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1、 Warmingup Words and phrases Text Analysis Simple exercises Contents lWarmingup 有絲分裂有絲分裂: : 無絲分裂無絲分裂: : 減數(shù)分裂減數(shù)分裂: :一種特殊方式的有絲分裂一種特殊方式的有絲分裂 細(xì) 胞 增 殖 方 式 與體細(xì)胞的形成有關(guān)與體細(xì)胞的形成有關(guān) 不出現(xiàn)紡綞體,沒有染色體不出現(xiàn)紡綞體,沒有染色體 等變化。如蛙的紅細(xì)胞。等變化。如蛙的紅細(xì)胞。 有絲分裂和減數(shù)分裂的比較有絲分裂和減數(shù)分裂的比較 比較比較有絲分裂有絲分裂 減數(shù)分裂減數(shù)分裂 不不 同同 點(diǎn)點(diǎn) 相同點(diǎn)相同點(diǎn) 分裂后形成分裂后形成( )( )分裂后形

2、成分裂后形成( )( ) 細(xì)胞分裂細(xì)胞分裂 ( )次,產(chǎn))次,產(chǎn) 生(生( )個(gè)子細(xì)胞)個(gè)子細(xì)胞 細(xì)胞分裂(細(xì)胞分裂( )次,產(chǎn))次,產(chǎn) 生(生( )個(gè)子細(xì)胞)個(gè)子細(xì)胞 子細(xì)胞和母細(xì)胞的染色體子細(xì)胞和母細(xì)胞的染色體 數(shù)(數(shù)( ) 子細(xì)胞染色體數(shù)是母細(xì)子細(xì)胞染色體數(shù)是母細(xì) 胞的(胞的( ) 不出現(xiàn)聯(lián)會、四分體現(xiàn)象不出現(xiàn)聯(lián)會、四分體現(xiàn)象 減數(shù)減數(shù)I I發(fā)生同源染色體的聯(lián)會、發(fā)生同源染色體的聯(lián)會、 四分體現(xiàn)象四分體現(xiàn)象 細(xì)胞分裂過程中均出現(xiàn)(細(xì)胞分裂過程中均出現(xiàn)( )和)和 ( ),染色體復(fù)制(),染色體復(fù)制( )次)次 體細(xì)胞體細(xì)胞生殖細(xì)胞生殖細(xì)胞 1 12 2 2 24 4 相同相同一半一半 染

3、色體染色體 紡錘體紡錘體 1 1 1. interphase1. interphase n. n. 分裂間期分裂間期 int int(:)feiz (:)feiz Interphase- The stage in the CELL CYCLE when the nucleus is not in a state of division. Interphase is divisible into various stages each characterized by a differing physiological activity. 間期:是細(xì)胞周期的一個(gè)時(shí)期,在這個(gè)時(shí)期里細(xì)胞核不分間期:

4、是細(xì)胞周期的一個(gè)時(shí)期,在這個(gè)時(shí)期里細(xì)胞核不分 裂。根據(jù)細(xì)胞生理活性差異可以把間期分成不同的階段。裂。根據(jù)細(xì)胞生理活性差異可以把間期分成不同的階段。 Words and phrases Cell cycle Cell cycle Interphase 間期間期: G1 + S + G2 M phase (mitosis 有絲分裂有絲分裂): 分裂間期分裂間期 1 1、DNADNA復(fù)制復(fù)制 2 2、中心粒、中心粒復(fù)制復(fù)制 其中其中G1G1和和G2G2期主要是合成期主要是合成 有關(guān)蛋白質(zhì)和有關(guān)蛋白質(zhì)和RNARNA,S S期期 則完成則完成DNA DNA 的復(fù)制。的復(fù)制。 2. prophase2.

5、prophase pr prufeiz ufeiz n. n. 分裂分裂 前期前期 3. metaphase 3. metaphase n. n. 分裂分裂 中期中期 met metfeiz feiz 4. anaphase n4. anaphase nfeizfeiz n. n. 分裂分裂 后期后期 5. telophase5. telophase tel telfeiz feiz n. 分裂分裂 末期末期 有絲分裂前期 1)染色體出現(xiàn) 2)每條染色體包含 兩條染色單體 3)復(fù)制的中心粒 向兩極移動(dòng) 4)紡錘體出現(xiàn) 5)染色體中部和 紡錘絲相連 6)核膜、核仁消失 prophaseproph

