專四作文寫作.ppt

1、l2010年年tem試卷試卷 lpart vi writing (45min) lsection a composition (35min) l it was recently reported in a newspaper that six students who shared a dorm at a local university hired a cleaner to do laundry and cleaning once a week. and each of them paid her 60 yuan a month. this has led to a heated debat

2、e as to whether college students should hire cleaners. lwrite on answer sheet three a composition of about 200 words on the following topic: lshould college students hire cleaners? lyou are to write in three parts. lin the first part, state clearly what your view is. lin the second part, support you

3、r view with appropriate reasons. lin the last part, bring what you have written to a natural conclusion or a summary. lmarks will be awarded for content, organization, grammar and appropriateness. failure to follow the instruction may result in a loss of marks. 專四作文要求：根據(jù)所給作文題目、提綱、專四作文要求：根據(jù)所給作文題目、提綱、

4、 數(shù)據(jù)等，數(shù)據(jù)等，在在35分鐘內(nèi)寫分鐘內(nèi)寫200單詞的左右的作單詞的左右的作 文，分值文，分值15分分，要求：切題、完整、條理，要求：切題、完整、條理 清楚、結(jié)構(gòu)嚴(yán)謹(jǐn)、語法正確、語言通順、清楚、結(jié)構(gòu)嚴(yán)謹(jǐn)、語法正確、語言通順、 表達(dá)得體。體裁為表達(dá)得體。體裁為議論文、說明文議論文、說明文（記敘（記敘 文、描寫文沒有考過但不能排除）。文、描寫文沒有考過但不能排除）。 年份主題或題目 題材 體裁 題型 1995大學(xué)生打工利與弊 學(xué)生業(yè)余生活 議論文 利弊比較 1996大學(xué)生活與中學(xué)生活的不同 學(xué)生生活 說明文 對比說明 1997專業(yè)學(xué)習(xí)壓力利或弊 學(xué)生學(xué)習(xí) 議論文 觀點議論 1998一種解決城市空氣

5、污染的辦法 環(huán)境 說明文 提出建議 1999電視廣告的利或弊 社會現(xiàn)象 議論文 利弊討論 2000課外活動的重要性 學(xué)生生活 說明文 觀點說明 2001旅游開闊視野 大眾生活 說明文 觀點說明 2002保持健康的最好辦法 大眾生活 說明文 提出建議 2003保持好心情的重要性 大眾生活 說明文 觀點說明 2004電話是否是否會代替寫信？ 社會現(xiàn)象 議論文 觀點議論 年份主題或題目 題材 體裁 題型 2005為藝術(shù)節(jié)提建議 校園文化生活 說明文 提出建議 2006攢錢/還是 花明天的錢 大眾生活 說明文 觀點說明 2007網(wǎng)上交友理智嗎 學(xué)生業(yè)余生活 議論文 觀點議論 2008做志愿者的好處 學(xué)

6、生業(yè)余生活 說明文 觀點議論 2009旅游傷害環(huán)境嗎 社會現(xiàn)象 議論文 觀點議論 2010大學(xué)生聘用清潔工嗎 學(xué)生業(yè)余生活 議論文 觀點議論 2011 私有車能交污染稅嗎？大眾生活 議論文 觀點議論 l專業(yè)四級命題的特點命題的特點 * 題材題材常常涉及到學(xué)生生活學(xué)生生活，如學(xué)習(xí)、文化、 課外活動、文化藝術(shù)節(jié)等，大眾生活如身體 健康的方法、心情愉快的重要性和旅游的作 用等，一些社會熱點問題和現(xiàn)象，如網(wǎng)絡(luò)、 環(huán)境、科技的負(fù)面影響和私家車等話題。 *體裁體裁以說明文說明文和議論文議論文為主，有時會有二者 的配合使用。如“保持好心情的重要性”， 首先要闡述出幾個重要性，屬于說明文；然 后在分析為什么要

