中國文化教程Unit-24

1、2021/3/141 2021/3/142 Unit 24 Martial Arts and Cuju 2021/3/143 n Lead-in n Text study n Exercises Content 2021/3/144 Lead-in 2021/3/145 Text study p Introduction p Martial Arts of the Shaolin Temple p Flowing Shadow Boxing p Martial Arts from the Heart p Cuju Flew Higher than Birds 2021/3/146 Introd

2、uction Traditionally, the Chinese love sports as an essential method for keeping fit as well as for entertainment. People also relate sports to an enhanced insight into life, such as with go (圍棋) and Chinese chess. 2021/3/147 Introduction As a country with diverse cultural traditions passed down fro

3、m one generation to another over a long history, China has developed a variety of sports, including archery, cuju (traditional football), sumo and other forms of wrestling, equestrianism (馬術), martial arts, and acrobatics. Among these, martial arts and acrobatics may be said to be the superb skills

4、of China. 2021/3/148 Martial Arts of the Shaolin Temple Do you know who is the man in the picture? Why is he well-known in the world? 2021/3/149 Martial Arts of the Shaolin Temple When people talk of the martial arts, or kung fu, they most immediately think of Bruce Lee (1940-1973), and his great ac

5、complishments in boxing, swordplay, and skill with knives and sticks. With his superb kung fu popularized throughout the world, he became the embodiment of Chinese martial arts. His dazzling three-section stick skills left a deep impression on audiences. Bruce Lees kung fu was deeply rooted in tradi

6、tional Chinese martial arts. 2021/3/1410 Martial Arts of the Shaolin Temple In Chinese martial arts circles, Shaolin Temple enjoys great repute for its distinct style of martial arts-a precious feature of Chinas cultural legacy. 河南嵩山少林寺塔林河南嵩山少林寺塔林 Towers at Shaolin Towers at Shaolin Temple, located

7、on Temple, located on Songshan Mountain Songshan Mountain in Henan Province, in Henan Province, first built at the end of first built at the end of the fifth centurythe fifth century 2021/3/1411 Martial Arts of the Shaolin Temple Bodhidharma, a Buddhist master, came here in the sixth century, and th

8、rough meditating by facing a wall for nine years developed Zen Buddhism (known as Chan in China), hence making the temple famous throughout the country. Later generations attributed the invention of Shaolin martial arts to him, saying that due to long periods of sitting, he created a set of movement

9、s to adjust the internal circulation of the qi, or chi, and relax the body and mind. 2021/3/1412 Martial Arts of the Shaolin Temple Shaolin martial arts have developed a variety of forms over the long years, hence the attribution of 72 types of Shaolin martial arts. 2021/3/1413 Martial Arts of the S

10、haolin Temple Shaolin childrens kung fu (少林童子功) is a superb skill highly cclaimed by martial arts practitioners. including many movements and postures, such as “arhat sleeping” (羅漢睡覺), “child worshiping Guanyin” (童子拜觀音), ;child worshiping Buddha“ (童 子拜佛). etc. 2021/3/1414 Martial Arts of the Shaolin

11、 Temple “One-finger Zen” (一指禪) Considered one of the secrets of Shaolin. It is said that the key to this martial art lies in inner discipline, which condenses and focuses all ones energy and strength onto one finger, so that the practitioner is able to stand upside down on that single finger, absolu

12、tely still. 2021/3/1415 Martial Arts of the Shaolin Temple “Arhat boxing” (羅漢拳) one of the many types of boxing created by the Shaolin Temple developed into several sets of movements, gaining far-reaching influence across the country. exquisitely designed and easy for attack and defense; powerful an

13、d unpredictable. “the best of the best” in Shaolin martial arts. 2021/3/1416 Flowing Shadow Boxing As one of the main sports to help people stay fit, taiji quan, or shadow boxing (known internationally as tai chi chuan) is very popular with Chinese people. Shadow boxing can adjust the neural, respir

14、atory (呼吸), digestive, coronary (心臟的), brain, and circulatory systems of the human body, functioning as a method for disease prevention. 2021/3/1417 “Taiji” (the Supreme Ultimate) is a Chinese philosophical term. Do you know which book attributes to the origin of the Eight Trigrams (八卦八卦)? Who has w

15、ritten the book Explanation of the Taiji Diagram (Taiji Tushuo) (太極圖說太極圖說)? How does he regard Taiji? The Book of Changes (Yijing) attributes the origin of the Eight Trigrams. Explanation of the Taiji Diagram (Taiji Tushuo), written by Northern Song philosopher Zhou Dunyi, regards taiji as the sourc

