國際貿易實務總結1

1、Chapter 5 International Trade Terms1. FOB: Free on board (.named port of shipment)（裝運港船上交貨）n The risk of loss of or damage to the goods is transferred from the seller to the buyer when these goods pass over the ships rail at the named port of shipment.n The seller doesnt need to rent vessel. Althoug

2、h seller can accept the commission of buyer to rent vessel, buyer still need to be charge of the fee and risk.n Only suitable for marine traffic.n As the loading of the goods is a continuous process, it is hard to use ships rail as a point to divide responsibilities and costs. To avoid any dispute,

3、there are several derived terms.u FOB Liner Termsu FOB Under Tackleu FOB Stowedu FOB Trimmed2. CIF: Cost Insurance and Freight （成本、保險費加運費）n The risk of loss of or damage to the goods is transferred from the seller to the buyer when these goods pass over the ships rail at the named port of shipment.n

4、 The seller must pay the costs and freight from shipment to destination.n The seller is obliged to arrange marine insurance. (The seller arranges insurance only on minimum cover.)n CIF 屬于象征性交貨（Symbolic Delivery)，即賣方憑單交貨，買方憑單付款n Suitable for marine traffic.n To stipulate clearly the responsibility an

5、d cost of unloading, CIF also has some derived terms:u CIF Liner Termsu CIF landedu CIF Ex Tackleu CIF Ex Ships Hold3. CFR: Cost and Freight（成本加運費價）n The risk of loss of or damage to the goods is transferred from the seller to the buyer when these goods pass over the ships rail at the named port of

6、shipment.n The seller must pay the costs and freight from shipment to destination. .n The seller doesnt need to buy insurance. Under this condition, the seller should send shipping notice to the buyer. n Suitable for marine traffic.n To stipulate clearly the responsibility and cost of unloading, CIF

7、 also has some derived terms:u CFR Liner Termsu CFR landedu CFR Ex Tackleu CFR Ex Ships Hold4. FCA: Free Carrier （貨交承運人）n The risk of loss of or damage to the goods is transferred from the seller to the buyer at the time the nominated carrier accepts them at the prescribed place.n If delivery occurs

8、 at the sellers premises, the seller is responsible for loading. If delivery occurs at any other place, the seller is not responsible for unloading.5. CPT: Carriage Paid to （運費付至）n This term means that the seller delivers the goods to the carrier nominated by him but the seller must in addition pay

9、the cost of carriage necessary to bring the goods to the named destination. n The buyer bears all risks and any other costs occurring after the goods have been so delivered.n The seller is responsible for signing the contract in designated place to carry and pay for related fee.6. CIP: Carriage and

10、Insurance Paid to （運費、保險費付至）n The buyer bears all risks and any other costs occurring after the goods have been so delivered.n The seller is responsible for signing the contract in designated place to carry and pay for related fee.n The seller must arrange the insurancen The seller arranges insuranc

11、e only on minimum cover. Should the buyer wish to have the protection of greater cover, he would either need to agree as such expressly with the seller or to make his own extra insurance arrangements.7. EXW: Ex Works （工廠交貨） The terms means the seller delivers when he places the goods at the disposal

12、 of the buyer at the sellers premises or another named place not cleared for export and not loaded on any collecting vehicle. The sellers obligations cease when the buyer accepts the goods at the factory or warehouse. By using the term, the seller minimizes his obligations while the buyer obtains at

13、 the lowest possible price.8. FAS: Free Alongside Ship （裝運港船邊交貨）n This term means that the seller delivers when the goods are placed alongside the vessel at the named port of shipment. This means that the buyer has to bear all costs and risks of loss of or damage to the goods from that moment.n The

14、buyer needs to give the seller prompt notice of the name of the vessel, loading berth and delivery dates.9. DAF: Delivered at Frontier （邊境交貨）This term means that the seller delivers when the goods are placed at the disposal of the buyer on the arriving means of transport not unloaded, cleared for im

