托福閱讀推理題的對比取反情況

1、托福閱讀推理題的對比取反情況 托福閱讀推理題的對比取反情況1. paragraph: two other developments presaged the end of the era of turnpikes and started a transportation revolution that resulted in increased regional specialization and the growth of a national market economy. first came the steamboat; although flatboats and keelboat

2、s continued to be important until the 1850s, steamboats eventually superseded all other craft in the carrying of passengers and freight. steamboats were not only faster but also transported upriver freight for about one tenth of what it had previously cost on hand-propelled keelboats.1. which of the

3、 following can be inferred from the paragraph about flatboats and keelboats?a. they ceased to be used as soon as the first turnpikes were built.b. they were slower and more expensive to operate than steamboats.c. they were used for long-distance but not for regional transportation.d. they were used

4、primarily on the erie canal.根據(jù)題干信息flatboats and keelboats對應(yīng)到原文句子steamboats were not only faster but also transported upriver freight for about one tenth of what it had previously cost on hand-propelled keelboats. 從句子里steamboat以及keelboats之間的faster 以及one tenth of很容易得出b選項。解出答案之后，希望大家思考，這樣一道推理題透露了出題人設(shè)置題

5、目時的邏輯思維，那就是信息的對比，而且有對比的時候，答案往往會取反面。2. paragraph: a symbiotic relationship is an interaction between two or more species in which one species lives in or on another species. there are three main types of symbiotic relationships: parasitism, commensalism, and mutualism. the first and the third can be

6、key factors in the structure of a biological community that is, all the populations of organisms living together and potentially interacting in a particular area.1. which of the following statements about commensalism can be inferred from the paragraph?a. it excludes interactions between more than t

7、wo species.b. it makes it less likely for species within a community to survive.c. its significance to the organization of biological communities is small.d. its role in the structure of biological populations is a disruptive one.根據(jù)題干信息commensalism對應(yīng)到原文句子there are three main types of symbiotic relat

8、ionships: parasitism, commensalism, and mutualism.該句得不出答案，接著看到the first and the third can be key factors in the structure of a biological community;該句告訴我們first and third指代上句中的parasitism和mutualism, 而題干中被問及的commensalism(共棲)恰是三者之中剩余的部分，根據(jù)例一中出題人對于對比取反的邏輯設(shè)置，顯然該題同樣取反，既然文中給出一三重要，那么強(qiáng)烈暗示的就是處于第二的commensalism不

9、重要，所以選c。3. paragraph: isotopic analysis of shells allowed geologists to measure another glacial effect. they could trace the growth and shrinkage of continental glaciers, even in parts of the ocean where there may have been no great change in temperature around the equator, for example. the oxygen i

10、sotope ratio of the ocean changes as a great deal of water is withdrawn from it by evaporation and is precipitated as snow to form glacial ice. during glaciations, the lighter oxygen-16 has a greater tendency to evaporate from the ocean surface than the heavier oxygen-18 does. thus, more of the heav

11、y isotope is left behind in the ocean and absorbed by marine organisms. from this analysis of marine sediments, geologists have learned that there were many shorter, more regular cycles of glaciation and de-glaciation than geologists had recognized from the glacial drift of the continents alone.1. i

12、t can be inferred from paragraph 5 that foraminifera fossil shells containing calcite with high percentages of oxygen-16 were deposited at times whena. polar ice extended as far as equatorial regions of land and sea.b. extensive glaciation was not occurring.c. there were no great increases in ocean

13、temperature.d. there was heavy snowfall on continental glaciers.同樣根據(jù)題干信息oxygen-16對應(yīng)到原文during glaciations, the lighter oxygen-16 has a greater tendency to evaporate from the ocean surface than the heavier oxygen-18 does. 句中給出during glaciations的時候oxygen-16會蒸發(fā)離開，題干問什么時候oxygen-16 were deposited, 同樣還是對比取

14、反，即not during glaciations，對應(yīng)選項b。4. paragraph 2: the areas covered by this material were so vast that the ice that deposited it must have been a continental glacier larger than greenland or antarctica. eventually, agassiz and others convinced geologists and the general public that a great continental

