(完整版)獨立主格結構

1、英語中的獨立主格結構 獨立主格結構是由一個相當于主語的名詞或代詞加上非謂語動詞、形容詞、 副詞或介詞短語 構成的一種獨立主格成分。 With（ without） 的復合結構可看作是獨立主格結構的一種形式。 一、獨立主格結構的特點 1）獨立主格結構的邏輯主語與句子的主語不同，它獨立存在。 2）名詞或代詞與后面的分詞，形容詞，副詞，不定式，介詞等是主謂關系。 3）獨立主格結構一般有逗號與主句分開。 The test finished, we began our holiday. = When the test was finished, we began our holiday. 4）當表示人體部

2、位的詞做邏輯主語時， 及物動詞用現(xiàn)在分詞， 不及物動詞用過去分詞 二、獨立主格結構的構成 : 名詞普通格或代詞主格 + 現(xiàn)在分詞 /過去分詞 /不定式 /名詞/形容詞 /副詞/介詞短語。 1名詞（或代詞） + 現(xiàn)在分詞 現(xiàn)在分詞表示前面的名詞或代詞主動進行的動作或狀態(tài)。 He seating himself at the desk, his mother began to tell him a story. Everyone being ready, the teacher began his class. The food being cooked, the boy was watching

3、 TV. 注意：現(xiàn)在分詞 being 或 having been 在獨立主格結構中可以省略。 The weather（ being ） fine, we decided to go on an outing. 獨立主格結構中的 being 在下列兩種情況下一般不能省略， 一是在 “ There being + 名詞 ”結構中， There being no bus, we had to walk home. 二是在邏輯主語是代詞的情況下。It being Sunday, all the offices are closed. 2名詞（或代詞） + 不定式（短語） 不定式表示將來的動作。 He

4、suggested going for a picnic, Mary to provide the food. Many flowers and grass to be planted, our newly-built school will look even more beautiful. 3名詞（或代詞） + 過去分詞 過去分詞表示前面的名詞或代詞 被動完成的動作 。 The girls lay on her back, her hands crossed under her head. The workers worked still harder, their living cond

5、itions greatly improved. He was listening attentively in class, his eyes fixed on the blackboard. 4名詞（或代詞） + 形容詞（短語） 形容詞（短語）在獨立主格結構中說明前面名詞或代詞的性質、狀態(tài) The floor wet, we had to stay outside for a while.He turned to me, his eyes sleepy. 5名詞（或代詞） + 副詞 副詞在獨立主格結構中也多是說明名詞或代詞的狀態(tài)。 The meeting over, we all went

6、 home. School over, we all went home. 6名詞（或代詞） + 介詞短語 A robber burst into the room, knife in hand.He left the office, tears in eyes. 注意：在 “邏輯主語 +介詞短語 ”構成的獨立主格結構里， 當介詞是 in 時，其前后的兩個名 詞均不加任何修飾成分。但 with 的復合結構 不受此限制。例如： The teacher came in, with a book in his hand. 多用作狀語 三、獨立主格結構的作用： 1. 表示時間 His homework

7、 done ( =After his homework was done )， Mary decided to go shopping. 2. 表示原因 There being no buses( =Because there were no buses)， we had to walk home. 3. 表示條件 Weather permitting ( =If weather permits )，well go to play basketball. 4. 表示方式或伴隨He sat at the table, head down. 動詞不定式表示動作沒有發(fā)生或即將發(fā)生， 動詞-ed形式表

8、示動作已經結束， 動詞 -ing 形式往往表示動作正在進行。 The manager looks worried ， many things to be settled. The manager looks relaxed, many things settled. The man lay there, his hands trembling. 四、 With( without) 的復合結構的構成以及句法功能 (一)、 with / without + 賓語 + 賓語補足語構成復合結構的幾種情況 : 1. with+ 名詞 /代詞 + 形容詞 He doesnt like to sleep w

9、ith the windows open. = He doesnt like to sleep when the windows are open. 注意：在“ with+名詞/代詞+形容詞構成的獨立主格結構中，也可用已形容詞化的-ing 形式或 -ed 形式。 With his son so disappointing ， the old man felt unhappy. With his father well- known, the boy didn t want to study. 2. with+ 名詞/代詞+副詞 The boy was walking, with his fat

10、her ahead.= The boy was walking and his father was ahead. 3. with+ 名詞/代詞+介詞短語 He stood at the door, with a computer in his hand. = He stood at the door, and a computer was in his hand. 4. with+ 名詞 /代詞 +動詞過去分詞 With his homework done, Peter went out to play. = When his homework was done, Peter went ou