6、ase pr prufeiz ufeiz n. n. 分裂分裂 前期前期 The first stage of mitosis, during which individual chromosomes become visible. 有絲分裂中期 1)中心粒到達(dá)細(xì)胞兩極 2)染色體排列在細(xì)胞中 央的赤道板上 赤道板赤道板 (equatorial plane) 3. metaphase 3. metaphase n. n. 分裂分裂 中期中期 met metfeiz feiz The second stage in mitosis, during which the chromosomes al

7、ign at the equatorial plane. 1)著絲粒分裂,染色單 體分離 2)兩條染色體受紡錘絲 牽引,向細(xì)胞兩極移動(dòng) 有絲分裂后期有絲分裂后期 4. anaphase n4. anaphase nfeizfeiz n. n. 分裂分裂 后期后期 The third stage of mitosis, during which the centromeres split and the chromosomes move to the poles. 1)細(xì)胞質(zhì)分裂 2)赤道板附近的細(xì)胞膜凹陷 3)細(xì)胞一分為二 4)植物則是在細(xì)胞中 央形成細(xì)胞板,再 形成細(xì)胞壁 中央凹陷中央凹陷

8、5. telophase5. telophase tel telfeiz feiz n. 分裂分裂 末期末期 有絲分裂末期有絲分裂末期 The last stage in mitosis, during which daughter nuclei are formed. 有絲分裂全過程 interphaseinterphaseprophaseprophase metaphasemetaphaseanaphase anaphase telophasetelophase prometaphaseprometaphase During mitosis, During mitosis, sister

9、chromatids sister chromatids remain remain joined by their joined by their centromerecentromere until until anaphase.anaphase. 在有絲分裂期間,姐妹染色單體在分在有絲分裂期間,姐妹染色單體在分 裂后期之前都是通過著絲點(diǎn)連接的。裂后期之前都是通過著絲點(diǎn)連接的。 For exampleFor example: A plant cell structure that begins to form in the center of the cell and proceeds t

10、o the cell membrane,resulting in cytokinesis. 6. Cell plate6. Cell plate n. n. 細(xì)胞板細(xì)胞板 The cell-plate membranes eventually form the two new plasma membranes of the daughter cells. For example: 細(xì)胞板的膜最終形成兩個(gè)新的子細(xì)胞的質(zhì)膜。細(xì)胞板的膜最終形成兩個(gè)新的子細(xì)胞的質(zhì)膜。 7. centromere7. centromere n. n. 著絲粒著絲粒; ;著絲點(diǎn)著絲點(diǎn) sentr sentr,mi,mi

11、The small area of a chromosome that does not stain with basic dyes(堿性燃料堿性燃料) during mitosis and meiosis; at interphase it is single while the rest of the chromosome is made up of two chromatids. 8. chalone8. chalone n. n. 抑素抑素 kl klun un 9. chromatid9. chromatid n. n. 染色單體染色單體 kr krumumtid tid A rep

12、licated chromosome physically attached to an identical chromatid at centromere. 一對一對同源染色同源染色體體(含(含4 4條條染色染色單體單體) 一條染色單體一條染色單體 10. chromatin10. chromatin n. n. 染色質(zhì)染色質(zhì) kr krumumtin tin Chromatin is the material that makes up chromosomes; it consists of DNA complexed with proteins. 由由DNADNA和蛋白質(zhì)組成的染色質(zhì),是

13、構(gòu)成染色體的原料。和蛋白質(zhì)組成的染色質(zhì),是構(gòu)成染色體的原料。 11. cytokinesis11. cytokinesis n. n. 胞質(zhì)分裂胞質(zhì)分裂 ,sait ,saitukaini:sis ukaini:sis Division(mitosis or meiosis)of the cytoplasm of one cell into two new cells. 12. diploid12. diploid n. n. 二倍體二倍體 dipl diplid id Any nucleus,cell,or organism that posesses twice the haploid n

14、umber of chromosomes. During the process of fertilization a zygote with the diploid set is produced. 通過受精作用使受精卵形成一個(gè)二倍體。通過受精作用使受精卵形成一個(gè)二倍體。 13. haploid13. haploid n. n. 單倍體單倍體 hpl hplid id Genome- A complete haploid chromosome set. 基因組:即一套完整的單倍體染色體?;蚪M:即一套完整的單倍體染色體。 Any nucleus,cell,or organism that p

15、osesses twice a single set of unpaired chromosome. 14. histone14. histone n. n. 組蛋白組蛋白 histun The small proteins have five families or The small proteins have five families or classes :H1,H2A,H2B,H3,H4;and have a large positive classes :H1,H2A,H2B,H3,H4;and have a large positive charge (rich in Lysc

