英語寫作基礎(chǔ)教程演示課件

1、1 2 vI. Using words correctly vII. Using words accurately 3 1.overcome Chinglish vEg: vIm not afraid of the hot weather. I dont mind the hot weather. I found the room rather cold. I felt the room rather cold. On Sundays I always sleep late. On Sundays I always get up late. 4 vThe blanket felt soft t

2、o her. She felt the blanket soft. His level of English has been proved. His English has improved. He came out the fourth in the exam. He received the fourth place in the exam. 5 Words or meaning of words which are no longer in common used but occur in special text (e.g. Religious works) and poetry a

3、re called archaic. Eg: mayhaps (v.hope; adv.maybe), quoth (vt.say), thy (pron. your), ere (prep. before) Words or meaning which have gone out of use altogether are called obsolete. Eg: admirable廢語令人驚奇的 fine n. 廢語懲罰，處罰；為接受懲罰支付的錢 Newly-coined words Eg: junior-high-schooler, tube-steak, water-sensitive

4、-crops, snow-poor-winter, 6 vOn hearing that his father had kicked the bucket, we wrote him a letter to express our deep sympathies. vThe big banquet held in honor of the distinguished state guests was really neat. v俚語呱呱叫的；了不起的，極好的 vUnexceptionable/ admirable/ excellent 7 vThe shade of meaningThe sh

5、ade of meaning vEg1: eagle and hawk vEagle is a bird that soars high and thus see far. to have an eagle eye (to have excellent vision) vHawk is a bird of pray, symbolizes harshness, thus people call the hard line politician “the hawk”. vEg2: dumb and mute vHe is a dumb / mute man. 8 vSpecific and ge

6、neral A good man : kind / honest / just / generous / sympathetic / warm-hearted / selfless / honorable Good food: tasty / nourishing / rich / wholesome / high-priced / fresh / substantial 9 10 vDenotation is the basic ,direct, literal meaning of a word. As defined by the dictionary. vConnotation is

7、the association around and the overtone about the word. its the feeling or idea suggested by the word. 11 vE.g . 國家 vCountry emphasizes the territory. vNation emphasizes the people. vState emphasizes political organization. vLand is often used to connote certain feeling. vAn island country ; neighbo

8、ring country vpeace-loving nation; the awaking nation of Africa vState-owned enterprises vOur state system is the peoples democratic dictatorship. vA far-away / foreign land; a land of liberty/ opportunity 12 Complimentary derogatory neutral Public servant bureaucrat government employee Financier sp

9、eculator investor Law officer cop policeman Captain of industry tycoon successful businessman Investigator spy detective Captive jailbird prisoner 13 vSynonyms :Two or more forms with very closely related meaning, which are often but not always, intersubstitutable in a sentence. vAccording to formal

10、ity: vEarly English: small/little ask time rise vFrench: petite question age mount vLatin: diminutive interrogate epoch ascend vGenerally, Latin words are more bookish than early English and French. 14 vThe concert concluded with a performance of Beethovens 5th symphony. vThey ended the concert with

11、 Beethovens 5th symphony. vMy father purchased a large automobile. vMy dad bought a big car. 15 16 v1. Completeness in structure; v2. Begin with a capital letter; v3. End with a full stop, or a question mark, or an exclamation mark; v4. Express a single complete idea. 17 v1. completeness in structur

12、e v2. the right subject v3. agreement between the subject and the predicate verb v4. agreement between pronoun and antecedent v5. clear pronoun reference v6. ending sentences with full stops v7. joining clauses with conjunctions v8. a main clause in a complex sentence v9. proper use of comparisons v

13、10.correct use of the tense 18 vBecause he hadnt finish his assignment, so he continued working in the classroom. completeness in structure vNot knowing his name, it was difficult to introduce him. the right subject vA number of spelling mistakes was found in his composition. agreement between the s