16、e of all things on Earth. Flowing Shadow Boxing 2021/3/1418 The taiji is circular in shape, including the yin and the yang, and shadow boxing was created exactly on the basis of this theory. Flowing Shadow Boxing 2021/3/1419 characteristics of shadow boxing Being circular is one of the important cha

17、racteristics of shadow boxing. Heaven and Earth have energy circulating around them, while inside a human body circulates the vitality of life. Shadow boxing draws the circle of life through moving, jumping, dodging, unfolding, etc., so as to turn exterior circles of energy into interior circles of

18、energy. Flowing Shadow Boxing 2021/3/1420 Another characteristic of shadow boxing is its pursuit of flowing rhythm amidst the changes of yin and yang, which accords with the taiji philosophy that yin and yang interchange, infuse and change. On this basis, shadow boxing emphasizes the infusion of the

19、 hard and the soft, and expresses the constant changes of the universe through gentle and flexible, and even and slow movements. In general, shadow boxing displays the beauty of soaring clouds and flowing waters. Flowing Shadow Boxing 2021/3/1421 In the course of its development, shadow boxing has i

20、ncorporated the theory of main and collateral channels (經(jīng)絡學說) in traditional Chinese medicine, along with the idea of guidance advocated by Taoism. Flowing Shadow Boxing 2021/3/1422 Why people prefer to practice it in the early morning? Shadow boxing is a combination of the interior and the exterior

21、, and people practice it to improve physical health and to achieve evenness in breathing and calmness in mind. When practicing shadow boxing, one needs to pay particular attention to breathing air out through the mouth when making outward movements and inhaling (吸 入) fresh air through the nose when

22、making inward movements, so as to keep fresh energy in the body. This is why people prefer to practice it in the early morning. Flowing Shadow Boxing 2021/3/1423 Martial Arts from the Heart Controlling mobility with stillness is one of the characteristics of Chinese martial arts. For example, shadow

23、 boxing gives off a sense of elegance and quietude, while emphasizing changes in tranquility. 2021/3/1424 Martial Arts from the Heart Dynamic Shaolin martial arts also emphasize the combination of motion and stillness, as described in the words of a song: Lie like a bow, stand like a pine tree, sit

24、like a bell, and walk like the wind.” 2021/3/1425 Martial Arts from the Heart Defeating the strong with the soft is another important feature of Chinese martial arts. For example, Shaolin martial arts require a practitioner to jump, land, advance, retreat, tum aside, etc., in a straight line, with t

25、he purpose of collecting energy inside rather than of keeping the body steady; and once in attack mode, one directly hits the vital parts of a rival at the fastest speed and with the greatest strength imaginable. 2021/3/1426 Martial Arts from the Heart “elegant like a cat, yet fierce like a tiger; w

26、alking like a dragon, moving like lightning, with a voice like thunder“秀如貓,抖如虎,行 如龍,動如電,聲如雷”。 2021/3/1427 Martial Arts from the Heart Generally speaking, Chinese martial arts are a type of defensive martial arts, where offensive attack is not the main goal. The three purposes of Shaolin martial arts

27、 are to protect the temple, protect oneself and keep fit, rather than to attack others. 2021/3/1428 Martial Arts from the Heart eight donts dont attack the temples dont attack the chest dont attack the soft ribs dont attack the armpits (腋窩) dont attack the private parts dont attack either side of th

28、e small of the back (腰背部) dont attack the coccyx (尾骨) dont attack the auricles (耳廓) 2021/3/1429 Cuju Flew Higher than Birds “Cuju uses the feet to kick the ball, hence called football today.” Collection of Xikun Songs (西昆酬唱集) by Yang Yi What does Cuju mean? 2021/3/1430 Cuju Flew Higher than Birds Ma

29、ny ancient Chinese paintings depict scenes of cuju. 元 錢選 宋太祖蹴鞠圖 2021/3/1431 Cuju Flew Higher than Birds Cuju is said to have first appeared in the ancient era of the Yellow Emperor. Cuju is said to have been invented by the Yellow Emperor, or during the Warring States Period. It was originally a met

30、hod to train soldiers, and through cuju, soldiers of talent can be found. For enjoyment, soldiers like to play it when they are free from duty.“ Miscellanies (Bielu) by Liu Xiang of the Han Dynasty 2021/3/1432 Cuju Flew Higher than Birds but historical documents record clearly that this sport was qu

31、ite popular in the State of Qi during the Warring States Period. This sport was originally popular in the army, as a type of activity involving both conflict and entertainment. The military thus discovered soldiers with ability while they exercised their bodies through the sport, which also would ha

