經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)專業(yè)術(shù)語(yǔ)(中英文對(duì)照

1、經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)專業(yè)術(shù)語(yǔ)（中英文對(duì)照）目錄1. 經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)原理22. 像經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)家一樣思考23. 相互依存性與貿(mào)易的好處34. 供給與需求的市場(chǎng)力量35. 彈性及其應(yīng)用46. 供給需求與政策47. 消費(fèi)者、生產(chǎn)者與市場(chǎng)效率48. 賦稅的應(yīng)用49. 國(guó)際貿(mào)易510. 外部性511. 公共物品和公共資源512. 稅制設(shè)計(jì)513. 生產(chǎn)成本614. 競(jìng)爭(zhēng)市場(chǎng)上的企業(yè)715. 壟斷716. 壟斷競(jìng)爭(zhēng)717. 寡頭718. 生產(chǎn)要素市場(chǎng)819. 收入與歧視820. 收入不平等與貧困821. 消費(fèi)者選擇理論922. 微觀經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)前沿923. 一國(guó)收入的衡量1024. 生活費(fèi)用的衡量1025. 生產(chǎn)與增長(zhǎng)1026. 儲(chǔ)蓄、投

2、資和金融體系1127. 金融學(xué)的基本工具1128. 失業(yè)1229. 貨幣制度1230. 貨幣增長(zhǎng)與通貨膨脹1331. 開放經(jīng)濟(jì)的宏觀經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)1432. 開放經(jīng)濟(jì)的宏觀經(jīng)濟(jì)理論1433. 總需求與總供給1434. 貨幣政策和財(cái)政政策對(duì)總需求影響1535. 通脹與失業(yè)之間的短期權(quán)衡取舍151. 經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)原理經(jīng)濟(jì):(economy)稀缺性:(scarcity)經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué):(economics)效率:(efficiency)平等:(equality)機(jī)會(huì)成本:(opporyunity cost)理性人:(rational people)邊際變動(dòng):(marginal change)邊際收益:(marginal

3、benefit)邊際成本:(marginal cost)激勵(lì):(incentive)市場(chǎng)經(jīng)濟(jì):(market economy)產(chǎn)權(quán):(property rights)市場(chǎng)失靈:(market failure)外部性:(externality)市場(chǎng)勢(shì)力:(market power)生產(chǎn)率:(productivity)通貨膨脹:(inflation)經(jīng)濟(jì)周期:(business cycle)2. 像經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)家一樣思考循環(huán)流量圖:(circular-flow diagram)生產(chǎn)可能性邊界:(production possibilities)微觀經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué):(microeconomics)宏觀經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué):(m

4、acroeconomics)實(shí)證表述:(positive statements)規(guī)范表述:(normative statements)有序數(shù)對(duì):(ordered pair)3. 相互依存性與貿(mào)易的好處絕對(duì)優(yōu)勢(shì):(absolute advantage)機(jī)會(huì)成本:(apportunity cost)比較優(yōu)勢(shì):(comparative advantage)進(jìn)口品:(imports)出口品:(exports)4. 供給與需求的市場(chǎng)力量市場(chǎng):(market)競(jìng)爭(zhēng)市場(chǎng):(competitive market)需求量:(quantity demand)需求定理:(law of demand)需求表:(dem

5、and schedule)需求曲線:(demand curve)正常物品:(normal good)低檔物品:(inferior good)替代品:(substitutes)互補(bǔ)品:(complements)供給量:(quantity supplied)供給定理:(law of supply)供給表:(supply schedule)供給曲線:(supply curve)均衡:(equilibrium)均衡價(jià)格:(equilibrium price)均衡數(shù)量:(equilibrium quantity)過(guò)剩:(surplus)短缺:(shortage)供求定理:(law of supply a

6、nd demand)5. 彈性及其應(yīng)用彈性:(elasticity)需求價(jià)格彈性:(price elasticity of demand)總收益:(total revenue)需求收入彈性:(income elasticity)需求的交叉價(jià)格彈性:(cross-price elasticity)供給價(jià)格彈性:(price elasticity of supply)6. 供給需求與政策價(jià)格上限:(price ceiling)價(jià)格下限:(price floor)稅收歸宿:(tax incidence)7. 消費(fèi)者、生產(chǎn)者與市場(chǎng)效率福利經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué):(welfare economics)支付意愿:(wil

7、lingness to pay)消費(fèi)者剩余:(consumer surplus)成本:(cost)生產(chǎn)者剩余:(producer surplus)效率:(efficiency)平等:(equality)8. 賦稅的應(yīng)用無(wú)謂損失:(deadweight loss)9. 國(guó)際貿(mào)易世界價(jià)格:(world price)關(guān)稅:(tariff)10. 外部性外部性:(externality)外部性內(nèi)在化:(internalizing the externality)矯正稅:(corrective taxes)科斯定理:(coase theorem)交易成本:(transaction cost)11. 公共