14、ubject and the predicate verb vEverybody should return the books he borrowed within a week. agreement between pronoun and antecedent 19 vShe told my sister that her idea was practicable. clear pronoun reference vNo one come to the party, it was a complete failure. ending sentences with full stops /

15、joining clauses with conjunctions vBecause he had not heard about that important decision. a main clause in a complex sentence vThe Sahara is larger than any desert in the world. proper use of comparisons vWe have revised our work plan last night. correct use of the tense 20 vA fragment is a part of

16、 sentence (such as a phrase or dependant/ subordinate clause) which begins with a capital letter and ends as a sentence does. vE.g. vFragment The result being that he lost the presidential election. vSentence The result is that he lost the presidential election. 21 MAs exclamations Oh! Nonsense! Wel

17、l done! What a day! How kind of you! Susan a singer!? MIn spoken English A: how about this? B: very good! A: Your name and your address, please? B: All right , here. v More Fragment-like sentences 22 MAs transitions And a final instance, To return from our digression, Now, a few more words about the

18、 meeting today. 23 一一. Unity . Unity 一致性一致性 vUnity:Unity: A sentence should express a single complete idea, no more, no less. If it contains too much, then the sentence becomes confusing . If it contains too little, then the idea in it is incomplete. vIn other words, a sentence violates the principl

19、e of unity if it contains ideas that are not closely related; whats more, a sentence is not unified if it does not express a complete thought. 24 vEg: vIdeas not closely related: vBorn in a small town in South China in 1937, he grew up to be a great musician. vHe was born in a small town in South Ch

20、ina in 1937, and grew up to be a great musician. vIdea incomplete: vDream of the Red Mansion is the best-known novel. v Dream of the Red Mansion is one of the best- known classical Chinese novel. 25 In the following sentence, the idea of one unified sentence is chopped into several short sentences.

21、E.g: My best friend in high school was our literature teacher. Her name was Wang Li. She taught us literature for three years. Revised: My best friend in high school was our literature teacher, Wang Li, who taught us for three years. 26 vFused: She suddenly paused and it seemed wonderful that she co

22、uld speak so easily but she was usually bashful. Improved: She suddenly paused. It seemed wonderful that she could speak so easily, but she was usually bashful. vFused: They did not win the game so far as I could see they did not even try. Improved: They did not win the game. So far as I could see,

23、they did not even try. 27 vCoherence requires that the parts of a sentence are so arranged that they stick together, and that the ideas progress in a logical sequence. v1. Parallelism vE.g: I forgot that my research paper was due on Tuesday and my teacher had said he would not accept late papers. 28

24、 vThe child was pretty and had brains. The child was pretty and intelligent. vHe sat down and was beginning to work. He sat down and began to work. vI will wait until you call or she comes. I will wait until you call or until she comes. vI went to the dance with a girl from Memphis and who has a sou

25、thern accent. I went to the dance with a girl who is from Memphis and who has a southern accent. 29 2. Consistency (1) keep the same grammatical subject unless there is good reason for changing. Eg: The cast first discusses the play and then nightly rehearsals begin. The cast first discusses the pla

26、y and then begin nightly rehearsals. (2) Keep the person of pronoun consistent. Eg: Having eaten our lunch, they departed by boat. Having eaten their lunch, they departed by boat. 30 31 32 Eg: A. I was in college. I had a roommate. He was studying to be a lawyer. B. I ran out of ink, thus being unab

27、le to finish my theme. C. The dean issued a bulletin, and it said the library would remain open on weekends. 33 1. No wordiness nWordiness also violates the principle of unity, the idea gets blurred by unnecessary words which obscure it like clouds and smoke. nSorry, Im not in a position to offer as

28、sistance to him. Sorry, I am unable to help him. nThe maid put the letter that came from Prague on my desk. The maid put the letter from Prague on my desk. nThere are several advantages to buying a motorbike. Buying a motorbike offers several advantages . nId like to take the opportunity to say than

29、k you. Thank you. 34 Clarity requires that a sentence should be written with its meaning unmistakably clear. Misunderstanding is often caused by the position of modifiers： The meaning of a sentence can be changed drastically by changes in the position of modifiers. Eg： In one word, the modifier must

30、 be placed as near to the modified as possible. 35 四. Emphasis is the means by which you give desired force to your writing. 1. positioning for emphasis The sentence end-the place of strongest emphasis The sentence beginning-the place of secondary emphasis The middle - the place of least emphasis E.

