2) safety evaluation of safety management standards

37、in the basic content with industrial development, quality assurance system and environmental system to get peoples identity, iso 9000 series of standards and is014000 series of standards widely adopted worldwide. occupational safety and health management system has also been increasing attention on

38、a world scale, and safety management system has taken shape. hazard identification, safety assessment is the premise of good safety management, therefore, at international standards on safety management safety evaluation almost without exception, as an important part: canadas responsible care will,

39、safety assessment as a support the implementation of procedures to be followed partnership one of nine work, the u.s. occupational safety and health management system, british standard bs 8800, australian standard as 1470 also includes a safety evaluation of content; chinas occupational safety manag

40、ement system trial standard mainly consists of five elements, in the plan element will be hazard identification, safety assessment and hazard control plan as an important component. (3) safety evaluation of becoming an important means of major industrial accidents to prevent major industrial acciden

41、ts, the ilo in 1993 adopted the convention on the prevention of major industrial accidents, which requires employers to submit security report, security report the contents of the first one is the identification and analysis of risk and the accident risk assessment, including consideration of possib

42、le interactions between various substances. ilo published in 1988, major incident control practical handbook will be security assessment as the business managers duties and provides a number of safety assessment method; 1991 afternoon publication of the prevention of major industrial accidents in th

43、e risk analysis is a separate chapter. in 1992 the u.s. occupational safety and health administration regulations issued by the federal highly hazardous chemical process safety management shall be completed within five years, risk assessment, and later on has been completed to the dangerous level as

44、sessment re-confirmation. epa released the chemical accident prevention provisions also have to conduct risk analysis and evaluation provisions. european community in 1996, the 1982 seveso directive has been modified, the revised directive (96/82/ec major accident hazards of hazardous substances con

45、trol) requires the member states in the enterprise security management system should be involved identification, evaluation of major hazards - amendments to implement the normal operation or abnormal operation caused significant risk to the system identification methods to evaluate the possibility o

46、f significant risk and severity. 2. the role of safety assessment (1) can make the system effective in reducing accidents and occupational hazards predict, prevent the occurrence of accidents and occupational hazards, is the central task of modern safety management. safety evaluation system, the sys

47、tem can identify the weak links and can lead to accidents occurring conditions and occupational hazards, through systematic analysis of accidents and also to find the real cause of occupational hazards, in particular, can find out the unanticipated easy neglected risk factors and occupational hazard

48、s, and through quantitative analysis, forecasting the occurrence of accidents and occupational hazards and the possibility of the seriousness of the consequences, which can take the appropriate countermeasures to prevent and control the occurrence of accidents and occupational hazards. (2) can carry

49、 out safety management system modern industry is characterized by large, continuous and automated, the increasing complexity of the production process, all aspects and processes are interrelated, interaction, mutual restraint. system safety assessment is through systematic analysis, evaluation, comp

50、rehensive, systematic, organic, production systems, preventive treatment of security issues, rather than in isolation, a piecemeal production system to solve the security issue and realize the system security management. safety management system include: found that accidents; predict failures caused

51、 by mistake or dangerous; program design and adjust security measures; achieve optimal security measures; continue to take measures for improvement. (3) can be safe with a minimum investment to achieve the best results on the security of the system for quantitative analysis, evaluation and optimizat

52、ion security technology for safety management and accident prediction, prevention provides a scientific basis. according to the analysis you can choose the best solution to achieve the best match between the various subsystems, with a minimum investment to get the best safety results, which can sign

53、ificantly reduce casualties and equipment damage incidents. (4) can contribute to the safety standards and reliability of data accumulation system security assessment is central to the system to make qualitative and quantitative evaluation, which requires the safety standards and data, such as licen

54、sing security, and fault rates, ergonomic standards and safety design standards. therefore, the safety evaluation can contribute to the safety standards and the reliability of data collection, accumulation, lay the foundation for the establishment of reliable databases. (5) can rapidly improve the t

55、echnical level of operations security system security assessment through the development and application, so security professionals learn all systems analysis and evaluation methods that can quickly improve security and technical personnel, operational and management staff, standards and systems ana

56、lysis, improve security and safety management and technical personnel quality to be able to carry out well safety. fifth, the classification of safety assessment safety evaluation of the project from the project to normal production as well as retired, scrapped, any one of them has a different stage

57、 of the evaluation of classification methods, which commonly used are the following. 1. different stages of the evaluation object classification (1) safety pre-evaluation safety pre-assessment is based on construction projects (including new, revision, and expansion project) feasibility study report

58、 of the content, analysis and forecast of the construction project may be dangerous and harmful factors of the type and extent reasonable and feasible safety countermeasures and suggestions . according to the former ministry of labor (1996) 3 orders project (project) monitoring requirements of labor safety and health, who meet one of the following construction projects must be pre-evaluation of occupational safety and health: and above the li