32、ve slightly relieved the boredom and loneliness of barrack (兵營) life. 2021/3/1433 Cuju Flew Higher than Birds “Noble families engage in cuju and cockfighting.” On Salt and Iron (Yantie Lun) by Huan Kuan of Han Dynasty “The Ball and the Court Field” by Li You of Easter Han Dynasty 2021/3/1434 Cuju Fl

33、ew Higher than Birds The court field for cuju was a rectangle (長方形), while the ball was round, which accorded with the Chinese idea of the sky is round and the land is square. A closed space within high walls, the court field had stands specially built for distinguished spectators. The game was usua

34、lly played between two teams, each having 12 players in the field, with goals on both sides, as well as referees. No specific rules for the game are known today. 2021/3/1435 Cuju Flew Higher than Birds The football used in the Han Dynasty was already made of leather, but filled with solid materials

35、instead of air. The Tang Dynasty witnessed the invention of the air-filled ball. Tang-dynasty people paid great attention to the atmosphere of the matches, beating drums to add to the fun. 2021/3/1436 Cuju Flew Higher than Birds On Shanghai Expo 2010On Shanghai Expo 2010 2021/3/1437 Cuju Flew Higher

36、 than Birds Cuju helped to develop another sport in the Tang Dynasty, polo (馬球) Polo appeared first in the Three Kingdoms Period (220- 280); later as exchanges with the Western Regions increased, the polo of those regions found its way to China. enriching the sport. 打馬球葵花鏡打馬球葵花鏡 唐唐 Tang-dynasty mirr

37、or featuring Tang-dynasty mirror featuring a polo matcha polo match 2021/3/1438 Cuju Flew Higher than Birds The urban cultural prosperity of the Song Dynasty brought further popularity for cuju, with the entertainment aspect of the game highly increased. even arising organizations like todays footba

38、ll Qiyun Society (齊云社;又稱圓社) 2021/3/1439 Cuju Flew Higher than Birds During the Tang Dynasty, cuju became a popular folk activity played on Cold Food Day, the day right before the Qingming Festival. Many poets of the Tang and Song dynasties composed poems describing scenes of playing cuju, as well as

39、 about the swings, thus giving us intriguing portrayals of these folk customs. 2021/3/1440 Cuju Flew Higher than Birds 蹴鞠屢過飛鳥上蹴鞠屢過飛鳥上,秋千竟出垂楊里。秋千竟出垂楊里。王維王維 秋千冷風梨花雨秋千冷風梨花雨,蹴鞠高騰燕子風。蹴鞠高騰燕子風。劉劉邠邠 云邊蹴鞠聲相近云邊蹴鞠聲相近,花外秋千影半遮。花外秋千影半遮。韋韋驤驤 舉目則秋千巧笑舉目則秋千巧笑,觸處則蹴鞠疏狂觸處則蹴鞠疏狂,于是相繼清明節(jié)于是相繼清明節(jié) 矣。矣。東京夢華錄東京夢華錄 Additional In

40、fo 2021/3/1441 Cuju Flew Higher than Birds Women began to take part in the cuju game in the Tang Dynasty. By the Yuan Dynasty, there were already female cuju professionals. 2021/3/1442 Exercises p Comprehension p Communication p Application 2021/3/1443 Comprehension l. Skimming and Scanning Go throu

41、gh the passage quickly and answer the following questions briefly. 1) Among the sports developed in China, which ones can be regarded as excellent skills? 2) What contribution did Bruce Lee make to Chinese martial arts? Martial arts and acrobatics can be regarded as the superb skills of China. His s

42、uperb kung fu popularized throughout the world and he became the embodiment of Chinese martial arts. 2021/3/1444 4) What kinds of Shaolin boxing are mentioned in the passage? 5) Among all the types of Shaolin martial arts, which one is regarded as the best? Long boxing, short boxing, Shaolin childre

43、ns kung fu, one- finger Zen and Arhat boxing are mentioned in the passage. Comprehension 3) What are the peculiar types of Shaolin martial arts? The peculiar types of Shaolin martial arts include long boxing, short boxing, knife and stick play, swordplay, and Shaolin childrens kung fu. Among all the

44、 types of Shaolin martial arts, arhat boxing is regarded as the best. 2021/3/1445 Comprehension 7) As a Chinese philosophical term, what does Taiji mean? 8) What are the characteristics of shadow boxing? Shadow boxing is now used as a method for physical exercise and disease prevention. As a Chinese