16、harge (rich in Lys、Arg ) which can bind very strongly Arg ) which can bind very strongly to the negtively charged DNA in forming chromatin.to the negtively charged DNA in forming chromatin. DNA和組蛋白組裝成的結(jié)構(gòu)叫做染色體。和組蛋白組裝成的結(jié)構(gòu)叫做染色體。 15. homologous pair h15. homologous pair humuml lg gs ps p n. n. 同源染色體對同源染

17、色體對 一對一對同源染色同源染色體體(含(含4 4條條染色染色單體單體) 一條染色單體一條染色單體 16. karyotype16. karyotype n. n. 核型,染色體組型核型,染色體組型 kri kritaip taip The appearance of the chromosome complement of an organism or cell. 核型:一個(gè)給定物種的染色體所表現(xiàn)出的物理學(xué)特征。核型:一個(gè)給定物種的染色體所表現(xiàn)出的物理學(xué)特征。 17. meiosis17. meiosis n. n. 減數(shù)分裂減數(shù)分裂 mai maiusis usis The process

18、 by which a nucleus divides into four daughter nuclei,each containing half the number of chromosomes of the parent nucleus. 18.mitosis mitusis n. n. 有絲分裂有絲分裂, ,間接核分裂間接核分裂 通過有絲分裂,每條染色體精確復(fù)制成的兩條染色單通過有絲分裂,每條染色體精確復(fù)制成的兩條染色單 體并均等地分到兩個(gè)子細(xì)胞,使子細(xì)胞含有同母細(xì)胞體并均等地分到兩個(gè)子細(xì)胞,使子細(xì)胞含有同母細(xì)胞 相同的遺傳信息。細(xì)胞有絲分裂過程,可以區(qū)分為:相同的遺傳信息。細(xì)胞有絲

19、分裂過程,可以區(qū)分為: 前期,中期,后期和末期。前期,中期,后期和末期。 有絲分裂和減數(shù)分裂的比較有絲分裂和減數(shù)分裂的比較 比較比較有絲分裂有絲分裂 減數(shù)分裂減數(shù)分裂 不不 同同 點(diǎn)點(diǎn) 相同點(diǎn)相同點(diǎn) 分裂后形成分裂后形成( )( )分裂后形成分裂后形成( )( ) 細(xì)胞分裂細(xì)胞分裂 ( )次,產(chǎn))次,產(chǎn) 生(生( )個(gè)子細(xì)胞)個(gè)子細(xì)胞 細(xì)胞分裂(細(xì)胞分裂( )次,產(chǎn))次,產(chǎn) 生(生( )個(gè)子細(xì)胞)個(gè)子細(xì)胞 子細(xì)胞和母細(xì)胞的染色體子細(xì)胞和母細(xì)胞的染色體 數(shù)(數(shù)( ) 子細(xì)胞染色體數(shù)是母細(xì)子細(xì)胞染色體數(shù)是母細(xì) 胞的(胞的( ) 不出現(xiàn)聯(lián)會、四分體現(xiàn)象不出現(xiàn)聯(lián)會、四分體現(xiàn)象 減數(shù)減數(shù)I I發(fā)生同源染

20、色體的聯(lián)會、發(fā)生同源染色體的聯(lián)會、 四分體現(xiàn)象四分體現(xiàn)象 細(xì)胞分裂過程中均出現(xiàn)(細(xì)胞分裂過程中均出現(xiàn)( )和)和 ( ),染色體復(fù)制(),染色體復(fù)制( )次)次 體細(xì)胞體細(xì)胞生殖細(xì)胞生殖細(xì)胞 1 12 2 2 24 4 相同相同一半一半 染色體染色體 紡錘體紡錘體 1 1 19. metaphase plate 19. metaphase plate n. n. 中期板,赤道板中期板,赤道板 赤道板赤道板 (equatorial plane) 20.nucleosome nju:klisum n. n. 生化生化 核小體核小體 The basic unit of chromatin struc

21、turein eukaryotic cells. A nucleosome consists of 8 histone molecules,together with about 140 base pairs of DNA coiled around it. Nucleosome is the basic unit of chromatin structure 21.spindle spindl n. n. 紡錘體紡錘體 An array of microtubule extending from pole tp pole and used in the movement of chromos

22、omes. Reviewing 1. anaphase n. 分裂分裂后期后期 2. Cell plate n. 細(xì)胞板細(xì)胞板 3. centromere n. 著絲粒著絲粒 4. chalone n. 抑素抑素 5. chromatid n. 染色單體染色單體 6. chromatin n. 染色質(zhì)染色質(zhì) 7. cytokinesis n. 胞質(zhì)分裂胞質(zhì)分裂 8. diploid n. 二倍體二倍體 9. haploid n. 單倍體單倍體 10. histone n. 組蛋白組蛋白 11. Homologous pair n. 同源染色體對同源染色體對 nfez sentrmi kln;