7、那樣做，屬于議論文。因 此有的作文以說明文為主，有的以議論文為 主。 命題的特點命題的特點： *題型題型 l1）比較選擇類作文1995，1996，1999， l2）意義、重要性、危害性說明類作文 2000，2001，2003，2006，2008, l3）觀點論證類作文1997，2002，2004， 2007，2009，2010， 2011 l4）提出建議、解決問題類作文1998， 2005。 1. 專業(yè)四級寫作閱卷采用專業(yè)四級寫作閱卷采用整體評分整體評分方法：方法： 即：閱卷人員根據(jù)作文的內(nèi)容和語言方即：閱卷人員根據(jù)作文的內(nèi)容和語言方 面的表現(xiàn)給出歸檔分，然后適當(dāng)給獎勵面的表現(xiàn)給出歸檔分，然后

8、適當(dāng)給獎勵 或扣分。或扣分。 2. 從從內(nèi)容內(nèi)容和和語言語言兩個方面對作文進(jìn)行綜合兩個方面對作文進(jìn)行綜合 評判。內(nèi)容和語言是一個統(tǒng)一體，作文評判。內(nèi)容和語言是一個統(tǒng)一體，作文 應(yīng)表達(dá)題目所規(guī)定的內(nèi)容，而內(nèi)容要通應(yīng)表達(dá)題目所規(guī)定的內(nèi)容，而內(nèi)容要通 過語言表達(dá)。要考慮作文是否切題，是過語言表達(dá)。要考慮作文是否切題，是 否充分表達(dá)思想，也要考慮是否用英語否充分表達(dá)思想，也要考慮是否用英語 清楚而確切地表達(dá)思想，即考慮語言上清楚而確切地表達(dá)思想，即考慮語言上 的錯誤是否造成理解上的障礙。的錯誤是否造成理解上的障礙。 3. 分?jǐn)?shù)要正確反映學(xué)生的實際寫作水平反映學(xué)生的實際寫作水平， 避免分?jǐn)?shù)趨中現(xiàn)象。最好

9、的給滿分，最 差的記0分 。 1) content:作文是否體現(xiàn)主題思想。即要求文章切題 （不跑題），又要達(dá)到全文的統(tǒng)一（圍繞一個主題）。 l2) organization:組織是否合理合理。合理的結(jié)構(gòu)主要體 現(xiàn)在全文條理清楚，組織連貫和諧，善于使用銜接手 段使行文連貫，有邏輯性。 l3) grammar:語法文字語法文字是否有重大錯誤。語句合乎英 語語法習(xí)慣，文字通順、語法正確。避免句子片段、 主謂不一、詞性不對（lack, like)等（作文的硬傷）。 l4) appropriateness:得體上的要求：兼顧論題、 情景和讀者的因素，使用正式、非正式、親昵 或文學(xué)性的詞匯、句式、時態(tài)、語

10、態(tài)、指示方 法等。 l5)tidiness:卷面布局整潔；字體端正清晰、規(guī) 范大小寫、詞間空格、段前縮進(jìn)、正確使用標(biāo) 點，避免拼寫錯誤、減少涂改。 l(注意：字體可以不漂亮，但必須認(rèn)真清楚；大 小錯誤都扣分；規(guī)范要求書寫和標(biāo)點，避免涂 改。嚴(yán)格按照字?jǐn)?shù)要求，不要超出和不足。照 抄指令中原句不記入所寫作文字?jǐn)?shù)，因此可以 解釋或改寫。） l5. 作文的五個分?jǐn)?shù)檔次： l15， 14-12， 11-9， 8-6， 5-3，（2-0） 1.審清指令審清指令 理解指令是寫作考試至關(guān)重要的環(huán) 節(jié),因為指令包括了對作文主題、發(fā)展方式等 方面的要求。 2.確立文章的中心思想中心思想（文章的要點），必須明 確。

11、中心思想由主題思想句來表現(xiàn)。擬訂全 文的主題思想句，確保不跑題。可以將考試 指令中的關(guān)鍵詞，甚至標(biāo)題加以靈活應(yīng)用， 擴充為主題思想句-thesis statement.主題思 想句要求出現(xiàn)在文章的第一段。 3. 列出寫作提綱寫作提綱 將主題思想具體化、條理化。提 綱是文章的框架，可以顯現(xiàn)主題發(fā)展的脈絡(luò)。 列提綱有助于作者理清思路，使文章有章可循， 有理可依。提綱(outline)可以詳細(xì)可以簡略， 可以用短語也可以用句子。 4.確定體裁確定體裁 英語作文有四種不同的體裁，各種體 裁的寫法不同。從以往的作文可以發(fā)現(xiàn)議論文 和說明文是考核的重點。但二者并不涇渭分明， 也不排斥。有的以議論為主，有的