15、port at the named point and place at the frontier, and before the customs border of the adjoining country.10. DES: Delivered Ex Ship （目的港船上交貨）n Seller delivers when the goods are placed at the disposal of the buyer on board the ship not cleared for import at the named port of destination. n The sell

16、er has to bear all the costs and risks involved in bringing the goods to the named port of destination before dischargingn This term can be used only when the goods are to be delivered by sea or inland waterway or multimodal transport on a vessel in the port of destination.11. DEQ: Delivered Ex Quay

17、 （目的港碼頭交貨）n The seller delivers when the goods are placed at the disposal of the buyer not cleared for import on the quay at the named port of destination. n The seller has to bear costs and risks involved in bringing the goods to the named port of destination and discharging the goods on the quay.

18、賣方要將貨物卸到岸上，并承擔卸貨費12. DDU: Delivered Duty Unpaid （未完稅后交貨）n The seller delivers the goods to the buyer, not cleared for import, and not unloaded from any arriving means of transport at the named place of destination. n The seller has to bear the cost and risks involved in bringing the goods thereto, o

19、ther than, where applicable, any “duty” for import in the country of destination. 13. DDP: Delivered Duty Paid （完稅后交貨）n The seller delivers the goods to the buyer, cleared for import, and not unloaded from any arriving means of transport at the named place of destination. n The seller has to bear al

20、l the cost and risks involved in bringing the goods thereto, other than, where applicable, any “duty” for import in the country of destination. Summary for all items一、各組貿易術語（一）E組術語（啟運術語，Departure）（二）F組術語（主運費未付術語，Main Carriage Unpaid)v F組術語的風險劃分界限和費用劃分界限不相分離v 象征性交貨（FAS屬于實際交貨）v 屬于裝運合同（三）C組術語（主運費已付術語，M

21、ain Carriage Paid)v C組術語的風險劃分界限和費用劃分界限相分離v 屬于裝運合同。v 象征性交貨（四）D組術語（到達術語，Arrival)v 以D組術語成交的合同屬于到達合同。v D組術語中, 除DEQ下賣方負責卸貨外,其余的術語下賣方均不負責卸貨.二.重要術語概念及區(qū)別1. FOB 根據(jù)FOB術語買賣雙方的風險界點在裝運港的船舷，貨物在裝運港越過船舷以前的風險賣方承擔，越過船舷以后的風險買方承擔。2. CIF CIF合同典型象征性交貨，即賣方憑單交貨，買方憑單付款，只要賣方所提交的單據(jù)是齊全的、正確的，即使貨物在運輸途中滅失，買方仍需付款，不得拒付。 賣方只需投保最低的險別

22、，并由買方承擔費用，但在買方要求時，可在買方承擔費用的情況下，加保戰(zhàn)爭險。3. CFRCFR合同中賣方要及時發(fā)出裝船通知(shipping advice)的義務，若未及時通知，會致風險推遲轉移。4. FCA 買方負責訂立運輸契約，指定承運人到裝運地點接貨，買方可以委托賣方代辦運輸事項，但此項活動的風險和費用均由買方承擔。所以如果賣方租不到船、訂不到艙的風險應由買方承擔。 5. CIP VS CIF相同：都包括保險費差別：CIF適合水上運輸，交貨地點在裝運港，風險劃分以船舷為界，賣方負責租船訂艙、支付從裝運港到目的港的運費，并辦理水上運輸險，支付保險費。 CIP適合各種運輸方式，交互地點要根據(jù)運

23、輸方式的不同由雙方約定，風險是在承運人控制貨物時轉移。賣方要辦理從交貨地點到指定目的地的全程運輸（而不僅僅是水上運輸）。賣方辦理的保險也要包括全程運輸險（而不僅僅是水上運輸險）。 6. FCA、CPT、CIP VS FOB、CFR、CIF相同點：都是象征性交貨術語。不同點1、適合的運輸方式不同 FOB 、CFR、CIF，適合單純海運。 FCA、CPT、CIP，適合多種運輸。2、交貨地點和風險轉移點不同 FOB 、CFR、CIF，交貨地點均在裝運港船上 ，風險均在越過船舷時從賣方轉移給買方。 FCA、CPT、CIP，交貨地點也在出口地，但具體地點根據(jù)不同的運輸方式和不同的約定而定。貨物滅失或損壞