23、ke- krmtd krmtn ,satokniss 12. interphase n. 分裂間期分裂間期 13. karyotype n. 核型,染色體組型核型,染色體組型 14. meiosis n. 減數(shù)分裂減數(shù)分裂 15. Metaphase n. 中期中期 16.metaphase plate n. 中期板,赤道板中期板,赤道板 17.mitosis n. 有絲分裂有絲分裂 18.nucleosome n. 核小體核小體 19.prophase n. 前期前期 20.spindle n. 紡錘體紡錘體 21.telophase n. 末期末期 kr,tap Pre-reading A

24、ctivities: Listen to a video and think about the concept and mechanism of cell reproduction. Text analysis lText Analysis lText Analysis 1. The nucleus and chromosomes The cell nucleus is the main repository of genetic information. Within the nucleus are the chromosomes- tightly coiled strands of DN

25、A and clusters of associated proteins. 細(xì)胞核是遺傳信息的主要貯存室。細(xì)胞核細(xì)胞核是遺傳信息的主要貯存室。細(xì)胞核 內(nèi)部是染色體,包括緊密纏繞的線狀內(nèi)部是染色體,包括緊密纏繞的線狀DNADNA 和與之相連的蛋白質(zhì)串。和與之相連的蛋白質(zhì)串。 Long stretches of the continuous DNA molecule wind around these clusters of proteins, or histones, forming beadlike complexes known as nucleosomes. 長的伸展的持續(xù)的長的伸展的持

26、續(xù)的DNADNA分子圍繞蛋白質(zhì)串(組蛋分子圍繞蛋白質(zhì)串(組蛋 白)纏繞,形成串珠狀的復(fù)合體,被稱為核小體。白)纏繞,形成串珠狀的復(fù)合體,被稱為核小體。 More coiling and supercoiling produces a dense chromosome structure. Each long strand of DNA combines with histones and nonhistone proteins to make up the substance chromatin. 更多的螺旋或超螺旋形成一個(gè)密集的染色體結(jié)更多的螺旋或超螺旋形成一個(gè)密集的染色體結(jié) 構(gòu)。每一個(gè)構(gòu)。

27、每一個(gè)DNA長鏈與組蛋白或非組蛋白結(jié)合長鏈與組蛋白或非組蛋白結(jié)合 構(gòu)成了染色質(zhì)。構(gòu)成了染色質(zhì)。 A pictorial display of an organisms chromosomes in the coiled, condensed state is known as a karyotype. 有機(jī)體的染色體以螺旋的、濃縮的狀態(tài)用圖有機(jī)體的染色體以螺旋的、濃縮的狀態(tài)用圖 示的方式展示出來,稱為染色體組型示的方式展示出來,稱為染色體組型. . Karyotypes reveal that in most cells all but sex chromosomes are present

28、as two copies, referred to as homologous pairs. 染色體組型顯示出大多數(shù)細(xì)胞除了性染色體以染色體組型顯示出大多數(shù)細(xì)胞除了性染色體以 外的其他染色體以外的其他染色體以2個(gè)拷貝的形式存在,被稱個(gè)拷貝的形式存在,被稱 為同源染色體對。為同源染色體對。 Non-sex chromosomes are called autosomes. Organisms whose cells contain two sets of parental chromosomes are called diploid; those with cells containing a

29、 single set of parental chromosomes are called haploid. 非性染色體稱為常染色體。細(xì)胞中含有兩套親本染非性染色體稱為常染色體。細(xì)胞中含有兩套親本染 色體的有機(jī)體稱為二倍體;細(xì)胞中含有一套親本染色體的有機(jī)體稱為二倍體;細(xì)胞中含有一套親本染 色體的有機(jī)體稱為單倍體。色體的有機(jī)體稱為單倍體。 2 The cell cycle The cell cycle is a regular sequence in which the cell grows, prepares for division, and divides to form two dau

30、ghter cells, each of which then repeats the cycle. 細(xì)胞周期是一個(gè)有順序的過程:細(xì)胞生長、準(zhǔn)細(xì)胞周期是一個(gè)有順序的過程:細(xì)胞生長、準(zhǔn) 備分裂、分裂形成兩個(gè)子細(xì)胞,每個(gè)子細(xì)胞再備分裂、分裂形成兩個(gè)子細(xì)胞,每個(gè)子細(xì)胞再 重新開始細(xì)胞周期。重新開始細(xì)胞周期。 Such cycling in effect makes single-celled organisms immortal. Many cells in multicellular organisms, including animal muscle and nerve cells, eithe

