法律英語的文體特征課件

1、法律英語的文體特征,法律英語的文體特點(diǎn),法律英語的文體特征,法律英語,法律英語是指普通法國家以普通英語為基礎(chǔ)，在立法和司法過程中逐漸形成的、具有規(guī)約性的語言變體。它包括規(guī)范性法律文件用語以及法律工作者在執(zhí)法過程中使用的一整套規(guī)范化的法律公務(wù)用語。,法律英語的文體特征,法律英語的文體特點(diǎn),準(zhǔn)確性accuracy 嚴(yán)謹(jǐn)性conscientiousness 莊重性decency 不宜使用修辭手法和文學(xué)筆調(diào)inappropriate to use rhetorical devices and literary tone,法律英語的文體特征,詞匯特點(diǎn),選詞莊重、正式choose of words sol

2、emn, formal 古語、借詞較多archaisms and loanwords are more 術(shù)語繁多many terms 近義詞成對使用synonyms in pairs 情態(tài)動(dòng)詞使用頻率高modal verbs of high frequency 指代明確refer specifically 名詞性短語居多mostly noun phrases,法律英語的文體特征,選詞莊重、正式,This Law is enacted for the purpose of protecting the legitimate rights and interests of the parties

3、to contracts, maintaining the socio-economic order and promoting the socialist modernization. enact-make, maintain-keep, promote-speed up 為了保護(hù)合同當(dāng)事人的合法權(quán)益，維護(hù)社會經(jīng)濟(jì)秩序，促進(jìn)社會主義現(xiàn)代化建設(shè)，制定本法。 詞匯特點(diǎn),法律英語的文體特征,古語、借詞較多,古語 hereby-by this means herein-in this hereof-of or concerning this hereto-to this hereinafter-af

4、ter this thereafter-after that, accordingly whereby-through, by that 借詞 拉丁語：in personam對人的，屬人的， in rem對物的 法語：bar律師界, suit案件, plaintiff原告, indictment起訴，jury陪審團(tuán) 詞匯特點(diǎn),法律英語的文體特征,術(shù)語繁多,plaintiff原告 defendant被告 appellant上訴方 appellee被上訴方 prosecutor公訴人 opinion判決書 jury陪審團(tuán) 詞匯特點(diǎn),法律英語的文體特征,近義詞成對使用,rights and inte

5、rests權(quán)益 terms and conditions條款 complete and final understanding全部和最終的理解 customs fees and duties關(guān)稅 loss of and damage to滅失和損壞 null and void無效 sign and issue簽發(fā) furnish and provide提供 rules and regulations規(guī)章 last will and testament遺囑 as and when當(dāng)?shù)臅r(shí)候 上述成對近義詞以作為習(xí)慣用語使用，這些詞組都表示固定的意義，用于寫作和翻譯時(shí)不能隨便拆開。 詞匯特點(diǎn),法律英

6、語的文體特征,情態(tài)動(dòng)詞使用頻率高,應(yīng)當(dāng)shall, must, shall比must語氣強(qiáng) The present Charter shall be ratified by the signatory states in accordance with their respective constitutional processes. 本憲章的批準(zhǔn)應(yīng)當(dāng)按照簽署國各自憲法程序進(jìn)行。 The insurance must be issued irrespective of percentage. 保險(xiǎn)不得按百分比支付。 不得，禁止shall not, may not，前者語氣強(qiáng)于后者 The p

7、rovisions of this Article shall not apply to the operation of aircraft in the transit, but shall apply to the air transit of goods. 本條款不適用于過境營運(yùn)的飛機(jī)的規(guī)定，但應(yīng)適用于過境的航空貨物。 As a general rule, a treaty may not impose obligations or confer rights on third parties without their consent. 作為一般規(guī)則，條約不得在未經(jīng)第三方同意的情況下，

8、為其設(shè)定義務(wù)或授予權(quán)利。 可以may In order to offset or prevent dumping, a contracting party may levy on any dumped product an anti-dumping duty not greater in amount than the margin of dumping in respect of such product. 為了抵消或防止傾銷，一締約國對傾銷產(chǎn)品征收的反傾銷稅的幅度不能比的上述傾銷產(chǎn)品的利潤高。 詞匯特點(diǎn),法律英語的文體特征,指代明確,由于人稱代詞常表示作者的主觀性并且容易造成混淆，為了確切