24、的風險，在買方或其代理人將貨物交由承運人保管時，由賣方轉移給買方。 3、裝卸費用負擔不同 FOB 、CFR、CIF，因運輸僅限于船舶運行，因此，在FOB合同中，要明確裝船費用由何方負責；在CFR、CIF合同中則要明確卸貨費用由何方承擔 FCA、CPT、CIP，如果涉及海洋運輸兵使用租船裝運，則買方將貨物交給承運人所支付的運費（CPT、CIP）。或由買方支付的運費（FCA），已經(jīng)包含了承運人接管貨物后在裝運港的裝船費用和目的港的卸貨費用。因此，F(xiàn)CA、CPT、CIP合同中不存在FOB 、CFR、CIF合同中的卸貨費用由誰負擔的問題 4、運輸單據(jù)不同 FOB 、CFR、CIF，賣方一般向買方提交已

25、裝船的清潔提單 FCA、CPT、CIP，如果在海運和內河運輸方式下，賣方應提供海運單和內河運單；如果在鐵路、公路、航空運輸或多式聯(lián)運方式下，則賣方要分別提供鐵路運單、公路運單、航空運輸單或多式聯(lián)運提單Chapter 7 International Cargo TransportModes of Transportl Ocean Carriage/ Ocean Shipping/ Marine Transportationu Liner Transport 班輪運輸或定期運輸n Four fixed factors: regular line, regular port, regular tim

26、etable, comparatively fixed freightn Liner FreightConsist: 基本運費(Basic freight)+附加運費(surcharges) 基本運費一般根據(jù)等級費率運價表計算。 等級費率運價表是由貨物分級表和航線等級費率表構成。貨物分級表將各種貨物按一定方式分為120級，并表明計費方法，航線費率表規(guī)定不同航線上120級貨物的單位費率。 附加費：燃油附加費、港口附加費、轉船附加費、繞航附加費、超長超重附加費、貨幣貶值附加費、變更卸貨港附加費、直航附加費、選港附加費等。Formula: 運費總額=基本運費率X（1+附加費用率之和）X貨物數(shù)量u C

27、harter Transportn Modes of charter transport Voyage Charter 定程租船或航次租船Under a voyage charter, payment by the charter is usually based on an agreed rate per ton for a full and complete cargo. Time Charter 定期租船Charter a ship for a certain time span. Bare Boat Charter(BBC) 光船租船或凈船期租All what a shipper ch

28、arters is the vessel itself. The charter is responsible for crewing, provisioning and fuelling, maintaining and even paying different taxes or duties. Time Charter on Trip Basis (TCT) 航次期租n Charter Freight 定程租船運費的支付方式運費預付(Freight Prepaid)：CIF就是這種運費到付(Freight Collected) Rate of freight（運費率） Lump-sum

29、freight（整船包價） Loading and unloading charges under voyage charter（程租船的裝卸費）船方負擔裝貨費和卸貨費（Gross Terms）船方管裝不管卸（FO，F(xiàn)ree Out）船方管卸不管裝（FI，F(xiàn)ree In）船方裝和卸均不管（FIO，F(xiàn)ree In and Out）l Rail Transportl Air Transportl Container Transportl International Multimodal Transportl Land Bridge Transportl Othersn Road Transport

30、ationn Inland Water Transportationn Parcel Post Transportn Pipeline TransportationClause of Shipmentl Time of shipment裝運時間 Pay attention to: Time of Shipment 裝運時間& Time of Delivery 交貨時間l Port of Shipment and Port of Destination 裝運港（地）和目的港（地） Its suitable to Group F and Group Cl Shipping Advice 裝運通知l