11、t to play. 5. with+ 名詞 /代詞 +現(xiàn)在分詞 The girl hid her box without anyone knowing where it was. = The girl hid her box and no one knew where it was. Without anyone noticing, he slipped through the window. = When no one was noticing, he slipped through the window. 6. with+ 名詞 /代詞+動詞不定式 The little boy look

12、s sad, with so much homework to do. = The little boy looks sad because he has so much homework to do. (二)、With (without)的復合結構的句法功能：定語和狀語 1. There is a magazine with a modern girl on its cover. ( 定語 ) 2. He stood in the rain, with his clothes wet. = He stood in the rain, and his clothes were wet. ( 伴

13、隨狀語 ) 3 The kid feels excited with so many places of interest to visit. =The kid feels excited as there are so many places of interest to visit. （原因狀語） 4 With the signal given, the train started. = After the signal was given, the train started. （時間狀語） 五、選擇題 1. Everything _ into consideration, they o

14、ught to have another chance. A. to take B. taken C. to be taken D. taking 2. An expert _ to help them tomorrow, they are sure to work out the problem. A. will come B, coming C. to come D. having come 3. The meeting _ over, he went to pick up his son directly A. to be B. is C. was D. being 4. - They

15、sat still in the room, _.- Why did they do like that? A. drawing the curtainsB. with the curtains drawn C. with the curtains drawingD. having the curtains drawn 5. The sun _ , they continued their way. A. has risen B. having risen C. has raised D. having raised 6. The country has already sent up thr

16、ee unmanned spacecraft, the most recent _ at the end of last March. A. has been launched B. having been launched C. being launched D. to be launched 7. Here are two volumes, the third one next month. A. comes out B. came outC. coming out D. to come out 8. With his son_ , the old man felt unhappy. A.

17、 to disappoint B. to be disappointing C. disappointing D. being disappointed 9 - Come on, please give me some ideas about the project. -Sorry. With so much work _ my mind, I almost break down. A. filledB. fillingC. to fill D. being filled 10 John received an invitation to dinner, and with his work _

18、 , he gladly accepted it . A. finished B. finishing C. having finished D. was finished 11. _ , I had to ask for two days leave. A. Mother being ill B. Mother ill C. As mother was illD. A, B and C 12. With so many books ?_ , I couldn t go to surf the Internet. A. to read B. to be read C. reading D. r

19、ead 13. The thief stood before the policeman admitting what he had done . A. with his dropping head B. dropping his head C. raising his head D. with his head down 14. Winter _ , it is time to buy warm clothes . A .has come on B. is coming on C. coming on D. comes on 15. The old man lay on his back a

20、t the corner of the street, his eyes _ and his hands _. A. close, trembleB. closed, trembling C. closing, tremblingD. closed, trembled 16. With nothing _ to burn, the fire became weak and finally died out . A. leavingB. leave C. left D. to leave 17. It was a pity that the great writer died _ his wor

21、ks unfinished . A. for B. withC. ofD. from 18. I couldn t do my homework with that noise _ on. A. to go B. went C. going D. goes 7 19. two exams to worry about, I have to work really hard this weeke nd. A. Because of B. With 20. Tom came home, C. As for D. Besides A. a dog followi ng himB. a dog fol

22、lowed him C. being followed himD. a dog was followed him 獨立主格結構練習 【現(xiàn)學現(xiàn)用】1 1.1 send you 100 dollars today, the restin a year. A. followsB. followedC. to followD. bei ng followed 2. All things, I think we ought to give the job to George. A. con sideredB. con sideri ngC. to con siderD. being con sidere

23、d 3. The riverin the ni ght, the cross ing was impossible. A. to riseB. roseC. havi ng rise nD. being rise n 4. More time, we should have done the job much better. A. to giveB. give C. being give nD. give n 5. We shall play the match tomorrow, weather. A. permits B. permitt ing C. to permitD. permit

24、ted 6. The mon itor ill, we better put the meet ing off. A. being B. to be C. bee n D. to have bee n 7. An important lecture give n tomorrow, the professor has to stay up late into the ni ght. A. to be B. being C. bee n D. to have bee n 8. He was lying on the grass, his hands un der his head. A. to

25、cross B. crossedC. cross ing D. to be cross ing 9. Tomlate over and over, his boss was very disappo in ted. A. havi ng bee nB. bee nC. to beD. to being 10. Other thingsequal, I would buy the black dress not the white one. A. beingB. to beC. bee nD. havi ng bee n 【現(xiàn)學現(xiàn)用】2 1. A new tech nique, the yiel