31、r slow the cycle or break out of it altogether. 這種有效的循環(huán)使得單細(xì)胞生物永生。多細(xì)胞生這種有效的循環(huán)使得單細(xì)胞生物永生。多細(xì)胞生 物的許多細(xì)胞包括動(dòng)物肌肉和神經(jīng)細(xì)胞能夠使細(xì)物的許多細(xì)胞包括動(dòng)物肌肉和神經(jīng)細(xì)胞能夠使細(xì) 胞周期時(shí)間延長或完全脫離細(xì)胞周期。胞周期時(shí)間延長或完全脫離細(xì)胞周期。 The normal cell cycle consists of four phases. The first three include G1, the period of normal metabolism; S phase, during which n

32、ormal synthesis of biological molecules continues, DNA is replicated, and histones are synthesized; 正常的細(xì)胞周期由四個(gè)階段構(gòu)成。前三個(gè)階段包括正常的細(xì)胞周期由四個(gè)階段構(gòu)成。前三個(gè)階段包括G1G1, 即正常的代謝的階段;即正常的代謝的階段;S S期,期間持續(xù)進(jìn)行生物分子的期,期間持續(xù)進(jìn)行生物分子的 正常合成,即正常合成,即DNADNA復(fù)制和組蛋白的合成;復(fù)制和組蛋白的合成; and G2, a brief period of metabolism and additional growth. T

33、ogether the G1, S, and G2 phases are called interphase. G2期(代謝和再次生長期(代謝和再次生長 的短階段)。的短階段)。G1、S和和 G2期合起來稱為間期。期合起來稱為間期。 The fourth phase of the cell cycle is M phase, the period of mitosis, during which the replicated chromosomes condense and move and the cell divides. 細(xì)胞周期的第四步為細(xì)胞周期的第四步為 M M 期(進(jìn)行有絲分裂期(

34、進(jìn)行有絲分裂 的階段),在這一階的階段),在這一階 段,復(fù)制的染色體濃段,復(fù)制的染色體濃 縮、運(yùn)動(dòng),細(xì)胞分裂??s、運(yùn)動(dòng),細(xì)胞分裂。 It is believed that properties of the cell cytoplasm control the cell cycle, along with external stimulators and inhibitors such as chalones. 被認(rèn)為是細(xì)胞質(zhì)的特性和外部的刺激因子和被認(rèn)為是細(xì)胞質(zhì)的特性和外部的刺激因子和 抑制劑例如抑素控制了細(xì)胞周期。抑制劑例如抑素控制了細(xì)胞周期。 3 Mitosis: Partitionin

35、g the hereditary material Biologists divide the mitotic cycle into four phases. At the beginning of prophase the chromosomes each consist of two highly condensed chromatids attached to each other at a centromere. 生物學(xué)者把有絲分裂周期分為四步,分裂前生物學(xué)者把有絲分裂周期分為四步,分裂前 期開始時(shí),每一條染色體包括兩條高度濃縮期開始時(shí),每一條染色體包括兩條高度濃縮 的染色單體,兩者在

36、著絲粒位置連在一起。的染色單體,兩者在著絲粒位置連在一起。 As prophase ends and metaphase begins, the condensed chromosomes become associated with the spindle. Eventually the chromosomes become arranged in a plane (called the metaphase plate) at a right angle to the spindle fibers. 當(dāng)前期結(jié)束時(shí),分裂中期開始。高度濃當(dāng)前期結(jié)束時(shí),分裂中期開始。高度濃 縮的染色體與紡錘體相連

37、,最終染色體縮的染色體與紡錘體相連,最終染色體 排在一個(gè)叫做中期板的平面上,與紡錘排在一個(gè)叫做中期板的平面上,與紡錘 絲成垂直角度。絲成垂直角度。 Next, during anaphase, the two sister chromatids of each chromosomes split, and one from each pair drawn toward each pole of the cell. 接著,在分裂后期,每個(gè)染色體上的兩個(gè)姊妹染色單接著,在分裂后期,每個(gè)染色體上的兩個(gè)姊妹染色單 體分開,每一對的一個(gè)分別移向細(xì)胞的一極。體分開,每一對的一個(gè)分別移向細(xì)胞的一極。 Dur

