中美慈善文化的差異和成因

1、畢 業(yè) 設(shè) 計 (論 文) 論文題目：on differences and causes between chinese and american charity culture 中美慈善文化的差異及成因 學(xué)院名稱： xxxx 專 業(yè)： xxxx 班 級： xxxx 姓 名： xxx 學(xué) 號 xxx 指導(dǎo)教師： xxx 職 稱 xxx 日期： 年 月 日abstractcharity has become an ever-increasing hot topic in china recently. as a significant part of the social insurance,

2、charity plays an essential role in the society, which is called as the third distribution of the society, at the same time, chinese charity culture has a far-reaching effect on its charity development. until now, there are many researches on the philanthropy at home and abroad, however, more and mor

3、e researchers pay much attention to the differences between the chinese and american charity. the charity of the united states are well-developed and supplies a solid foundation for the social insurance to some extent, while the chinese charity culture are quite far from catching up with its sociali

4、st cultural development and needs to a further improvement. even though, chinese charity has a certain development under the effect of the recent natural disasters and charitable entrepreneurs, there still exists a wide gap between chinese and american charity. the reason for the gap is the differen

5、t cultural circumstances between china and america. and it is helpful to our philanthropy development to study the differences and causes between chinese and american charity culture.the thesis aims to present the differences and causes between chinese and american charity and the complementary rela

6、tionship between charity culture and philanthropy from the perspective of definitions and differences aspects and different historical development. key words: chinese and american charity culture; differences; causes摘 要近年來，慈善在中國日益成為了焦點話題。作為社會保障的重要組成部分，慈善事業(yè)發(fā)揮著基礎(chǔ)作用，并被形象地稱為社會的“第三次分配”，而中國的慈善文化對其慈善事業(yè)的影響意

7、義深遠而廣泛。到目前為止，關(guān)于國內(nèi)國外慈善事業(yè)的研究已經(jīng)不少，而近年來，越來越多學(xué)者將目光投向中美慈善事業(yè)的差異上：在美國，慈善事業(yè)發(fā)展迅速且較為完善，為社會保障提供了一定的物質(zhì)基礎(chǔ)，而在中國，慈善文化遠遠不能適應(yīng)我國社會主義文化發(fā)展的需要，中國的慈善事業(yè)還有待于進一步地提高。雖然中國慈善事業(yè)在近幾年的自然災(zāi)害及慈善企業(yè)家?guī)酉掠幸欢ǖ陌l(fā)展，但中美慈善事業(yè)的差距依然懸殊，究其原因，在于中美不同的慈善文化環(huán)境。研究中美慈善文化差異及成因有助于我們學(xué)人所長，促進我國慈善事業(yè)蓬勃發(fā)展。本文主要從慈善文化的定義、中美慈善文化的差異所體現(xiàn)的方面、中美慈善問話不同的歷史發(fā)展過程對中美慈善文化進行比較研究，

8、并探索造成中美慈善文化差異的成因，希望能夠更全面地展示慈善文化與慈善事業(yè)相輔相成的關(guān)系。關(guān)鍵詞：中美慈善文化；差異；成因contentsintroduction11. charity culture21.1 definitions of charity culture.2 1.1.1 definitions of charity culture . 2 1.1.2 differences of definitions between china and us charity culture 21.2 the value of charity culture.2 1.2.1 charity cu

9、lture and charity . 2 1.2.2 charity culture and harmonious culture of socialism 32. the differences of charity culture42.1 from the aspect of culture.42.2 from the aspect of history.42.3 from the aspect of behavioral practices and patterns53. the development of charity culture63.1 the development of

10、 american charity culture.63.1.1 charity in america63.1.2 characteristics of american charity culture63.1.3 modernization of american charity culture73.2 the development of chinese charity culture . 83.2.1 characteristics of ancient chinese charity culture83.2.2 characteristics of modern chinese cha

11、rity culture84. causes of the charity cultural differences94.1 thoughts origins of chinese charity culture . .9 4.1.1 confucian- benevolence 9 4.1.2 taoism &buddhism 94.2 thoughts origins of american charity culture10 4.2.1 philanthropy 10 4.2.2 emotions related with philanthropy 10conclusion11refer

12、ence12acknowledgement13introductioncharity has become an ever-increasing hot topic in china recently. as a significant part of the social insurance, charity plays an essential role in the society, which is called as the third distribution of the society, at the same time, chinese charity culture has

13、 a far-reaching effect on its charity development. until now, there are many researches on the philanthropy at home and abroad, however, more and more researchers pay much attention to the differences between the chinese and american charity. the charity of the united states are well-developed and s

14、upplies a solid foundation for the social insurance to some extent, while the chinese charity culture are quite far from catching up with its socialist cultural development and needs to a further improvement. even though, chinese charity has a certain development under the effect of the recent natur