9、說明“誰”、“什么”的概念，法律英語中往往寧可重復(fù)使用名詞也不用代詞。 The seller shall not be held responsible for any delay in delivery or non-delivery of the goods due to Force Majeure. However, the seller shall advise the buyer immediately of such occurrence and within fourteen days thereafter, shall send by airmail to the buyer

10、a certificate issued by the competent government authorities of the place where the accident has occurred as evidence thereof. Under such circumstances the seller, however, is still under the obligation to take all necessary measures to hasten the delivery of the goods. In case the accident lasts fo

11、r more than 10 weeks, the buyer shall have the right to cancel this contract. 由于不可抗力而賣方交貨延遲或不能交貨時(shí)，責(zé)任不在賣方。但賣方應(yīng)立即將情況電告買方，并于事故發(fā)生后14日內(nèi)將事故發(fā)生地政府主管機(jī)關(guān)簽發(fā)的事故證明書用空郵快件寄交買方為證，并取得買方認(rèn)可。在上述情況下，賣方仍有義務(wù)采取一切必要措施從速交貨的責(zé)任。如果事故持續(xù)超過十個(gè)星期，買方有權(quán)撤銷本合同。 該合同條款中沒有使用一個(gè)指示代詞或不定代詞，而是重復(fù)所指的名詞。 法律英語中常用the said或the same加上一個(gè)名詞來指代前面提到的名詞，可譯為

12、“上述的”，“該”。 If any disagreement arises, the said treaty shall be applied. 如有爭議，可適用該條約。 No one may engage in securities business without out approval of the same authority. 未經(jīng)國務(wù)院證券監(jiān)督管理機(jī)構(gòu)批準(zhǔn)，不得經(jīng)營證券業(yè)務(wù)。 it 在法律英語中除用作形式主語，形式賓語外，一般少用。 We have deemed it more expeditious to have the parties in advance of the t

13、rail. 我們認(rèn)為在審判之前讓雙方交換各自要求的書面文件。 詞匯特點(diǎn),法律英語的文體特征,名詞性短語居多,用名詞主語或賓語的中心詞，便于使用豐富的限定和修飾成分，相比之下，動(dòng)詞詞組無論在使用數(shù)量和結(jié)構(gòu)的復(fù)雜性程度上都不及名詞詞組。在法律英語中，名詞和名詞性詞組的頻繁使用滿足了法律英語的嚴(yán)密性要求 Nothing contained in the present Charter shall authorize the United Nations to intervene in matters which are essentially within the domestic jurisdic

14、tion of any state or shall require the Members to submit such matters to settlement under the present Charter; but this principle shall not prejudice the application of enforcement measures under Chapter VII. 本憲章不得認(rèn)為授權(quán)聯(lián)合國干涉在本質(zhì)上屬于任何國家國內(nèi)管轄之事件，且并不要求會員國將該項(xiàng)事件依本憲章提請解決；但此項(xiàng)原則不妨礙第七章內(nèi)執(zhí)行辦法之適用。,法律英語的文體特征,句子特點(diǎn),結(jié)

15、構(gòu)完整structural integrity 陳述句為基本句式declarative sentence as the basic sentence patterns 長句較多l(xiāng)ong sentences are more 使用被動(dòng)句the use of passive sentences 使用列條法和平行結(jié)構(gòu)the use of enumerative approach and parallel structure 使用插入語the use of parenthesis,法律英語的文體特征,結(jié)構(gòu)完整,“Invention” in the Patent Law means any new te

16、chnical solution relating to a product, a process or an improvement thereof. “Utility Model” in the Patent Law means any new technical solution relating to the shape, the structure, or their combination, of a product, which is fit for practical use. “Design” in the Patent Law means any new design of