31、 Partial Shipment and Transshipment 分批裝運和轉運n Partial shipment 在不同時間將不同港口的貨物裝在同一航次、同一條船上，由于這條船上所在的貨物同時到達目的港，故不能稱其為分批裝運。 Partial shipments allowed Partial shipments prohibitedn Transshipment 買房出售的貨物，如沒有直達船駛往目的港或船期不固定或航次間隔時間太長，為了方便裝運，買方往往要求在合同中增加允許轉運的條款。l Lay time, Demurrage and Dispatch 裝卸時間、滯期費和速遣費 這

32、些術語只在程租船運輸方式下才出現(xiàn)，而且實際業(yè)務中，負責裝卸貨物的不一定是租船人，而是買賣合同中的一方當事人，所以在買賣合同中要規(guī)定以上幾項。n Lay time: is the time allowed for the completion of loading and unloading, and it is usually expressed by days or hours. Days or Running Days 日: including bad weather days, Sundays or any other holidays, unfavorable to the shipp

33、er. Weather Working Days of 24 Hours 累計24小時晴天工作日: excluding Sundays, holidays and rainy days, favorable for shipper but unfavorable for shipowner. Weather Working Days of 24 Consecutive Hours 連續(xù)24小時晴天工作日: excluding the bad weather time period, suitable for ports that operate day and night.n Demurrag

34、e: is an extra charge a shipper pays for detaining a freight car or ship beyond time permitted for loading or unloading. 負責裝卸的一方未按約定的裝卸時間及裝卸率完成裝卸任務，應向船方支付一定的罰金。n Dispatch: is an amount paid by a vessels operator to a charter if loading or unloading is completed in less time than stipulated in the ch

35、arter agreement. 提前完成裝卸任務，可從船方領取一定的獎金 一般情況下，速遣費是滯期費的一半。Ocean Bill of Lading B/LChapter 8 Cargo Insurance1. Marine Insurance 海上保險Risk:l Perils of the Sea 海上風險 natural calamity 自然災害 fortuitous accidents 意外事故: fire, explosion, vessel being stranded, grounded擱淺l Extraneous Risks 外來風險 General Extraneous:

36、 theft and pilferage, contamination, leakage, short delivery Special Extraneous: war, strike, failure to deliver due to some special laws or regulationsLosses (average):l Total loss Actual Total Loss Constructive Total Lossl Partial loss General Average 共同海損: all parties are bound together in the “a

37、dventure”. to save the ship and some of the cargo, part of the cargo or vessel have to besacrificed. Particular Average 單獨海損 damage part of the shippers cargo and no one elses cargo has to be sacrificed to save the voyage. the party who suffer the damage should take the responsibility. Difference be

38、tween GA and PA: 造成海損的原因不同承擔損失的責任方不同損失的內容不同Expenses: for the rescue of insured cargol Sue and Labor Expenses 施救費用l Salvage Charge/ Salvage 救助費用 Difference between SE and SC施救費用救助費用采取行為的主體不同由“被保險人及其代理人、雇傭人和受讓人”采取行動所發(fā)生的費用。指保險人和被保險人以外的第三方救助者采取行動所應取得的救助報酬。保險人賠償?shù)那疤岵煌瑹o論施救行動是否取得效果，保險人對于合理支出的施救費用均予賠償。是在救助行為

39、取得效果的前提下，由保險人賠償被保險人所支付的救助報酬。保險人的賠償限度不同保險人對施救費用可在賠償保險貨物本身的損失金額以外，最多再賠償一個保險金額。是以不超過獲救財產(chǎn)的價值為限，也就是說，救助費用與保險貨物本身損失的賠償金額兩者相加，不超過貨物的保險金額。是否是共同海損費用一般總是與共同海損相聯(lián)系，因而救助費用往往是共同海損費用的一部分，是為了使保險財產(chǎn)及其他財產(chǎn)避免遭受共同危險而自愿且合理地支出的費用。往往僅僅是為了被保險人一方的利益。Scope of Insurance Coverage:l Basic coverage FPA (Free from Particular Averag