15、al disasters and charitable entrepreneurs, there still exists a wide gap between chinese and american charity. the reason for the gap is the different cultural circumstances between china and america. and it is helpful to our philanthropy development to study the differences and causes between chine

16、se and american charity culture.the thesis is divided into four chapters: chaper1 focuses on the definition and value of charity culture, and chapter2 studies about the differences from the aspects of history, behavioral motive, behavioral practices and patterns and entity of activity and chapter3 i

17、llustrates the development of charity culture in america and china. and chapter4 analyzes the causes of these differences.1. charity culture1.1 definitions of charity culture1.1.1 definitions of charity culture in the broad perspective, charity culture is seen as a natural extension of ideology and

18、behavioral pattern at a certain period in geographical populations. the core of charity culture is altruism and the expansion of charity culture is to create a full-bodied humanistic care and lessen conflicts and reconcile contradiction. “charity culture can be described as the sum of all the ideolo

19、gy, institution of law, institutional framework and behavioral activities that supports the development of philanthropy. ”(孔潤年,2004). in particular, it includes four main aspects which are complementary to each other as follows below:first, it means the value orientation, aesthetic interests and thi

20、nking method from humanitarian social and ideological significance of cognitive activity. second, it refers to all the meaning of social norms and system from the system. third, it includes all the material progress from the aspects of material through philanthropy. fourth, it refers to the formatio

21、n of the customs of people communication and behavior patterns in the form of definition, rules or etiquette charity from behavioral significance.1.1.2 differences of definitions between china and us charity culture theres a big difference in the definition of charity culture between china and us ch

22、arity culture. chinese definition of charity comes directly from the ancient connotation, whose “ci” means love from the old generation to the next generation, while “shan” means the fraternity and interaction between people. the chinese dictionary says that charity means kindness, love and compassi

23、on. however, in the united states, the two words “charity” and “charity culture” work together to form a specific definition. “the merriam-webster” defines “charity” as a human kindness goodwill or love or generous and helpful, especially to the poor or pain; also an aid to those in need or an insti

24、tution engaged in relief for the poor. “philanthropy” means goodwill to fellow members of the human race, especially active effort to promote human welfare. 1.2 the value of charity culture 1.2.1 charity culture and charity modern philanthropy consists of five elements: the nation and government tha

25、t sets the law; the charitable organizations that inspire the public to provide service and donations; the donators (individual or enterprise) that donate fund, goods, knowledge and time; the beneficiaries which are often the vulnerable groups and public services; mass communication that spread the

26、information and ideas to educate, promote and supervise as well. the five elements join together to form the basis of charity culture with the aim of fair, justice and equality. ( 王麗芳，2007)charity culture and charity are complementary to each other, and rebuilding the former must develop charity. th

27、e thesis will talk about it from the perspective of cultural anthropology. geertz, a famous scholar in this field, explained the control of human behavior at a very interesting angle - culture. he explained in the book the interpretation of cultures that “all of our thoughts, value, actions, even em

28、otions are the products of culture.” therefore, charity culture is the basis and internal motive of charity, while the latter serves as a carrier of communication and a body of formation. (林徐樂，2009)1.2.2 charity culture and harmonious culture of socialismcharity culture play an important role in the

29、 construction of a harmonious society. first of all, it is an important part of the fundamental interests of the advanced socialist culture, and on behalf of the vast majority of chinese people. second, it is a health point of view of wealth. it is proposed that the wealthy should use wealth more re

30、sponsible and compassionate to help the poor, and society. third, this is an active force in promoting social harmony, if easy to understand and accept, promoting the criticism.above all, the main points of the research in charity culture did help to improve the charitable activities and social harm

31、onious whole.2. the differences between chineseand american charity culturein general, chinese charity culture tends to be more conservative, political and attaches great importance to the education of the open, democratic, instinctive response than the open, democratic and instinctive one in the un

32、ited states. here the thesis will discuss about it from the following three aspects.2.1 from the aspect of historythe thoughts origin of chinese charity go back to ancient times, which evolves into good atmosphere of benevolence, mutual assistance and dedication. filial piety in confucianism is a “u

33、niversal love” beyond family relationships. following the tune, there were many philanthropists and charitable activities in ancient china, such as the “悲田養(yǎng)病坊”(a lane to recuperate) in tang dynasty, etc. with benevolent governance in confucianism being most highly praised in song dynasty, charity en

34、joyed a boom period as the symbol of benevolence. the china charity back to ancient times, evolution of the thought origins into the good atmosphere, mutual assistance and dedication of love. in the confucian filial piety is a universal love beyond the family relationships. after this song, there ar

35、e many philanthropists and charitable activities in ancient china, such as grief field for illness fang (spa) a lane in the tang dynasty, and so on. in the confucian benevolent governance is the most highly praised in the song dynasty, charity enjoys a boom as a symbol of kindness. in particular cha