12、則以說明為 主。如： will phone kill letter writing? 就是議 論文即對沒有定論的觀點、現(xiàn)象提出明確的 論點，并用論據(jù)論證論點的正確性。如the importance of extracurricular activities是對已經(jīng) 明確的觀點進(jìn)行闡述。而one way to solve the pollution就要求提出建議。 5.確定主題句確定主題句：主題句是確保不跑題的前提。寫主 題句最保險的方法就是將考試提示中的關(guān)鍵句，甚 至標(biāo)題加以靈活應(yīng)用，考生可以直接把它擴充為主 題句topic sentence。 6.安排結(jié)構(gòu)安排結(jié)構(gòu) 指令對文章的結(jié)構(gòu)有規(guī)定：第

13、一段明確 觀點（簡單導(dǎo)入和主題思想句）；第二段提供理由 和事例（主題句和有說服力的細(xì)節(jié)和事件-一定是 具體的例子和事件，不要空虛的套話）；第三段歸 納總結(jié)（使用表示總結(jié)的詞匯或詞組，不要引出新 觀點）。 7.草稿寫作草稿寫作 按照擬訂的提綱進(jìn)行充實，補 充必要的細(xì)節(jié)。在打草稿的過程中可以 不局限于提綱，任意發(fā)揮。以提綱為指 導(dǎo)，對主題思想整體布局，通盤考慮。 可以對提綱進(jìn)行調(diào)整和修改。 8.適當(dāng)修改適當(dāng)修改 “修改出成績”，確保主題思 想明確，文章不偏題；確保細(xì)節(jié)與主題 密切相關(guān)；確保句子和段落間的銜接； 確保文章無標(biāo)點、拼寫、大小寫和語法 方面的錯誤。 l按照專業(yè)四級作文的要求，在35分鐘寫

14、一篇200左右 的短文，因此全文只能有13-14個句子，其中引言段3， 4，3句，正文段8，7，7句，結(jié)語段3，3，4句即可。 l段落的一致性（單一性） 段落的一致性要求整個段落只有一個 主題，即堅持一個中心思想，不要介入不相關(guān)的內(nèi)容，不要轉(zhuǎn) 移話題，其中的每句話都要與主題有關(guān)，而不是只與上句有關(guān)。 前后的觀點要一致；內(nèi)容要求開展充分完整。 l段落的發(fā)展性發(fā)展性要求的主題要有具體的內(nèi)容支撐，可以是事理的 論證、事實、細(xì)節(jié)或例子。避免主題中的關(guān)鍵詞發(fā)展不充分； 觀點后沒有中間環(huán)節(jié)，只有例子；車轱轆話，不向前發(fā)展。 l段落的層次性層次性要求段內(nèi)之間各句的作用不同，主題句統(tǒng)領(lǐng)全段； 支撐句起著發(fā)展主

15、題的作用，有的進(jìn)行事理論證而有的是細(xì)節(jié) 輔助；總結(jié)句概括、歸納全段。（不一定所有的段落都有總結(jié) 句。） l段落的連貫性連貫性是指論點發(fā)展過程中的邏輯性或 連續(xù)性，是文章可讀性的重要衡量手段。如記 敘文按照時間順序展開；描寫文按照空間順序 展開；說明議論文則要求按照事理順序展開或 按照人的一般思維方式，先有問題再有回答； 先有一般現(xiàn)象再有現(xiàn)象剖析；先有正面論據(jù)再 有反面論據(jù)，或者按照事理的重要程度，先重 要后次要等。保持連貫的方法保持連貫的方法：反復(fù)提及主題 但不重復(fù)，使用正確的連接手段-啟、承、轉(zhuǎn)、啟、承、轉(zhuǎn)、 合合的詞匯（因為英語是“形合”語言）。如as the saying goes, h