40、e) 平安險 WPA (With Particular average) 水漬險 All Risks 一切險- 平安險只承保海上意外事故造成的全部和部分損失以及自然災害造成的全部損失，對自然災害造成的部分損失不負責；- 水漬險承保海上風險造成的全部或部分損失。 一切險在水漬險的基礎上，再加上一般外來風險所造成的全部或部分損失。l Additional coverage General additional risksn 偷竊提貨不著險（Theft, Pilferage and Non-Delivery:TPND）n 淡水雨淋險（Fresh Water and Rain Damage：FWRD）

41、n 滲漏險（Risk of Leakage）n 短量險（Risk of Shortage）n 鉤損險（Hook Damage）n 污染險（Risk of Contamination）n 碰損破碎險（Risk of Clash and Breakage）n 銹損險（Risk of Rust）n 串味險（Risk of Odour）n 受潮受熱險（Damage Caused by Heating and Sweating）n 包裝破裂險（Breakage of packing) Special additional risksn 戰(zhàn)爭險（War risk）：戰(zhàn)爭行為、敵對行為、武裝沖突和海盜行為

42、僅限于水面危險，若不卸離海輪，則以貨物到達目的港當日午夜起15天為限。n 罷工險（Risk of Strike,Riots and Civil Commotions:SRCC 罷工暴動民變險）：罷工險的保險責任期間是“倉至倉”；已投保戰(zhàn)爭險又加保罷工險時，一般不另行收費。n 交貨不到險（Failure to deliver）n 進口關稅險（Import duty risk）n 艙面險（On deck risk）n 拒收險（Rejection risk）n 黃曲霉素險（Aflatoxin risk）n 存?zhèn)}火險責任擴展條款Commencement and termination of insur

43、ance duty under basic insurancel Definition of W/W clause(倉至倉條款)u 貨物在目的港卸離海輪60天后，不論是否進入收貨人倉庫，保險責任均終止。u 貨物在卸貨港卸貨后，如需運往保險單載明的某一地點分配或分派，則自貨物運抵該分配或分派地點時，保險責任即終止。u 貨物卸離海輪后，需轉運到非保險單載明的目的地時，保險責任在轉運開始時終止。l Commencement and termination of insurance duty under different trade termsu CIF和CIP下，保險責任起訖期間是“倉至倉” CI

44、F和CIP下，投保是賣方的合同義務，賣方擁有貨物所有權，當然具有保險利益，賣方向保險公司投保， 保險合同在貨物啟運地啟運后即生效，直到貨物進入買方的貨倉。u FOB、CFR條件下，保險責任起訖期間是：“船至倉” 凡是 FOB、CFR、FCA和CPT等價格條件達成的進出口合同的貨物在裝上船（或越過船舷）或交由承運人接管之前，只有賣方有保險利益，買方是沒有保險利益的。買方投保取得的保險單盡管也載明適用于倉至倉條款，但保險公司的實際保險責任僅從貨物在裝運港裝上海船或在發(fā)貨地承運人接管時才開始，直到貨物進入買方的貨倉。Chapter 10 International Payment and Settl

45、ement1. Credit instruments 支付工具Bill of Exchange 匯票u Parties of B/E Drawer 出票人: draws the bill (exporter or bank) Drawee(payer)受票人或付款人: accept the instruction to pay the money (importer or bank) Payee受款人或受款人: the money is to be paid (importer or bank) 付款人=受票人，收款人=受款人u Essentials to B/El The word “Exc

46、hange”l An unconditional order in writingl Name and address of the draweel Drawers signaturesl Date and place of issuel Name or business entity of the payeel Tenorl Place of paymentl Amountl Acts of Bill of Exchangeu Classification of B/El Commercial draft Bankers draftl Sight(demand) draft 即期匯票（不需經(jīng)

47、過承兌步驟）Time(usance) bill 遠期匯票l Clean draft 光票或凈票、白票Documentary draft 跟單匯票u The acts of B/El To issuea restrictive payee are negotiable and transferableto order: requires endorsement when transferringto bearer: requires no endorsementl Endorsement 背書 Blank Endorsement (general endorsement) 空白背書（不記名背書）

