醫(yī)學(xué)英語教學(xué)課件：terminology

1、Terminology Neurology & Neuroscience Pretest-1Pretest-1 COLUMN A COLUMN B 1. SCLEROSIS A. INFLAMMATION 2. PTOSIS B. PLASTIC REPAIR 3. TROPHY C. INVOLUNTARY CONTRACTION 4. ITIS D. OPENING/INCISION INTO 5. MEGALY E. HARDENING 6. PLASTY F. TUMOR 7. TOMY G. GROWTH/NOURISHMENT 8. OMA H. DOWNWARD 9. ALGIA

2、 I. ENLARGEMENT 10. SPASM J. PAIN/ACHE Pretest-2Pretest-2 COLUMN A COLUMN B 1. HYPO A. BETWEEN 2. NOX, NOCT B. LOW/UNDER 3. POLY C. DIFFICULT/PAINFUL 4. CYANO D. FAST 5. INTER E. AROUND/SURROUNDING 6. PERI F. ONE 7. DYS G. EXCESSIVE/TOO MUCH 8. TACHY H. MANY/MUCH 9. MONO I. BLUE 10. HYPER J. NIGHT N

3、eurology is learned “stroke by stroke” Stroke as a model example of brain and vascular disease 1. Knowledge of the symptoms and signs in patients with focal brain infarcts and hemorrhages has been instrumental in developing an understanding of the fuctioning of various brain structures and regions.

4、2. Study of stroke patients and stroke animal models has improved understanding of brain electrophysiology, chemistry, pharmacology, and overall physiology. Monocular visual loss Unilateral weakness Dysphasia Hand symptoms Diplopia Bilateral visual loss Vertigo “plus” Bilateral or crossed weakness J

5、erking/posturing-like movements Altered LOC Dysarthria Hemianopia Unsteadiness Hemisensory loss in limbs Churchill, Roosevelt, and Stalin at a conference in Yalta after World War II. “Apoplexy ”: struck suddenly with violence “Stroke”: being suddenly stricken Combining Forms Combining Forms cerebrce

6、rebr/o/o CerebroCerebrovascularvascular disease disease CerebroCerebromalaciamalacia CerebroCerebroatrophyatrophy CerebroCerebrospinal (fluid)spinal (fluid) CerebroCerebrostomystomy CerebroCerebromama Combining Forms Combining Forms neurneur/o/o NeurNeuralgiaalgia NeuroNeuroanatomyanatomy NeuroNeuro

7、arthroarthropathypathy NeuroNeurobiologybiology NeuroNeuromuscularmuscular NeuroNeurotransmittertransmitter PolyPolyneurneuritisitis Combining Forms Combining Forms cranicrani/o/o CranioCraniotomytomy CranioCraniofacial painfacial pain CranioCranioplastyplasty Combining Forms Combining Forms encepha

8、lencephal/o/o EncephaloEncephalotomytomy EncephaloEncephalocelecele EncephaloEncephalocentesiscentesis EncephaloEncephalomyelmyelitisitis EncephaloEncephalopathypathy Hippocrates was the first to write about the medical aspects of stroke Persons are most subject to apoplexy between ages of 40-60 “Wh

9、en persons in good health are suddenly seized with pains in the head and straightway are laid down speechless and breathe with stertor, they die in seven days when fever comes on.” This description of subarachnoid hemorrhage shows the Hippocrates emphasis on observation and prognosis. Hippocrates 40

10、0 BC Hippocrates also observed that there were many blood vessels connected to the brain, most of which were “thin”, but two were stout. The Greeks recognized that interruption of these blood vessels to the brain could cause loss of consciousness, and so they named the arteries carotid, from the Gre

11、ek word Karos, meaning “deep sleep”. A few hundreds years after Hippocrates, Galen described the anatomy of the brain and its blood vessels from the dissections of animals. However, much of his works combined mostly theorizing and speculation. Galen and his writings dominated the 1300 years Galen(13

12、1-201AD) During the last half of the 17th century, Johann Jakob Wepfer performed examinations of the brains of patients dying of apoplexy. He described the appearance of the carotid siphon and the course of the MCA in the Sylvian fissure. Obstruction of the carotid and vertebral arteries was recogni

13、zed as a cause of apoplexy. Johann Jakob Wepfer (1620-1695) Combining Forms (4) Combining Forms (4) gli/ogli/o GlioGliomama GlioGlioblastoblastomama GlioGliofibrofibrosarcomasarcoma GlioGliosissis GlioGlioependymoependymomama Combining Forms (6) Combining Forms (6) mening/omening/o MeningoMeningocyt

14、ecyte MeningoMeningocelecele MeningoMeningocephalcephalitisitis MeningoMeningococcicocci MeningoMeningomama Combining Forms (7) Combining Forms (7) myel/omyel/o MyeloMyelogramgram MyeloMyelocelecele MyeloMyelocystcyst MyeloMyelodysdysplasiaplasia MyeloMyelofibrofibrosissis MyeloMyelomama Combining F

15、orms Combining Forms thalamthalam/o/o ThalamThalamectomyectomy ThalamoThalamolenticularlenticular ThalamoThalamosensorysensory ThalamoThalamotomytomy ThalamoThalamostriatestriate Combining Forms (12) Combining Forms (12) ventricul/oventricul/o VentriculoVentriculostomystomy VentriculoVentriculo-atri