26、ds as a whole in creased by 20 perce nt. A) work ing out B) havi ng worked out C) havi ng bee n worked out D)to have bee n worked out 2. All things, the pla nned trip will have to be called off. A) con sidered B) be con sidered C) con sideri ng D) havi ng con sidered 3. All flightsbecause of the sno

27、 wstorm, many passe ngers could do nothing but take the train. A) had bee n can celed B) have bee n can celed C) were can celedD) havi ng bee n can celed 4. So many directors, the board meet ing had to be put off. A) were abse nt B) bee n abse nt C) had bee n abse nt D) being abse nt 5. All the task

28、sahead of time, they decided to go on holiday for a week. A) been fulfilled B) having been fulfilledC) were fulfilled D) had been fulfilled 6. All flightsbecause of the terribleweather, they had to go there by train. A) having been canceled C) having canceledB) had been canceled D) were canceled 7.

29、The speech, a lively discussi on started. A) being delivered B) was delivered C) be delivered D) havi ng bee n delivered 8. Silver is the best con ductor of electricity, copperit closely. A)followed B) following C) to follow D)being following 9. , a man who expresses himself effectively is sure to s

30、ucceed than a man whose comma nd of Ian guage is poor. A) Other things being equal C) To be equal to other things B) Were other things equal D) Other things to be equal 10. The sale usually takes place outside the house, with the audie neeon benches, chairs or boxes.A) having seated B) seating C) se

31、ated D) having 11. the temperature falli ng so rapidly, we could nt go on with the A) Si nee B) For C) As D) With 12. in the Un ited States, St. Louis has now become the 24th largest city. A) being the fourth biggest city B) It was once the fourth biggest city C) Once the fourth biggest city D) The

32、fourth biggest city it was 【現(xiàn)學現(xiàn)用】3 1. The meetingover, we all left the room. A. is B. to be C. being D. would be 2. European football is played in 80 countries, it the most popular world. A. making B. makes C. made D. to make 3. such heavy pollution already, it may now be too late to clean up the ri

33、ver. A. Havi ng sufferedB. Sufferi ngC. To suffer D. Suffered 4. The fishbad, the childre n left much of it . A. tasted, un touchedB. tasti ng, un touched C. tasti ng, un touch ingD. tasted, un touch ing 5. from what you say, he ought to succeed. A. Judged B. Judgi ng C. When you judged D. Because y

34、ou judge 6. Everythinginto con siderati on, they ought to have ano ther cha nee. A. to take B. take n C. to be take nD. tak ing 7. Walter offered us a lift whe n he was leavi ng the office, but our work, we didn accept the offer. A.not being fini shedB.not havi ng fini shed C.had not bee n fini shed

35、D.was not fini shed 8. There are various kinds of metals, eachits own properties ( A.has B.had C.to haveD.havi ng 9. The old man stood un der a big tree,. A.a pipe in mouth B.with a pipe in mouth C.pipe in mouth D.pipe 10. The product ion _ steadily, the factory n eeds an ever- in creas ing supply o

36、f raw material. A.has gone up B.is going up C.havi ng gone up D.be ing gone up 獨立主格結構鞏固練習1 1. no bus, we had to walk home. A. There was B. There being C. Because there being D.There were 2. , Ill go there with you tomorrow after noon. more rapidly bee n seated experime nt. sport in the 特性). in his m

37、outh Times permitting A. Time permits B. If time permitting C. Time permitting D. 3. , we all went home happily. A. Goodbye was said B. Goodbye had been said C. Goodbye said D. Whengoodbye said 4. , we all went swimming in high spirits. A. It being fine weather B. It fine weather C. It was fine weat

38、her D. It being a fine weather 5. , the bus started at once. A. The signal was given B. The signal giving C. The signal given D. When the signal given 6. She stood there, from her cheeks. A.tears rolling down B.tears rolled down C.with tears rolled down D.tears rolling down 7. on, the leaves are tur

39、ning green. A.When spring coming B.Spring comingC.Spring came D.Spring being come 8. , I had to buy a new one. A. My dictionary losing B. My dictionary having been lost C. My dictionary had been lost D. Because my dictionary lost 9. I used to sleep with the window . A. opened B. open C. opening D to

40、 open 10. , the hunter went into the forest. A. A gun on shoulder B. A gun was on his shoulder C. Gun on shoulder D. A gun being on shoulder 11. production up by 60%, the company has had another excellent year. A. As B. For C. With D. Through 12. With a lot of work , I have to sit up tonight. A. do B. doing C. done D. to do 13. He stood there silently, his lips. A. trembling B. trembled C. were trembling D. were trembling 14. , her suggestion is of greater value than yours. A. All things considering B. All things considered C. All things were considered D. With all things were c