48、Shows an endorsers signature only and specifies no endorsee Special Endorsement 特別空白書（記名背書）Specifies an endorsee to whom or to whose order the draft is to be paid, in addition to the signature of an endorser. Restrictive Endorsement 限制性背書Limits or narrows the negotiability of the bill. Conditional E

49、ndorsement 條件背書A conditional endorsement transfers ownership subject to a specified term and condition.l Presentment/ presentation 提示The act of taking the bill to the drawee and demanding that he makes the payment or accept the bill Presentation for acceptance 承兌提示 Presentation for payment 付款提示l Acc

50、eptance 承兌l Payment 付款l Dishonour and Recourse 拒付和追索 l Discounting 貼現(xiàn)Its a financing method performed in such a manner that a holder of an accepted bill sells the bill to a financial institution at a price less than its face value before it reaches its maturity.Promissory Note 本票u Classification of

51、P/Nl General P/NSight P/NTime P/Nl Bankers P/N (cashiers order)Its a sight P/N Difference between draft and promissory note（匯票和本票的區(qū)別）：l 基本當事人的數(shù)量不同 匯票是委付式票據(jù)，它是出票人簽發(fā)的，委托付款人在規(guī)定時間無條件向收款人支付一定金額的票據(jù)。所以，匯票有三個基本當事人：出票人、收款人和付款人。 本票是承諾式票據(jù)，它是由出票人承諾在持票人提示付款時無條件地由他本人向收款人支付一定金額的票據(jù)。所以，本票有兩個基本當事人：出票人和收款人。本票的付款人就是出票人

52、自己。l 是否要承兌不同 遠期匯票必須經(jīng)過承兌，才能確定付款人對匯票的付款責任。 本票的付款人既是出票人本身，出票人簽發(fā)本票就等于承諾在持票人提示付款時付款，所以，本票無需承兌。Checque/ Check 支票u Classification of Check Cheque to Order and Cheque to Bearer普通支票、現(xiàn)金支票與轉帳支票 Cross Cheque and Open Cheque劃線支票與未劃線支票 Certified Cheque保付支票 Difference between draft and check（匯票和支票的區(qū)別）：l 付款人的身份不同。

53、匯票的付款人可以是銀行，也可以是個人或工商企業(yè)。 支票的付款人限于具有一定資格的銀行或者其他金融機構。l 付款期限不同。 匯票有即期和遠期之分，其中，遠期匯票需要承兌。支票則只能是即期的， 支票一經(jīng)提示，付款人就應按照票面金額支付票款，因此，支票無需承兌。 即期匯票、本票、支票無需承兌。2. Payment Methods 支付方式Remittance 匯付It refers to transfer of funds from one party to another among different countries through banks.The Parties involved in

54、 Remittance Remitter-buyer 匯款人 Remitting bank 匯出行 Receiving bank 匯入行 Paying bank 解付行 Payee(beneficiary)-seller 收款人The Types of Remittance: l Mail transfer(M/T) 信匯l Telegraphic transfer (T/T) 電匯l Demand draft (D/D) 票匯 Rate: T/T M/T D/D Payment: T/T M/T匯付支付方式中，銀行只提供服務而不提供信用，所以匯付屬于商業(yè)信用（Commercial Credi

55、t）匯付采用的是順匯方式Collection 托收 The parties involved in collection Principal-seller (drawer) 委托人Remitting bank (at the place of the seller) 托收行Collecting bank (at the place of the buyer) 代收行Presenting bank (drawee) 付款人 Principals representative in case of need 需要時的代理 Varieties of Collectionl Clean collection 光票托收l Documentary collection 跟單托收 Documents against payment (D/P) 付款交單 D/P at sight 即期付款交單 D/P after sight 遠期付款交單 Documents against acceptance (D/A) 承兌交單 D/A只用于遠期匯票的托收 For exporter, the risk is: D/AD/P after sight D/P at sightLetter of credit 信用證A letter of credit is a pa