17、 the shape, pattern, color, or their combination, of a product, which creates an aesthetic feeling and is fit for industrial application. 專利法所稱發(fā)明，是指對產(chǎn)品、方法或者其改進(jìn)所提出的新的技術(shù)方案。專利法所稱實(shí)用新型，是指對產(chǎn)品的形狀、構(gòu)造或者其結(jié)合所提出的適于實(shí)用的新的技術(shù)方案。 專利法所稱外觀設(shè)計(jì)，是指對產(chǎn)品的形狀、圖案或者其結(jié)合以及色彩與形狀、圖案的結(jié)合所作出的富有美感并適于工業(yè)應(yīng)用的新設(shè)計(jì)。 句子特點(diǎn),法律英語的文體特征,陳述句為基本句式,The

18、 Arbitration Commission has one honorary Chairman and several advisers. 仲裁委員會有一個(gè)名譽(yù)主席和幾個(gè)顧問。 All Members shall give the United Nations every assistance in any action it takes in accordance with the present Charter, and shall refrain from give assistance to any state against which the United Nations is

19、 taking preventive or enforcement action. 各會員國對于聯(lián)合國依本憲章規(guī)定而采取之行動(dòng)，應(yīng)盡力予以協(xié)助，聯(lián)合國對于任何國家正在采取防止或執(zhí)行行動(dòng)時(shí)，各會員國對該國不得給予協(xié)助。 句子特點(diǎn),法律英語的文體特征,長句較多,Any clause, covenant or agreement in a contract of carriage relieving the carrier or the ship from liability for loss or damage to or in connection with goods arising from

20、 negligence, fault or failure in the duties and obligations provided in this Article or lessening such liability otherwise than as provided in these Rules, shall be null and void and of no effect. 運(yùn)輸合同中的任何條款、約定或協(xié)議，凡是解除承運(yùn)人或船舶對由于疏忽、過失或未履行本條規(guī)定的責(zé)任和義務(wù)，因而引起貨物或關(guān)于貨物的滅失或損害的責(zé)任的，或以下同于本公約的規(guī)定減輕這種責(zé)任的，則一律無效。 After

21、 the goods are loaded the bill of lading to be issued by the carrier, master or agent of the carrier, to the shipper shall, if the shipper so demands, be a shipped bill of lading, provided that if the shipper shall have previously taken up any document of title to such goods, he shall surrender the

22、same as against the issue of the shipped bill of lading, but at the option of the carrier such document of title may be noted at the port of shipment by the carrier, master, or agent with the name or names of the ship or ships upon which the goods have been shipped and the date or dates of shipment,

23、 and when so noted the same shall for the purpose of this Article be deemed to constitute a shipped bill of lading. 貨物裝船后，如果托運(yùn)人要求，簽發(fā)“已裝船”提單，承運(yùn)人、船長或承運(yùn)人的代理人簽發(fā)給托運(yùn)人的提單，應(yīng)為“已裝船”提單，如果托運(yùn)人事先已取得這種貨物的物權(quán)單據(jù)，應(yīng)交還這種單據(jù)，換取“已裝船”提單。但是，也可以根據(jù)承運(yùn)人的決定，在裝貨港由承運(yùn)人、船長或其代理人在上述物權(quán)單據(jù)上注明裝貨船名和裝船日期。經(jīng)過這樣注明的上述單據(jù)，如果載有本章所指項(xiàng)目，即應(yīng)成為本條所指的“已裝船”

24、提單。 句子特點(diǎn),法律英語的文體特征,使用被動(dòng)句,The prisoner was sentenced to three years imprisonment. 這個(gè)囚犯被判三年徒刑。 These Rules are formulated in accordance with the Arbitration Law of the Peoples Republic of China and the provisions of the relevant laws and 根據(jù)中華人民共和國仲裁法和有關(guān)的法律以及,制定本規(guī)則。 Civil actions generally are brought

25、for breach of a contract, or for a wrong or tort. 民事訴訟通常是由違約、錯(cuò)誤行為或侵權(quán)引起的。 句子特點(diǎn),法律英語的文體特征,使用列條法和平行結(jié)構(gòu),Negotiations shall be conducted on a basis which affords adequate opportunity to take into account: (a) the needs of individual contracting parties and individual industries; (b) the needs of less-deve