16、owever, as far as is considered, evidently, in conclusion, to sum up 等； l英語有多種表示不同關(guān)系的連接詞匯，如: l1） 時間（to begin with, moreover, finally; first of all, next, then, eventually; first, second, third） l2） 因果(owing to, due to, in this way, as a result, for this reason, consequently, accordingly ) l3）比較、對比(u

17、nlike, in contrast, on the contrary, similarly, in the same way, in like manner, just as, whereas, in spite of ) l4） 附加 (besides, not only but also, apart from, furthermore ) l5）遞進(jìn)(furthermore, moreover, equally important, last but not least, additionally, likewise, as well as, besides) l6）舉例a case

18、in point, to illustrate, take for example, as follows, as an illustration, just as) l7）讓步(in spite of, regardless of, even though, whereas) l8）轉(zhuǎn)折(on the other side, on the contrary, nevertheless) l9）解釋、同位( roughly means, in other words, assuggests, as regards, as for, in terms of, that is to say, wi

19、th regard to ) l10）選擇(or rather, rather than, not but, whetheror, alternately, neithernor, either. or) l11）總結(jié)(all in all, in short, as has been mentioned, to conclude, in conclusion, in summary, on the whole) lwe can draw the conclusion from what we have talked about lpersonally, i for these reasons

20、 laccording to the above analysis, we can arrive at the conclusion that等連詞，如能恰當(dāng)?shù)倪\用在作文中， 會增加連貫性，使句子地道流暢。 l1“引引-限限-提提”法法 l對題目進(jìn)行分層認(rèn)識，正確認(rèn)識題目各個信息之間的關(guān)系。 然后經(jīng)過引題、限題、再限題，直到點題，寫出相關(guān)性好 的開場白。如： 2002年的題目 the best way to stay healthy “題眼”是healthy， 然后限題：healthy -stay healthyways to stay healthythe best way to stay

21、healthy， 即從總的健康、保持健康、保持健康的辦法、保持健康的 最好辦法，最后提出自己的觀點。 l (1) it is estimated that 70 percent of the middle-aged people in such big cities as beijing and shanghai are in a sub-health condition.(2) therefore, health has become an important issue for the whole society. (3) as to how to stay healthy, “so ma

22、ny people, so many minds”.(4) some people favor physical exercise, while other prefer a balanced diet. (5) in my opinion, doing physical exercise is the best way to stay healthy. l2利用指令擴寫、改寫利用指令擴寫、改寫 l因為在專業(yè)四級的作文中,照抄指令不計算字?jǐn)?shù)，但我們可 以根據(jù)指令中的情景寫出相關(guān)性好的開場白，如2001年的作 文指令為(1)nowadays people are becoming increas

23、ingly aware of the importance of health.(2) and they have different ways to stay healthy. (3)for example, some exercise everyday; others try to keep a balanced diet.(4) what do you think is the best way to stay healthy?句（1）說明人們對健康越來越重視，句（2） （3）表明人們保持健康的方法，（4）表明你的態(tài)度。 l句（1）的釋義為： ltoday, with the impro

24、vement of living standard, people attach more and more importance to health; ltoday, with the heavy pressure from family, education, and career, people pay special attention to their health; lnowadays, the importance of health has been increasingly acknowledged by people. l句（2）的釋義為： lthey are trying

25、 to find various ways to keep healthy; lthe ways to stay healthy may vary from person to person/may be varied among people. las to the ways to keep healthy, “so many people, so many minds.” l句（3）的釋義為： lsome people favor physical exercise, while others prefer a balanced diet. lsome people insist on p

26、hysical exercise; others hold that a balanced diet is a better choice. l句（4）的釋義為： lin my opinion, is the best way to stay healthy. las far as i am concerned, is the best way to stay healthy. l 根據(jù)以上譯義，開場白可以寫為： today, with the improvement of living standard, people pay more attention to their health.