45、 philosophical term, ”Taiji” means the source of all things on Earth, which is circular in shape, including the yin and the yang. The two characteristics of shadow boxing are being circular and its pursuit of flowing rhythm amidst the changes of yin and yang. 6) What is shadow boxing now used as? 20

46、21/3/1446 Comprehension 10) What do the peaceful surface and the wild ocean currents exemplify in Paragraph 13? 11) Why is shadow boxing compared to water? The Chinese philosophy involved in shadow boxing is the idea of guidance advocated by Daoism. In Paragraph 13, the peaceful surface exemplifies

47、stillness, while the wild ocean currents“ exemplifies mobility. Shadow boxing is compared to water because they are both gentle but powerful. 9) What Chinese philosophy is involved in shadow boxing? 2021/3/1447 Comprehension 13) What do the documents and paintings cited in Paragraphs 17-20 serve as?

48、 14) What is the advantage of the football used in the Tang Dynasty over that in the Han Dynasty? The purpose of Chinese martial arts is to defend rather than attack. The documents and paintings cited in Paragraphs 17-20 serve as evidences for the long history of cuju or Chinese football. The advant

49、age of the football used in the Tang Dynasty over that in the Han Dynasty is that the air-filled ball was elastic and could fly higher into the sky, making the sport more interesting. 12) What is the purpose of Chinese martial arts? 2021/3/1448 Comprehension From Song Dynasty, the entertainment aspe

50、ct of the game increased greatly. 15) When did the entertainment aspect of the game increase greatly? 2021/3/1449 II. Careful Reading 1. Read the passage carefully and fill in the following blanks with the missing information. 1) The dragon-boat races during the Duanwu Festival, swings at the Qingmi

51、ng Festival, and climbing mountains during the Double-ninth Festival are mentioned in the first paragraph to show that _ _. 2) Bruce Lee was expert at such skills as_ _. Comprehension the Chinese love sports as an essential method for keeping fit as well as for entertainment boxing, swordplay, skill

52、 with knives and three-section sticks 2021/3/1450 3) The history of Shaolin Temple is as long as approximately _ years. 4) The origin of Shaolin martial arts was attributed to _. 5) The secret of One-finger Zen is to _ _. 6) The shallow holes on the ground in the One Thousand Buddha Hall represent _

53、 _. Comprehension 1,500 Bodhidharma, a Buddhist mast condense and focus all ones energy and strength onto one finger sweat of generations of martial arts practitioners 2021/3/1451 7) Shadow boxing can help prevent disease because it can _ _. 8) The most important criterion for judging the quality of

54、 shadow boxing is _. 9) People prefer to practise shadow boxing early in the morning because _ _. 10) Shadow boxing lays great emphasis on the training of _. Comprehension adjust the neural, respiratory, digestive, coronary, brain, and circulatory systems of the human body being smooth and round one

55、 can inhale the early morning fresh air when practicing shadow boxing even breathing and a serene mind 2021/3/1452 11) The “emptiness or soulessness” of Shaolin martial arts refers to _. 12) Shaolin martial arts require a practitioner to jump, land, advance, retreat, turn aside, etc., in a straight

56、line, in order to _. 13) The adherence to Confucian benevolence of Shaolin martial arts is reflected by its _ _ _ _ _ _. Comprehension the state of being free of any worldly cares collect energy inside “eight donts” when one has to resort to force dont attack the temples, dont attack the chest, dont

57、 attack the soft ribs, dont attack the armpits, dont attack the private parts, dont attack either side of the small of the back, dont attack the coccyx, and dont attack the auricles 2021/3/1453 14) Cuju was invented as a way to _. 15) In Eastern Han Dynasty, the game was played between _, each havin

58、g _ players in the field, with _ on both sides, as well as _. 16) Liu Bang had a large cuju court built in order to _. 17) Xiaowei was a title for _ _ Comprehension train soldiers two teams12 goals referees entertain his father the higheat-ranking crafts- people in the Qiyun Society, a cuju associat

59、ion 2021/3/1454 2. Put the antonyms of the following words from the passage 1) defense 2) exterior 3) inward 4) inhale 5) mobility/motion 6) retreat 7) gentle 8) offensive Comprehension attack interior outward expel stillness advance powerful defensive 2021/3/1455 3. Put each of the following into English and then compare your translation with that in the passage. 1)三節(jié)棍 2)步林童子功 3)一指禪 4)太極拳 Comprehension three-section stick Shaolin childrens kung fu one-finger Zen taiji quan/shadow boxing/taichi chuan 2021/3/1456 5)臥似一張弓,站似一棵松。不動不搖坐如鐘,走路一陣風。 6)秀如貓,抖如虎,行如龍,動