16、al shunt-atrial shunt VentriculoVentriculocentesiscentesis VentriculoVentriculographygraphy VentriculoVentriculomegalymegaly Thomas Willis (1621-1675) Willis described the collateral circulation in the head and neck “The cephalic arteries, whether they be carotid or vertebrals, communicate one with

17、the other reciprocally in various waysThis we have demonstrated by injecting dark substances in only one branch and observing that the whole brain becomes colored.” John Cheyne (1777-1836) He sought to separate the phenomenology of lethargy and coma from apoplexy. Cheyne found a person preserved the

18、 power of voluntary motion of the left side, but the right was completely paralytic. She seemed perfectly conscious, attempted to speak, but could not articulate. Giovanni Morgagni (1682-1771) He had a vision that the secret to understand disease was to carefully perform necropsies on humans with il

19、lnesses and then to correlate the pathologic findings with their symptoms during life. -clinicopathologic method He described the phenomenology of in situ antemortem thrombosis with subsequent embolism. He described his classic triad of vascular thrombosis: (1) stasis of blood in a vessel, (2) Injur

20、y to the wall of the blood vessel, (3) An abnormality in the balance between blood procoagulant and anticoagulant factors Before his reports, blood factors and thrombosis were given little attention. Rudolf Virchow (1821-1902) Charles Miller Fisher Mid-twentieth century Fisher described a patient wi

21、th episodes of transient monocular blindness that has heralded a hemisphere stroke. Fisher reasoned that the causative occlusive process was likely in the internal carotid artery in the neck or head. A patient with transient monocular blindness then dies suddenly. After death, Fisher dissected the n

22、eck and found that the internal carotid artery was occluded. Fisher emphasized the frequent occurrence of warnings before stroke that he later dubbed TIA. Combining Forms Combining Forms narcnarc/o/o NarcoNarcotictic NarcoNarcolepsylepsy NarcoNarcologylogy Prefixes Prefixes a-a-/an-/an- A Aphasiapha

23、sia AnAnalgesiaalgesia AnAnesthesiaesthesia A Agrammaphasiagrammaphasia AnAnencephalusencephalus Prefixes Prefixes bradybrady- - BradyBradykinesiakinesia BradyBradycardiacardia BradyBradyesthesiaesthesia BradyBradyphagiaphagia BradyBradypneapnea Combining Combining Forms Forms ton/oton/o TonoTonomet

24、ermeter TonoTonogramgram DysDystontonia ia Diagnostic, symptomatic, and related Diagnostic, symptomatic, and related termsterms ParesisParesis ParesthesiaParesthesia QuadriplegiaQuadriplegia SciaticaSciatica SyncopeSyncope Transient ischemic attack Transient ischemic attack (TIA)(TIA) Technological

25、advances Mid-1960s, Computed tomography mid-1980s, Magnetic resonance image B-mode ultrasound 1982, transcranial doppler ultrasound (TCD) By the end of 20th century, advanced image with CT, MRI Special proceduresSpecial procedures Cerebral angiography / arteriographyCerebral angiography / arteriogra

26、phy CT scan (cranial)CT scan (cranial) EchoEchoencephaloencephalographygraphy MyeloMyelographygraphy Positron emission tomography (PET) Positron emission tomography (PET) scanscan Hyperdense MCA signLoss of the insular ribbon Sulcal effacement Hypoattenuation of the BG DWIPWIMRA Suffixes Suffixes -

27、-algesiaalgesia/- /-algiaalgia AnAnalgesiaalgesia SynSynalgiaalgia NeurNeuralgiaalgia ViscerVisceralgiaalgia HyperHyperalgiaalgia HypHypalgesiaalgesia Combining Combining form form blepharblephar/o/o BlepharoBlepharoptosisptosis BlepharoBlepharoadenoadenomama BlepharoBlepharoconjunctivconjunctivitis

28、itis BlepharoBlepharolithilithiasisasis BlepharoBlepharoplastyplasty BlepharoBlepharopyopyorrhearrhea Combining Combining form form choroid/ochoroid/o ChoroidoChoroidopathypathy ChoroidoChoroidoir iritisitis ChoroidoChoroidoretinretinitisitis ChoroidoChoroidotomytomy Suffixes Suffixes - -esthesiaest

29、hesia HyperHyperesthesiaesthesia DysDysesthesiaesthesia BradyBradyesthesiaesthesia HypHypesthesiaesthesia AnAnesthesiaesthesia Suffixes Suffixes - -lepsylepsy NarcoNarcolepsylepsy EpiEpilepsylepsy CataCatalepsylepsy HysteroHysterocatacatalepsylepsy Suffixes Suffixes - -phasiaphasia TachyTachyphasiap

30、hasia A Agrammagrammaphasiaphasia A Aphasiaphasia DactyloDactylophasiaphasia HyperHyperphasiaphasia SchizoSchizophasiaphasia Can be used in conjunction with IA thrombolysis Particularly helpful when IV is contraindicated, e.g. in post-operative stroke, in patients taking coumadin & in pregnant women Combining Combining form form ophthalmoophthalmo/ /oculooculo OphthalmoOphthalmologistlogist OphthalmoOphthalmocelecele OphthalmoOphthalmodyniadynia OculoOculonasalnasal OculoOculoauralaural OculoOculocardiaccardiac reflex reflex Combining Combining f