27、they are trying to find various ways to keep healthy. some do physical exercises every day, but others prefer keeping a balanced diet. as far as i am concerned, doing physical exercises is a better choice to stay healthy. today, with heavy pressure from family, education, and career, people pay spec

28、ial attention to their health condition. as to the ways of keeping healthy, “so many people, so many minds.” some people favor physical exercise, while others prefer a balanced diet. in my opinion, doing physical exercises is the best choice. nowadays, the importance of health has been increasingly

29、acknowledged by people. the ways to stay healthy may vary from person to person/may be varied among people. some insist on physical exercise; others hold that a balanced diet is a better choice. as far as i am concerned, keeping a balanced diet is the best way to stay healthy. today, with the improv

30、ement of living standard, people attach more and more importance to health. as to the ways of keeping healthy, “so many people, so many minds.” some people insist on physical exercise; others hold that a balanced diet is a better choice. in my opinion, doing physical exercise is the best choice. l3.

31、 論點論點+解釋解釋 l開場白最簡單的寫法是在段落一開始就開場白最簡單的寫法是在段落一開始就 直截了當(dāng)?shù)谋砻髯约旱挠^點，然后對論直截了當(dāng)?shù)谋砻髯约旱挠^點，然后對論 點稍加解釋說明，以便下文的發(fā)展限題。點稍加解釋說明，以便下文的發(fā)展限題。 如如2002四級作文四級作文the best way to stay healthy. l a the best way to stay healthy l(1) there are various ways to keeping healthy, but enough sleep is definitely the basic element to stay

32、 fit.(2) i have several reasons to support my view. l b why people work l (1) jobs and work do much more than most of us realize to provide happiness and contentment.(2) were all used to thinking that work provide the material things of life- the goods and services that make possible our modern civi

33、lization.(3) but we are much less conscious of the extent to which work provides the more intangible, but more crucial, psychological well being that can make the difference between a full and an empty life. l4. 貼切簡單的例子貼切簡單的例子+觀點觀點 l故事能引起人的興趣,所以在開場白中采用趣聞趣事 或情景描寫可以引起讀者的注意力。故事可以是自 己的經(jīng)歷或從報紙或新聞中聽到的，千萬不能

34、是所 有人都聽過的例子。如： llast national day, i visited the great wall, a place i had been longing for since i was a young girl. i was deeply moved by its magnificence. moreover. the trip brought me into the history, the chinese history of fighting against the aggressors and the history of chinese people. besi

35、des scenery pleasure and history education, travel broadens peoples mind in other ways. my trip to qu fu enriches my understanding of the chinese culture. l5. 引言（數(shù)據(jù)、格言、諺語）觀點引言（數(shù)據(jù)、格言、諺語）觀點 l為了避免寫作的主觀性，我們可以在作文中出現(xiàn)別為了避免寫作的主觀性，我們可以在作文中出現(xiàn)別 人的聲音，如數(shù)據(jù)（人的聲音，如數(shù)據(jù)（according to a recent poll, 61percent of america

36、n high school students have admitted cheating on exams at least once.）、別人的話 （my teacher often said that you cant tell a book by its cover. ）、名人的至理名言（名人的至理名言（ “l(fā)ove makes all hard hearts gentle” by george herbert）、或一條顛撲不破）、或一條顛撲不破 的諺語（的諺語（a friend in need is a friend indeed.）等作為文）等作為文 章的開頭。但應(yīng)注意所引內(nèi)容對主

37、題的準(zhǔn)確和合適。章的開頭。但應(yīng)注意所引內(nèi)容對主題的準(zhǔn)確和合適。 如：如：honesty: is it going out of style? la (1)according to a recent poll, 61 percent of american high school students have admitted cheating on exams at least once. (2)it can be argued such a response may not mean much. (3)after all, most students have been faced with

38、the temptation to peek at a neighbors test paper. (4)and students can be hard on themselves in judging such behaviors. (5)however, there are other indications that high school cheating may be on the rise. lb as a chinese saying goes, traveling ten thousand miles and reading ten thousand book is the

39、top ideal for people. travel does broaden our minds. it enables us to appreciate beautiful scenery, value the culture and customs of a people and learn the history. students individuality should be considered in teaching l“every human being”, stated by william ellery channing somewhere, “is intended

40、 to have a character of his own; to be what no others are, and to do what no others can do.” students individual characters and their turn of mind decide the way they learn knowledge. therefore, in teaching their individuality should be taken into consideration. l6. 疑問或問題觀點疑問或問題觀點 l開場白中出現(xiàn)疑問或問題可以引起讀者