8、物品和公共資源排他性:(excludability)消費(fèi)中的競(jìng)爭(zhēng)性:(rivalry in consumption)私人物品:(private goods)公共物品:(public goods)公共資源:(common resources)俱樂部物品:(club goods)搭便車者:(free rider)成本-收益分析:(cost-benefit analysis)公地悲劇:(tragedy of commons)12. 稅制設(shè)計(jì)納稅義務(wù):(tax lianility)預(yù)算赤字:(budget defict)預(yù)算盈余:(budget surplus)平均稅率:(average tax ra

9、te)邊際稅率:(marginal tax rate)定額稅:(lump-sum tax)受益原則:(benefits principle)支付能力原則:(ability-to-pay principle)縱向平等:(vertical equity)橫向平等:(horizontal equity)比例稅:(proportional tax)累退稅:(regressive tax)累進(jìn)稅:(progressive tax)13. 生產(chǎn)成本總收益:(total revenue)總成本:(total cost)利潤(rùn):(profit)顯性成本:(explicit costs)隱性成本:(implici

10、t costs)經(jīng)濟(jì)利潤(rùn):(economic profit)會(huì)計(jì)利潤(rùn):(counting profit)生產(chǎn)函數(shù):(production function)邊際產(chǎn)量:(marginal product)邊際產(chǎn)量遞減:(diminishing marginal product)固定成本:(fixed costs)可變成本:(variable costs)平均總成本:(average total cost)平均固定成本:(average fixed costs)平均可變成本:(average variable costs)邊際成本:(marginal cost)有效規(guī)模:(efficient sc

11、ale)規(guī)模經(jīng)濟(jì):(economies of scale)規(guī)模不經(jīng)濟(jì):(diseconomies of scale)規(guī)模收益不變:(constant returns to scale)14. 競(jìng)爭(zhēng)市場(chǎng)上的企業(yè)競(jìng)爭(zhēng)市場(chǎng):(competitive market)平均收益:(average revenue)邊際收益:(marginal revenue)沉沒成本:(sunk revenue)15. 壟斷壟斷企業(yè):(monopoly)自然壟斷:(natural monopoly)價(jià)格歧視:(price discrimination)16. 壟斷競(jìng)爭(zhēng)寡頭:(oligopoly)壟斷競(jìng)爭(zhēng):(monopoli

12、stic competition)17. 寡頭博弈論:(game theory)勾結(jié):(collusion)卡特爾:(cartel)納什均衡:(Nash equilibrium)囚徒困境:(prisoners dilemma)占優(yōu)策略:(dominant strategy)18. 生產(chǎn)要素市場(chǎng)生產(chǎn)要素:(factors of production)生產(chǎn)函數(shù):(production function)勞動(dòng)的邊際產(chǎn)量:(marginal product of labor)邊際產(chǎn)量遞減:(diminishing marginal product)邊際產(chǎn)量值:(value of the margina

13、l product)資本:(capital)19. 收入與歧視補(bǔ)償性工資差別:(compensating differential)人力資本:(human capital)工會(huì):(union)罷工:(strike)效率工資:(efficiency)歧視:(discrimination)20. 收入不平等與貧困貧困率:(poverty rate)貧困率:(poverty line)實(shí)物轉(zhuǎn)移支付:(in-kind transfers)生命周期:(life cycle)持久收入:(permanent income)功利主義:(utilitariansm)效用:(utilitariansm)自由主義:

14、(liberalism)最大最小準(zhǔn)則:(maximin criterion)負(fù)所得稅:(negative income tax)福利:(welfare)社會(huì)保險(xiǎn):(social insurance)自由至上主義:(libertarianism)21. 消費(fèi)者選擇理論預(yù)算約束線:(budget constraint)無(wú)差異曲線:(indiffernnce curve)邊際替代率:(marginal rate of subtitution)完全替代品:(perfect substitudes)完全互補(bǔ)品:(perfect complements)正常物品:(normal good)低檔物品:(in

15、ferior good)收入效應(yīng):(income effect)替代效應(yīng):(substitution effect)吉芬物品:(Giffen good)22. 微觀經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)前沿道德風(fēng)險(xiǎn):(moral hazard)代理人:(agent)委托人:(principal)逆向選擇:(adverse selection)發(fā)信號(hào):(signaling)篩選:(screening)政治經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué):(political economy)康多塞悖論:(condorcet paradox)阿羅不可能性定理:(Arrows impossibility)中值選民定理:(median vater theorem)行為經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)