31、g. He will not have the endurance needed for the long training required to be a dentist, I think. Attention: move the point to be emphasized, out of order, to the front, this process is often called fronting or inversion. E.g: This I will never do. 36 vIn general the active voice is preferable becau

32、se it is more direct and precise, but sometimes the passive is more appropriate than the active. vE.g. vThe advice which was given to me by you will be followed by me. vTelevision was watched by the whole family in the evenings. vPassive voice is preferable: vwhen the receiver of an action is more i

33、mportant than the doer. vwhen the doer is vague or unknown. vwhen the doer is to be especially emphasized. 37 vClimacte order is the order that goes from the least important to the most important or that goes from the general to the specific. vShe was a kind-hearted, goodlooking, and well- mannered

34、lady. vRevised: She was goodlooking, well-mannered and kind- hearted. vHe said he had lost interest in life, fame, position and money after that tragedy. vRevised: He said after that tragedy he had lost interest in vNote: vThe opposite of climatic order results in anticlimax. it is often used delibe

35、rately for humorous effects. vE.g. At one fell swoop, he lost his wife, his child, his household goods, and his dog. 38 4. Rhetorical question vA rhetorical question differs from an ordinary question in that it does not need an answer, it is used for emphasis. vThe rhetorical question is often reser

36、ved for special occasion to exert its great force. A positive rhetorical question is like a strong negative statement, while a negative rhetorical question is like a strong positive statement. vE.g. vIf winter comes, can spring be far behind? vIsnt it beautiful weather? 39 vThe balanced sentence, by

37、 positioning together two or more parallel items, makes for poignancy and emphasis. vE.g. vReading maketh a full man; conference a ready man; and writing an exact man. -Francis Bacon: “Of Studies” 40 vA periodic sentence is one that is not complete in structure or meaning until it reaches the last w

38、ord, which is the most important word of the sentence. Eg: It is generally acknowledged that the sole criterion of truth is practice. He said for buying a house he had prepared everything but money. 41 I. General Introduction to Paragraph: 1.In form: set off by indentation or spacing 2. In content:

39、closely-related sentences 42 Topic Sentence Supporting Details Closing Sentence 43 vWhat is the topic sentence? The topic sentence is the first sentence in a paragraph. vWhat does it do? It introduces the main idea of the paragraph. vHow do I write one? Summarize the main idea of your paragraph. Ind

40、icate to the reader what your paragraph will be about. 44 vWhat are supporting sentences? They come after the topic sentence, making up the body of a paragraph. vWhat do they do? They give details to develop and support the main idea of the paragraph. vHow do I write them? You should give supporting

41、 facts, details, and examples. 45 vWhat is the closing sentence? The closing sentence is the last sentence in a paragraph. vWhat does it do? It restates the main idea of your paragraph. vHow do I write one? Restate the main idea of the paragraph using different words. 46 There are three reasons why

42、Canada is one of the best countries in the world. First, Canada has an excellent health care system. All Canadians have access to medical services at a reasonable price. Second, Canada has a high standard of education. Students are taught by well-trained teachers and are encouraged to continue study

43、ing at university. Finally, Canadas cities are clean and efficiently managed. Canadian cities have many parks and lots of space for people to live. As a result, Canada is a desirable place to live. 47 oUnity oSingleness of purpose oFullness oBrevity oTopic sentence 48 2. Coherence (1) Ways of develo