41、思考，因為讀 者會嘗試回答或思考該問題的解決思路。這樣可以使 讀者投入在寫作中，而作者可以順理成章的做答或討 論。 如： why i teach? lwhy do i teach? my friend asked the question when i told him that i didnt want what was considered for an administrative position. he was puzzled that i did not want what was obviously a “step-up” toward what all americans ar

42、e taught to want when they grow up: money and power. certainly i dont teach because teaching is easy for me. why, then, do i teach? l7不同或相反的觀點不同或相反的觀點+觀點觀點 l 這種方法也叫反轉(zhuǎn)法，作者用自己的主題相反 或不同的觀點開頭，然后與之相悖。表明自己的觀 點和立場。 l如： what makes the world go around? lsome people think it is love that makes the world go ar

43、ound. other of less romantic but more practical turn of mind say it isnt love; it is money. but the truth is that it is energy that makes the world go around. energy is the currency of ecological system and life becomes possible only when food is converted into energy, which in turn is used to seek

44、more food to grow to reproduce and to survive. on this cycle all life depends. l8. 場景描寫場景描寫 l通過生動的描寫把文章的主題、事物、現(xiàn)象反映出 來， 以引起讀者的興趣。此法可用于記敘文或議論 文。描寫的開頭是文章的“閃光點”，但筆墨不必 太多，因為描寫是為主題鋪墊，幾個動感很強的動 詞即可達(dá)到效果。 如: why college students take part-time job lnowadays college students are seen waiting on tables, cleanin

45、g in stores, advertising in streets, teaching in families and doing whatever work they can find. it has become fashionable for college students to do some odd jobs in their spare time. but i think, as a college student, doing part time job will definitely had bad influence on their study. l9 直入主題直入主

46、題/開門見山開門見山 l直截了當(dāng)?shù)闹赋鑫恼碌闹黝}比較適用于議論文的寫 作，便于抓住主題、避免離題。 l如：no more video games lteenagers are spending far too much time and energy in video arcades these days. in my opinion, video games should be done away with. they are nothing but a waste of time, money and energy. l10. 定義法定義法 l定義法是通過對文章要討論的主題，尤其是不太熟悉

47、 的主題進(jìn)行釋義來引出議論。如：should euthanasia be advocated leuthanasia, a quiet and easy death, or “mercy killing”, has become a heated topic among people recently. many people applaud it and argue that euthanasia should be advocated in our society. but i disagree strongly with this idea. l需要注意的是需要注意的是：開頭段要言簡意賅

48、，不 宜筆墨太多，一、兩句話就要過渡到主 題上，否則會影響主體段和結(jié)尾段的字 數(shù)安排。避免說話兜圈子、主題不明確 和詞不達(dá)意。主題思想句(主旨句)-表 達(dá)作者觀點、立場或思想的句子，必須 出現(xiàn)在開頭段。 l1 中間段要有主題句主題句（topic sentence）， 因 為英語中的說明文和議論文需要主題句。 （主旨句是針對全篇文章，是全文內(nèi)容的總結(jié)， 并依靠全文的段落支持。因此應(yīng)出現(xiàn)在開頭段 里。）主題句是對整個段落而言，它是段落思 想的概括，并靠整個段落中的例子、細(xì)節(jié)等來 支持、開展。因此主題句應(yīng)支持主旨句(thesis statement)，對主旨句有體現(xiàn)力；并靠段內(nèi)句 子支持， 對段落有

49、概括力。 l2 中間段需要根據(jù)主旨句確立結(jié)構(gòu)和層結(jié)構(gòu)和層 次次關(guān)系、邏輯性和重要性（先提問， 后 回答，先正面后反面，先次要到重要） l3 中間段的內(nèi)容應(yīng)該緊扣主題緊扣主題，其中各 個發(fā)展句的內(nèi)容要有典型性和真實性， 句句要與主題句有關(guān)。 l4中間段要對引言段中的主題思想發(fā)展和充發(fā)展和充 實實，因此需要在主題句的引領(lǐng)下的論證和說 明主題思想。因此在確立主題句后，著手對 那些有可能支持主題思想句的素材進(jìn)行篩選。 理想的素材要有典型性典型性-所選材料能結(jié)合事 物的本質(zhì)，具有代表性和很強的說服力、真真 實性實性-所選材料是客觀事實，而非作者杜撰， 增加文章的可信度和緊扣主題的相關(guān)性相關(guān)性-所 選材料