15、 glaciation had extended the polar ice caps far into regions that now enjoy temperate climates. for the first time, people began to talk about ice ages. it was also apparent that the glaciation occurred in the relatively recent past because the drift was soft, like freshly deposited sediment. we now

16、 know the age of the glaciation accurately from radiometric dating of the carbon-14 in logs buried in the drift. the drift of the last glaciation was deposited during one of the most recent epochs of geologic time, the pleistocene, which lasted from 1.8 million to 10,000 years ago. along the east co

17、ast of the united states, the southernmost advance of this ice is recorded by the enormous sand and drift deposits of the terminal moraines that form long island and cape cod.1. it can be inferred from paragraph 2 that agassiz and other geologists of his time were not able to determinea. which geogr

18、aphic regions had been covered with ice sheets in the last ice age.b. the exact dates at which drifts had been deposited during the last ice age.c. the exact composition of the drifts laid during the last ice age.d. how far south along the east coast of the united states the ice had advanced during

19、the last ice age.通過以上的例子，相信大家已經(jīng)熟悉了推理題中對比取反的邏輯思維。那么最后這一道題，是否能夠應(yīng)用講解的規(guī)律順利得出正確答案呢?首先讀題干，很多考生會選擇agassiz and other geologists這一信息去對應(yīng)原文，結(jié)果發(fā)現(xiàn)無法根據(jù)文中對應(yīng)信息得出正確答案。此時要牢記對比取反的邏輯思維，重新審題發(fā)現(xiàn)了of his time這一時間短語與文中的we now know the age of the glaciation accurately from radiometric dating of the carbon-14 in logs buried in

20、 the drift.一句里的now構(gòu)成對比關(guān)系。所以根據(jù)對比取反的邏輯，既然我們現(xiàn)在才精確知道冰川形成的時間，那么在當(dāng)時是不知道的，順利選出b選項。托福閱讀長難句：嗅覺交流the importance of olfactory communication (using odors to communicate) in the way of life of deer was documented by a study of captive adult male deer a few decades ago, which noted that males rubbed their forehea

21、ds on branches and twigs, especially as autumn approached. (tpo28, 45)olfactory /?lf?kt(?)r?/ adj. 嗅覺的document /d?kj?m(?)nt/ vt. 用文件證實(shí)或證明(某事)captive /k?pt?v/ adj. 被捕獲的，被俘虜?shù)膖wig /tw?g/ n. 嫩枝approach /?pr?t?/ vt. 接近, 靠近the importance (of olfactory communication) (using odors to communicate) (in the wa

22、y of life of deer) was documented (by a study of captive adult male deer a few decades ago), (which noted)(that males rubbed their foreheads on branches and twigs), (especially as autumn approached). (tpo28, 45)分析：這個句子的主干就是：the importance was documented修飾一：(of olfactory communication)，介詞短語中文：嗅覺交流修飾二

23、：(using odors to communicate)，非謂語動詞中文：使用氣味去交流修飾三：(in the way of life of deer)，介詞短語中文：在鹿群生活方式中修飾四：(by a study of captive adult male deer a few decades ago)，介詞短語中文：一個關(guān)于被捕獲的成年雄鹿的研究修飾五：(which noted)，從句中文：研究提到修飾六：(that males rubbed their foreheads on branches and twigs)，從句中文：雄鹿會在樹枝和嫩枝上摩擦前額修飾七：(especially

24、 as autumn approached)，從句中文：尤其當(dāng)秋天臨近時參考翻譯：嗅覺交流(使用氣味去交流)在鹿群生活方式中的重要性，被幾十年前一個關(guān)于被捕獲的成年雄鹿的研究證實(shí)，這個研究提到：尤其當(dāng)秋天臨近時，雄鹿會在樹枝和嫩枝上摩擦前額。托福閱讀長難句：釋放水動能they revealed output powers ranging from about 1 horsepower to perhaps 60 for the largest wheels and confirmed that for maximum efficiency, the water should pass across the blades as smoothly as possible and fall away with minimum speed, having given up almost all of its kinetic energy. (tpo29, 48)blade /ble?d/ n. (刀 劍 鑿等的)刃;(劃水槳 螺旋槳 鍬 鏟 板球擊球板等的)扁寬平面部分kinetic /k?net?k/ adj. 運(yùn)動的，運(yùn)動引起的they