44、ping paragraph (2) Transition 49 Definition Paragraph Classification Paragraph Description Paragraph Compare and Contrast Paragraph Sequence Paragraph Choice Paragraph Explanation Paragraph Evaluation Paragraph 50 3.Emphasis (1)Proportion (2)Position (3)Climatic order (4)Repetition and parallelism 5

45、1 A summary is a brief , concise restatement of the main facts or points of a passage or a book. It is different from a composition in that it does not express the writers but someone elses ideas. 52 vgenerally a summary should not be longer than a third of the length of the original passage. vit sh

46、ould be faithful to the original, with no change in facts or views, and no important points left out. vit should be written in continuous prose, not in the form of an outline. 53 vreading vwriting vomitting the details vreducing the examples vsimplifying the descriptions veliminating all repetition

47、vmaking phrases do the work of clauses or sentences vusing general words instead of specific words vusing the shortest possible transitions vavoiding figurative language vrevision 54 I. Basic Organization vIntroduction (beginning) vBody (middle) vConclusion (end) 55 What is an introduction paragraph

48、? What does it do? How do I write one? E.g. Hockey has been a part of life in Canada for over 120 years. It has evolved into an extremely popular sport watched and played by millions of Canadians. The game has gone through several changes since hockey was first played in Canada. 56 vWhat are support

49、ing paragraphs? Supporting paragraphs make up the main body of your essay vWhat do they do? They develop the main idea of your essay. vHow do I write them? 1. List the points that develop the main idea of your essay. 2. Place each supporting point in its own paragraph. 3. Develop each supporting poi

50、nt with facts, details, and examples. 57 vWhat is a summary paragraph? vWhat does it do? vHow do I write one? Example: vOverall, the changes that occurred in hockey have helped to improve the game. Hockey is faster and more exciting as a result of changes in the past 120 years. For these reasons, mo

51、dern hockey is a better game than hockey in the 1890s. 58 vPrewriting Essays vWriting Essays vEditing Essays vPublishing Essays 59 vA topic outline uses words or phrases for all entries and uses no punctuation after entries. vAdvantages: presents a brief overview of work and is generally easier and

52、faster to write than a sentence outline. vA sentence outline uses complete sentences for all entries and uses correct punctuation. vAdvantages: presents a more detailed overview of work including possible topic sentences and is easier and faster for writing the final paper. 60 61 1. What is narratio

53、n? The method of development in which the writer tells a story to support a point. Narrative writing tells a story. In essays the narrative writing could also be considered reflection or an exploration of the authors values told as a story. The author may remember his or her past, or a memorable per

54、son or event from that past, or even observe the present. 62 v Context-the writer makes clear what happened, when, where, and to whom v Point of view-the writer takes a consistent point of view in relation to the action, writing either as a participant (first person - using I) or as a spectator (thi

55、rd person - using he, she, it, they). v Selection of detail-the writer focuses only on the actions and details that further the story and promote the point, minimizing or eliminating others. v Organization-the writer organizes the events of the story in a chronological order using time transitions.

56、vPurposetheres a reason for telling the story. One way to find it is to complete the statement, The moral of the story is. 63 64 Contemporary British Theatre Speaker: Prof. Bernard Holland Professor of English Literature, Cambridge University Author of The Experimental Theatre Date: Monday, 6 Octobe

57、r Time: 10 a.m. Place: Rm.201 All Welcome 65 2 Feb.2006 Dear Mr. Smith, This is to introduce Mr. Ma Ming. He is a graduate student in linguistics at our university. Mr. Ma is looking for a teaching assistants post. Any assistance rendered him would be highly appreciated. Jane 66 28 July,2005 Dear Pa

58、m it may result in a fire. (2) When they are joined by such connectives as:“for example, nevertheless, otherwise, that is, besides, therefore, accordingly, however, also, consequently, hence, still, stead, thus”. The section after the semicolon expresses ideas which a stage further the thought in the proceeding secti