26、loped countries for amore flexible use of tariff protection to assist their economic development and the special needs of these countries to maintain tariffs for revenue purposes; and (c) all other relevant circumstances, including the fiscal, developmental, strategic and other needs of the contract

27、ing parties concerned. 談判應(yīng)在提供考慮下列內(nèi)容的充分機(jī)會基礎(chǔ)上進(jìn)行： (1)各締約方和各產(chǎn)業(yè)的需要； (2)欠發(fā)達(dá)國家為幫助其經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展而更靈活地使用關(guān)稅保護(hù)的需要，及這些國家為財(cái)政收入目的而維持關(guān)稅的特殊需要；以及 (3)所有其他有關(guān)情況，包括有關(guān)締約方的財(cái)政、發(fā)展、戰(zhàn)略和其他需要。 句子特點(diǎn),法律英語的文體特征,使用插入語,The seller must, subject to the provisions of B5, bear all risks of loss of or damage to the goods until such time as they h

28、ave been delivered in accordance with A4. 除B5規(guī)定者外，賣方必須承當(dāng)貨物滅失或損壞的一切風(fēng)險(xiǎn)，直至已經(jīng)按照A4規(guī)定交貨為止。 句子特點(diǎn),法律英語的文體特征,現(xiàn)代法律英語發(fā)展規(guī)律,傳統(tǒng)的書面法律語言通常注重莊重性和嚴(yán)謹(jǐn)性的特點(diǎn)，但在簡明英語運(yùn)動(dòng)的影響下現(xiàn)代法律語言卻越來越崇尚語言的平易性、簡約性，力求用不多的筆墨言簡意賅地表述內(nèi)容，使各種條令、法規(guī)能夠準(zhǔn)確地得到理解和執(zhí)行。力求簡單、直白是現(xiàn)代法律英語總的發(fā)展趨勢。 19條“金科玉律”,法律英語的文體特征,金科玉律1,Use an average of 25 words per sentence. 每個(gè)

29、句子的平均用詞最好為25個(gè)左右。,法律英語的文體特征,金科玉律2,Avoid putting too many messages in a single sentence. 一個(gè)句子中不要試圖包含太多信息。,法律英語的文體特征,金科玉律3,Put more of your messages at the subject-predicate position. 使最重要的信息在句子的主語動(dòng)詞結(jié)構(gòu)中出現(xiàn)。,法律英語的文體特征,金科玉律4,For variety or emphasis, invert your sentences. 適當(dāng)使用倒裝句，以突出強(qiáng)調(diào)，或使句式有所變化。,法律英語的文體特征

30、,金科玉律5,Use the art of subordination to smooth out choppiness. 使用從屬結(jié)構(gòu)合并句子，以免句子過于瑣碎。,法律英語的文體特征,金科玉律6,Avoid disrupting your sentences with thought-stopping gaps. 在句子中間盡量不要插入使思想中斷的短語，以保持意義的連貫。,法律英語的文體特征,金科玉律7,Watch out for the rule of parallel construction. 適當(dāng)、正確地使用平行結(jié)構(gòu),法律英語的文體特征,金科玉律8,Tabulate particul

31、ar complex information. 對特別復(fù)雜的信息須進(jìn)行列舉說明。,法律英語的文體特征,金科玉律9,Hammer home your point with the powerful, versatile verb. 使用生動(dòng)有力、內(nèi)涵豐富的動(dòng)詞，以便把意思表達(dá)明白。,法律英語的文體特征,金科玉律10,Use the verb to be only when you mean it. 盡量少用動(dòng)詞“to be”結(jié)構(gòu)，除非非用不可。,法律英語的文體特征,金科玉律11,Get rid of compound prepositions. 盡可能不用復(fù)合介詞。 復(fù)合介詞由兩個(gè)或兩個(gè)以上單詞組成，例如： according to，because of，ahead of，in front of，on account of等等。 注意：不管復(fù)合介詞由幾個(gè)單詞組成，但末尾一個(gè)單詞必須是介詞。,法律英語的文體特征,金科玉律12,Cut adjective, adverb, and noun clauses to other structures satisfying