50、與主題思想相關(guān)，緊扣主題。 l5主題句的擴展方法擴展方法有：時間順序法、 程序展開法、空間開展法、演繹歸納法、 對比對照法、舉例法、因果法、分類法、 定義法等。詳見英語寫作手冊上的 講解和例文。 l對整個段落和整篇而言，自然的結(jié)尾非常重要，盡管段 落可以沒有結(jié)尾句，但文章一定需要一個自然而符合邏 輯的結(jié)尾段。 l1.總結(jié)主題，但不要簡單重復(fù)總結(jié)主題，但不要簡單重復(fù) l主題的變通（同義反復(fù)）+觀點概括 l如： why do i teach l why, then, do i teach? (1)i teach because i like the pace of the academic cal

51、endar. june, july, and, august offer an opportunity for reflection, research, and writing. (2) i teach because teaching is a profession built on change. when the material is the same, i change-and, more important, my student change. l(3) i teach because i like the freedom to make my own mistakes, to

52、 learn my own lessons, to stimulate myself and my students. as a teacher, i am my own boss. if i want my freshmen to learn to write by creating their own textbooks, who is to say i cant? such courses may be huge failures, but we can learn from failures. (4) i teach because i like to ask questions th

53、at students must struggle to answer. the world is full of right answers to bad questions. so teaching gives me pace, variety, freedom, and challenge. (總結(jié)句結(jié)尾 句-主題句) l2反詰問句反詰問句 l段落結(jié)尾處的問題可以使讀者參與問題的思考，給 讀者留下深刻的印象。 l如： what makes pollution so severe nowadays? firstly, people throw life wastes so careless

54、ly, with them littering streets, rivers and field. secondly, the development of economy deteriorates our environment to a great extent. the major pollutant is the industrial waste. the waste gas dirt the air and the waste liquid from factories poisons the water. lthirdly, some pollutions spread out

55、fast without effective solution to them. green house effect, for instance, has caused the iceberg at the two poles to melt, which means that lots of countries will be flood- stricken. how can we live a happy and healthy life, if our environment is too polluted to have fresh air to breathe or clean w

56、ater to drink? / if our environment is going to be polluted in these ways, what a world shall we leave our later generations? l3 提出建議，呼吁行動提出建議，呼吁行動 l提建議是很好的一種結(jié)尾方式，尤其在利弊、優(yōu)缺對比之 后建議人們合理安排，趨利避害是很自然的事情。在要求 寫某事物的必要性、重要性、有益處等的文章中，結(jié)尾處 適合提出建議，因為既然重要、有好處我們就要行動起來。 如： lhow to develop a good study habits? lthere

57、 are other techniques that might help you with your study. only a few have been mentioned here. you will probably discover many others after you have tried these. talk with your classmates about their study techniques. share with them some of the techniques you have found to be helpful. to improve y

58、our study habits will definitely improve your grades. l4. 展望未來展望未來 l文章的結(jié)尾處提出對文章或段落所討論或說明的事理、觀 點的一種展望，從而把主題引申到更高的意義層次上。 要 求提出建議的文章，一般結(jié)尾要展望一下采用作者的建議 可能的前景。如：2005對藝術(shù)節(jié)提建議的文章可以結(jié)尾為： lof course, there should be other shows to attack more students and show their own talents. i really hope that my suggestion

59、s are of help to the festival. i wish this festival could be held successfully and it would be a real show of our talents. l1998對污染問題提出解決污染的文章，自然結(jié)尾處要展望 采取建議后的良好結(jié)果和前景。如： li believe by using electricity to replace petrol as an important source of power, the world would be “cleaner”, where we can breat

60、he more freely and trees will turn green again. l5. 提出警示提出警示 l指出所討論的問題的嚴(yán)重性或可能出現(xiàn)的嚴(yán)重性， 以引起讀者對問題的重視。如: ease burden of our school children一文的結(jié)尾： lif we do not ease our school childrens study burden now, just imagine what would become of our children in a few years: their eyes short-sighted, their backs