16、:(behavioral economics)23. 一國(guó)收入的衡量微觀經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué):(microeconomics)宏觀經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué):(macroeconomics)國(guó)內(nèi)生產(chǎn)總值:(gross domestic product,GDP)消費(fèi):(consumption)投資:(investment)政府購(gòu)買:(government purchase)凈出口:(net export)名義GDP:(nominal GDP)真實(shí)GDP:(real GDP)GDP平減指數(shù):(GDP deflator)24. 生活費(fèi)用的衡量消費(fèi)物價(jià)指數(shù):(consumer price index,CPI)通貨膨脹率:(inflat

17、ion rate)生產(chǎn)物價(jià)指數(shù):(produer price index,PPI)指數(shù)化:(indexation)生活費(fèi)用津貼:(cost-of-living allowance,COLA)名義利率:(nominal interest rate)25. 生產(chǎn)與增長(zhǎng)生產(chǎn)率:(productivity)物質(zhì)資本:(physical capital)人力資本:(human capital)自然資源:(natural resources)技術(shù)知識(shí):(technological knoeledge)收益遞減:(diminishing returns)追趕效應(yīng):(catch-up effect)26. 儲(chǔ)

18、蓄、投資和金融體系金融體系:(financial system)金融市場(chǎng):(financial markets)債券:(bond)股票:(stock)金融中介機(jī)構(gòu):(financial intermediaries)共同基金:(mutual fund)國(guó)民儲(chǔ)蓄:(national saving)私人儲(chǔ)蓄:(private saving)公共儲(chǔ)蓄:(public saving)預(yù)算盈余:(budget surplus)預(yù)算赤字:(budget deficit)可貸資金市場(chǎng):(market for loanable funds)擠出:(crowding out)27. 金融學(xué)的基本工具金融學(xué):(f

19、inance)現(xiàn)值:(present value)終值:(future value)復(fù)利:(compounding)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)厭惡:(risk aversion)多元化:(diversification)企業(yè)特有風(fēng)險(xiǎn):(firm-specific risk)市場(chǎng)風(fēng)險(xiǎn):(market risk)基本面風(fēng)險(xiǎn):(fundamental analysis)有效市場(chǎng)假說(shuō):(efficient markets by pothesis)信息有效:(informational efficiency)隨機(jī)游走:(random walk)28. 失業(yè)勞動(dòng)力:(laborforce)失業(yè)率:(unemployment r

20、ate)勞動(dòng)力參與率:(labor-force participation rate)自然失業(yè)率:(natural rate of unemployment)周期性失業(yè):(cyclical unemployment)失去信心的工人:(discouraged workers)摩擦性失業(yè):(frictional unemployment)結(jié)構(gòu)性失業(yè):(structural unemployment)尋找工作:(job search)失業(yè)保險(xiǎn):(unemployment insurance)工會(huì):(union)集體談判:(collective bargaining)罷工:(strike)效率工資:(

21、essiciency wages)29. 貨幣制度貨幣:(money)交換媒介:(medium of exchange)計(jì)價(jià)單位:(unit of account)價(jià)值儲(chǔ)藏手段:(store of value)流動(dòng)性:(liquidity)商品貨幣:(commodity money)法定貨幣:(fiat money)通貨:(currency)活期存款:(demand deposits)聯(lián)邦儲(chǔ)備局:(Federal Reserve)中央銀行:(central bank)貨幣供給:(money supply)貨幣政策:(monetary policy)準(zhǔn)備金:(reserves)部分準(zhǔn)備金銀行:(

22、fractional-reserve banking)準(zhǔn)備金率:(reserve ratio)貨幣乘數(shù):(money multiplier)銀行資本:(bank capital)杠桿:(leverage)杠桿率:(leverage ratio)資本需要量:(capital requirement)公開市場(chǎng)操作:(open-market operations)貼現(xiàn)率:(discount rate)法定準(zhǔn)備金:(reserve requirements)補(bǔ)充金融計(jì)劃:(supplementary financing program)聯(lián)邦基金利率:(federal funds rate)30. 貨幣

23、增長(zhǎng)與通貨膨脹鏟除通脹:(whip Inflation Now)貨幣數(shù)量論:(quantity theory of money)名義變量:(nominal variables)真實(shí)變量:(real variables)古典二分法:(classiacl dichotomy)貨幣中性:(monetary neutrality)貨幣流通速度:(velocity of money)數(shù)量方程式:(quantity equation)通貨膨脹稅:(inflation tax)費(fèi)雪效應(yīng):(Fisher effect)皮鞋成本:(shoeleather cost)菜單成本:(menu costs)31. 開放經(jīng)濟(jì)的宏觀經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)封閉經(jīng)濟(jì):(closed economy)開放經(jīng)濟(jì):(open economy)出口:(exports)凈出口:(net exports)