36、rities have set in addition to the famine years, winter, when the organization institutionalization and organized. this is not interrupt, until establish china lasted for nearly 40 years of institutional reasons. since the 1990 s, a citizens philanthropy has made significant progress, but the founda

37、tion is weak in the early, still hinder the history of the china charity culture inheritance.the charity is becoming more and more mature through long-term accumulation of history. american philanthropic tradition is as well as the rules and laws in europe, notably britain. in europe, the first char

38、ity is considered to be of platos academy in athens, which was left to his nephew for the benefit of the followers only. after that, the ancient rome set up some charities to help the sick or fund merciful man. then with the rise of christianity, the religious related charity is under the control of

39、 the church. orphanages, hospitals, schools and other institutions were held with a new donation idea, aiming at wider people than the poor and rather indirect ways. the new idea become the source of the modern american charity culture.therefore, the middle of the 20th century witnessed the change o

40、f the charities to modern charitable foundations to cooperate with other research institutions to solve the social problems. the activity here is under a wide lead philanthropy rather than personal sense of charity. then, at the beginning of the 20th century witnessed the birth, maturity of a new co

41、ncept of charity, in fact, from the ancient greek and roman. it may be the best described in the rockefeller foundation, for the purpose of improving the welfare of all human. this promotes the charity support in social problem from the root rather than solve temporarily. therefore, it is the first

42、time that introduced charity service system and a large number of resources science.2.2 from the aspect of behavioral motive and public responsein fact, donation itself is more than a merely selfless devotion, but a non-commercial economic exchange. donators give away money or goods to comfort thems

43、elves, feel good, improve public image or raise social status, etc. no matter positive or negative the motives of donation, it does make a difference. donators donate money or goods to comfort themselves, feel good, improve the public image and improve the social status, and so on. no matter positiv

44、e or negative donation motivations, it does make a difference.in china, doing the good is often thought of as an effective way of personal cultivation. the values of people are the conscience, selfless dedication, and high moral image. motivation comes from ideas, so people are less constraint on sp

45、ontaneous charity instinctively. greatly hindered the development of philanthropy, as can be seen clearly from the motivation of public reaction to charity. for example, after the chinas top philanthropist (chen), chairman of jiangsu huangpu recycle resources use co., ltd., announced a comprehensive

46、 donation in the charity dinner, buffett and bill gates media is full of confusion and problems, and criticism, making a complaint that its just for a tycoon to promote their company.instead, american charity is as a heteronomous demand respect and fear of god, so it is striking. in addition, the ch

47、arity is an effective way to move back and forth to and fro wealth and spiritual freedom away from materialism. it has been proved that driven by religious benefit is remarkable, regardless of the initial motivation, as long as the impact of public value more than process. for example, the main purp

48、ose of the rockefeller and andrew carnegie charitable foundation is more than for the development and improvement of human welfare, but to change the heinous, greedy capitalist image to gain legal property and assets, without government intervention.2.3 from the aspect of behavioral practices and pa

49、tterns in china, the scope of the donation is very narrow. donees usually refers to the clan, neighbors, relatives or friends. as a result, the affection between the family and the family leads to the lag of dense, which is against the openness and university of charity in the modern charity culture

50、.however, the rich and the poor are keen to charity in the united states. in fact, this is a general social behavior donation as a return to society, the rich entrepreneurs to enhance corporate image and social reputation and employee morale, the public to represent religious belief and personal kin

51、dness.3. the development of charity culture3.1 the development of american charity culture 3.1.1 charity in americacharity has long been a tradition in the american citizens. according to an analysis of 1989,1991,1993,1995 and 1998, more than 70% of american families participate in the charitable do

52、nation, big or small, about $900 for each family, which takes up 2.2% of the whole family income. in general, the average individual one accounts for 1.8% of average income. besides, the average value created by volunteer work is $1,200, 2.336% of the whole family income.(王麗芳，2007). all kinds of peo

53、ple willing to donate, from the billionaire low-income earners, particularly compared with the rich, the latter give a higher proportion of income. in 1992, for example, 81.4% of donations are from the poor, reaching $99.2 billion out of the total $124.3 billion. however, 20% of those who owe 80% of

54、 the social fortune donate up to 2/3, showing a quite large gap between their wealth and social status. 3.1.2 characteristics of american charity culture in different time3.1.2.1 ancient greece-rome traditioncharity, in ancient latin and greek, refers to the noble behavior and admirable. many modern

55、 rules and concepts in public welfare can be traced back to ancient greek and roman tradition, of which the core problem is singapore citizenship. at the same time, it is their responsibility that is mainly engaged in public service, gradually to the sacrifice of their own citizens in exchange for t

56、he rights of the city of the welfare of the participation of the community. here, the so-called city is a national political community, which is the legal definition of freedom, equality of citizens. therefore, each citizens rights and obligations are the stock to join the public service. similar to ancient greece, citizens obligation is to put the priority on charity in ancient rome and the community is as a stage, where everyone should show love and virtue.3.