38、ing telophase nuclear envelopes begin to form around each set of chromosomes, and division of the cytoplasm takes place. 在分裂末期,圍繞每一套染色體開始在分裂末期,圍繞每一套染色體開始 形成核膜,然后開始細(xì)胞質(zhì)的分裂。形成核膜,然后開始細(xì)胞質(zhì)的分裂。 As mitosis proceeds, the spindle microtubules play a crucial role in ensuring that both paired and separated chro

39、matids move in the right directions at the proper times. 當(dāng)有絲分裂進(jìn)行時(shí),紡錘體的微管在保當(dāng)有絲分裂進(jìn)行時(shí),紡錘體的微管在保 證成對的和分離的染色單體適時(shí)向正確證成對的和分離的染色單體適時(shí)向正確 的方向運(yùn)動(dòng)起到關(guān)鍵作用。的方向運(yùn)動(dòng)起到關(guān)鍵作用。 Each half of the spindle forms as microtubules extend from each pole of a dividing cell to the region of the metaphase plate. 當(dāng)微管從每個(gè)分裂細(xì)胞的兩極延伸至赤當(dāng)微管從每

40、個(gè)分裂細(xì)胞的兩極延伸至赤 道板時(shí),形成了紡錘體的每一半。道板時(shí),形成了紡錘體的每一半。 During prophase, other microtubules, the centromeric fibers, extend outward from the spindle poles to structures on the chromosomes called kinetochores. During anaphase the fibers begin to shorten, and the chromatids begin to move apart. 在有絲分裂前期,另外一種微管,在有絲

41、分裂前期,另外一種微管, 著絲粒纖維從紡錘體的兩極向外著絲粒纖維從紡錘體的兩極向外 延伸到染色體上叫做動(dòng)粒的結(jié)構(gòu)延伸到染色體上叫做動(dòng)粒的結(jié)構(gòu) 上。在分裂后期,纖維開始縮短,上。在分裂后期,纖維開始縮短, 染色單體開始分開。染色單體開始分開。 knitk; ka-kinetochore 動(dòng)粒動(dòng)粒 The spindle forms differently in plant and animal cells. In animals it is associated with centriole, while in plant and fungal cells spindle formation i

42、s associated with regions called microtubule organizing centers. 在植物和動(dòng)物細(xì)胞中紡錘體的在植物和動(dòng)物細(xì)胞中紡錘體的 形成不同,動(dòng)物細(xì)胞中,與中形成不同,動(dòng)物細(xì)胞中,與中 心體有關(guān)。在植物和真菌細(xì)胞心體有關(guān)。在植物和真菌細(xì)胞 中紡錘體的形成與叫做微管組中紡錘體的形成與叫做微管組 織中心的區(qū)域有關(guān)??椫行牡膮^(qū)域有關(guān)。 4 Cytokinesis: Partitioning the cytoplasm The division of the cell cytoplasm at the end of mitosis is called

43、 cytokinesis. In animal cells it takes place as a ring of actin filaments contracts around the cell equator, pinching the cell in two. 有絲分裂結(jié)束時(shí)細(xì)胞質(zhì)的分裂稱為胞質(zhì)分裂。有絲分裂結(jié)束時(shí)細(xì)胞質(zhì)的分裂稱為胞質(zhì)分裂。 動(dòng)物細(xì)胞中胞質(zhì)分裂過程中,首先肌動(dòng)蛋白動(dòng)物細(xì)胞中胞質(zhì)分裂過程中,首先肌動(dòng)蛋白 形成的環(huán)在細(xì)胞赤道周圍進(jìn)行收縮,將細(xì)胞形成的環(huán)在細(xì)胞赤道周圍進(jìn)行收縮,將細(xì)胞 收縮為兩部分。收縮為兩部分。 In plant cells, which are bound

44、ed by a cell wall, cytokinesis involves the building of a new cell plate across the dividing cell at its equator. Cell wall material is then deposited in the region of the cell plate. 植物細(xì)胞有細(xì)胞壁包被,胞質(zhì)分裂包括圍植物細(xì)胞有細(xì)胞壁包被,胞質(zhì)分裂包括圍 繞新細(xì)胞的赤道周圍形成新細(xì)胞板,然后繞新細(xì)胞的赤道周圍形成新細(xì)胞板,然后 細(xì)胞壁物質(zhì)在細(xì)胞板位置沉積。細(xì)胞壁物質(zhì)在細(xì)胞板位置沉積。 5 Meiosis: Th

45、e basis of sexual reproduction Meiosis is a special form of cell division that takes place in the reproductive organs that produce sex cells. 減數(shù)分裂是細(xì)胞分裂的特殊形式,在產(chǎn)減數(shù)分裂是細(xì)胞分裂的特殊形式,在產(chǎn) 生生殖細(xì)胞的生殖器官中發(fā)生。生生殖細(xì)胞的生殖器官中發(fā)生。 Like mitosis, it takes place after DNA replication has occurred and involves two sequential nu

46、clear divisions (meiosis I and meiosis II). These divisions result in four daughter cells, each with half the number of chromosomes of the parent cell. 如有絲分裂,它發(fā)生于如有絲分裂,它發(fā)生于DNA DNA 復(fù)制后,包括兩個(gè)有順序復(fù)制后,包括兩個(gè)有順序 的核分裂階段(減數(shù)分裂的核分裂階段(減數(shù)分裂I I期和減數(shù)分裂期和減數(shù)分裂II II期)。這些分期)。這些分 裂產(chǎn)生裂產(chǎn)生4 4個(gè)子細(xì)胞,每一個(gè)子細(xì)胞的染色體數(shù)是母細(xì)胞個(gè)子細(xì)胞,每一個(gè)子細(xì)胞的染

47、色體數(shù)是母細(xì)胞 染色體數(shù)的一半。染色體數(shù)的一半。 The phenomenon of crossing over during meiosis results in exchanges of genetic information between chromosomes. Hence, the homologous chromosomes distributed to different progeny cells are not identical. 減數(shù)分裂交叉現(xiàn)象的出現(xiàn)導(dǎo)致了染色體之間互換遺減數(shù)分裂交叉現(xiàn)象的出現(xiàn)導(dǎo)致了染色體之間互換遺 傳信息。這樣分配到不同后代細(xì)胞中的同源的染色傳信息。

48、這樣分配到不同后代細(xì)胞中的同源的染色 體并不相同。體并不相同。 As in mitosis two chromatids exist for each chromosome at the beginning of prophase I. 象有絲分裂那樣,在分裂前象有絲分裂那樣,在分裂前I I期的開始,每個(gè)染色體期的開始,每個(gè)染色體 含有兩條染色單體。含有兩條染色單體。 During this phase the homologous chromosomes undergo synapsis or pairing, which is brought about by a bridging str

49、ucture of proteins and RNA called the synaptinemal complex. 在這一階段,同源的染色體經(jīng)歷了聯(lián)會或在這一階段,同源的染色體經(jīng)歷了聯(lián)會或 配對,這是由蛋白質(zhì)和配對,這是由蛋白質(zhì)和RNARNA形成的橋狀結(jié)形成的橋狀結(jié) 構(gòu)構(gòu)-聯(lián)會復(fù)合體的出現(xiàn)而發(fā)生的。聯(lián)會復(fù)合體的出現(xiàn)而發(fā)生的。 snpss synapsis 聯(lián)會聯(lián)會 The homologous pairs stay together when they align on the metaphase plate. 當(dāng)同源染色體對排列于赤道板上時(shí),(這兩條染色體)當(dāng)同源染色體對排列于赤道板上時(shí)

50、,(這兩條染色體) 同時(shí)存在。同時(shí)存在。 Unlike the anaphase of mitosis, however, during anaphase I the two chromatids of each chromosome stay joined at the centromere and move together to one of the two poles of the cell. 然而,與有絲分裂后期不同的是,減數(shù)然而,與有絲分裂后期不同的是,減數(shù) 分裂后期分裂后期I I每個(gè)染色體的兩條染色單體每個(gè)染色體的兩條染色單體 在著絲粒處相連,一起移向細(xì)胞的一極。在著絲粒處相連,

51、一起移向細(xì)胞的一極。 It is this event that results in the halving of the chromosome number in the four daughter cells that result from meiosis. 正是由于這一事件導(dǎo)致減數(shù)分裂中正是由于這一事件導(dǎo)致減數(shù)分裂中 4 4個(gè)子細(xì)胞的染色體數(shù)目減半。個(gè)子細(xì)胞的染色體數(shù)目減半。 During telophase I nuclear envelopes enclose the chromosomes in nuclei, and in most species cytokinesis (

52、 the first nuclear division) follows. 在減數(shù)分裂末期在減數(shù)分裂末期I,核被膜將染色體包裹在細(xì)胞核,核被膜將染色體包裹在細(xì)胞核 中,接著多數(shù)種類開始胞質(zhì)分裂(第一次細(xì)胞核中,接著多數(shù)種類開始胞質(zhì)分裂(第一次細(xì)胞核 分裂)。分裂)。 The second nuclear division begins with metaphase II, in which the chromosomes in each daughter cell again align on a metaphase plate. 第二次細(xì)胞核分裂開始于減數(shù)分裂中期第二次細(xì)胞核分裂開始于減數(shù)分

53、裂中期II,每,每 個(gè)子細(xì)胞中的染色體重新排列于中期板上。個(gè)子細(xì)胞中的染色體重新排列于中期板上。 The cenromeres finally divide, and each sister chromatid moves to one of the poles of the spindle. The next phase is telophase II, followed again by cytokinesis. The result of the entire process is four haploid cells in which parental chromosomes are

54、randomly distributed. 著絲粒最終分裂,每個(gè)姊妹染色單體移向紡錘 體的一極。下一個(gè)階段是減數(shù)分裂末期II,然 后是胞質(zhì)分裂。整個(gè)過程的結(jié)果是4 個(gè)單倍體 細(xì)胞,親本的染色體被隨機(jī)分配。 6) Asexual versus sexual reproduction Mitosis and meiosis, respectively, make simple cell division and sexual reproduction possible. Each means of passing on hereditary information has advantages.

55、有絲分類和減數(shù)分裂分別使簡單的細(xì)胞分裂和有性生 殖成為可能。每一種傳遞遺傳信息的方式都有優(yōu)點(diǎn)。 In asexual reproduction the parent organism gives rise to offspring that are genetic clones of the parent. 無性生殖產(chǎn)生后代時(shí)克?。ㄍ耆珡?fù)制)了中親本的遺傳無性生殖產(chǎn)生后代時(shí)克?。ㄍ耆珡?fù)制)了中親本的遺傳 信息。信息。 The advantages of this type of reproduction are that it preserves the parents successful

56、genetic complement, requires little or no specialization of reproductive organs, and is more rapid than sexual reproduction. 這種生殖類型的優(yōu)點(diǎn)是它保存了親本成功的遺傳信息,這種生殖類型的優(yōu)點(diǎn)是它保存了親本成功的遺傳信息, 基本或完全不需要特化出生殖器官,與有性生殖相比更基本或完全不需要特化出生殖器官,與有性生殖相比更 迅速。迅速。 A major disadvantage of the asexual mode is that a single catastrophic

57、 event or disease may destroy an entire population of genetically identical organisms. 無性類型的主要缺點(diǎn)是單一的災(zāi)難性事件或疾病就可無性類型的主要缺點(diǎn)是單一的災(zāi)難性事件或疾病就可 以摧毀遺傳信息完全相同的整個(gè)種群。以摧毀遺傳信息完全相同的整個(gè)種群。 A prime benefit of sexual reproduction is that it provides genetic variability and a ready mechanism for the elimination of deleter

58、ious mutations. It also allows “new” gene forms to arise and spread through populations. 有性生殖的主要好處是它能夠提供遺傳的多樣性,有性生殖的主要好處是它能夠提供遺傳的多樣性, 具有迅速的清除有害變異的機(jī)制。它也使新基因具有迅速的清除有害變異的機(jī)制。它也使新基因 形式出現(xiàn)、增加并擴(kuò)展到整個(gè)種群。形式出現(xiàn)、增加并擴(kuò)展到整個(gè)種群。 Review the former contentReview the former content: 1. anaphase n. 分裂分裂后期后期 2. Cell plate

59、n. 細(xì)胞板細(xì)胞板 3. centromere n. 著絲粒著絲粒;著絲點(diǎn)著絲點(diǎn) 4. chalone n. 抑素抑素 5. chromatid n. 染色單體染色單體 6. chromatin n. 染色質(zhì)染色質(zhì) 7. cytokinesis n. 胞質(zhì)分裂胞質(zhì)分裂 8. diploid n. 二倍體二倍體 9. haploid n. 單倍體單倍體 10. histone n. 組蛋白組蛋白 11. Homologous pair n. 同源染色體對同源染色體對 12. interphase n. 分裂間期分裂間期 13. karyotype n. 核型,染色體組型核型,染色體組型 14.

60、meiosis n. 減數(shù)分裂減數(shù)分裂 15. Metaphase n. 中期中期 16.metaphase plate n. 中期板,赤道板中期板,赤道板 17.mitosis n. 有絲分裂有絲分裂 18.nucleosome n. 生化生化核小體核小體 19.prophase n. 前期前期 20.spindle n. 紡錘體紡錘體 21.telophase n. 末期末期 Exercises I Key terms: matching Match each term on the left with the most Match each term on the left with t

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