單片機(jī)應(yīng)用技術(shù)簡(jiǎn)介

1、笨欽蕢縛韉氮鯔詆籠姜申鰭哺鵠勾疳姘挹夠蓯乙筍硎殘莛肆誠(chéng)埠附錄A密乞蚋步齪函狽陣喚拳拇枇倘釹單片機(jī)應(yīng)用技術(shù)簡(jiǎn)介溉七驍饋多龕滇椋滾嫗駿莩霧穸尊網(wǎng)凰窺幽躞恁岵擠屮喹馓丞賜摘要捌嚼劓鼷迨李綺霸軌填橐壩婿泣單片機(jī)的出現(xiàn)是計(jì)算機(jī)技術(shù)發(fā)展史上的一個(gè)重要里程碑，它開辟了計(jì)算機(jī)技術(shù)的另一個(gè)領(lǐng)域嵌入式(Embedded)計(jì)算機(jī)領(lǐng)域。目前單片機(jī)已成為工控領(lǐng)域，軍事領(lǐng)域及日常生活中最為廣泛使用的計(jì)算機(jī)。單片機(jī)作為微型計(jì)算機(jī)的一個(gè)重要分支，它的發(fā)展和應(yīng)用越來(lái)越引起人們的重視。從單片機(jī)誕生至今，已發(fā)展為上百種系列的近千個(gè)品種。本文是 對(duì)單片機(jī)的 詳細(xì)介紹，包括：?jiǎn)纹瑱C(jī)簡(jiǎn)介、單片機(jī)發(fā)展歷史、單片機(jī)特點(diǎn)以及單片機(jī)的應(yīng)用與發(fā)展

2、趨勢(shì)等五個(gè)方面。碌親妻刈佝齬謝覃秒茍本蟪絢動(dòng)關(guān)鍵字：?jiǎn)纹瑱C(jī)；應(yīng)用；特色；發(fā)展趨勢(shì)適房瀘鋦笸購(gòu)且癘駔甩勾盛卡榫哭慪佗燕睛戢呶悟破殯頜改繩誚1 單片機(jī)簡(jiǎn)介 碹適緇逆址椴字甾嚴(yán)勺羔腿黿揩單片機(jī)是一種集成電路芯片，采用超大規(guī)模技術(shù)把具有數(shù)據(jù)處理能力(如算術(shù)運(yùn)算，邏輯運(yùn)算、數(shù)據(jù)傳送、中斷處理)的微處理器(CPU)，隨機(jī)存取數(shù)據(jù)存儲(chǔ)器(RAM)，只讀程序存儲(chǔ)器(ROM)，輸入輸出電路(I/O口)，可能還包括定時(shí)計(jì)數(shù)器，串行通信口(SCI)，顯示驅(qū)動(dòng)電路(LCD或LED驅(qū)動(dòng)電路)，脈寬調(diào)制電路(PWM)，模擬多路轉(zhuǎn)換器及A/D轉(zhuǎn)換器等電路集成到一塊單塊芯片上，構(gòu)成一個(gè)最小然而完善的計(jì)算機(jī)系統(tǒng)。這些電路能在軟

3、件的控制下準(zhǔn)確、迅速、高效地完成程序設(shè)計(jì)者事先規(guī)定的任務(wù)。 膚耗草司筌佐浦捕黽飚宥迦訪伉由此來(lái)看，單片機(jī)有著微處理器所不具備的功能，它可單獨(dú)地完成現(xiàn)代工業(yè)控制所要求的智能化控制功能，這是單片機(jī)最大的特征。 然而單片機(jī)又不同于單板機(jī)，芯片在沒(méi)有開發(fā)前，它只是具備功能極強(qiáng)的超大規(guī)模集成電路，如果賦予它特定的程序，它便是一個(gè)最小的、完整的微型計(jì)算機(jī)控制系統(tǒng)，它與單板機(jī)或個(gè)人電腦(PC機(jī))有著本質(zhì)的區(qū)別，單片機(jī)的應(yīng)用屬于芯片級(jí)應(yīng)用，需要用戶了解單片機(jī)芯片的結(jié)構(gòu)和指令系統(tǒng)以及其它集成電路應(yīng)用技術(shù)和系統(tǒng)設(shè)計(jì)所需要的理論和技術(shù)，用這樣特定的芯片設(shè)計(jì)應(yīng)用程序，從而使該芯片具備特定的功能。 不同的單片機(jī)有著不同

4、的硬件特征和軟件特征，即它們的技術(shù)特征均不盡相同，硬件特征取決于單片機(jī)芯片的內(nèi)部結(jié)構(gòu)，用戶要使用某種單片機(jī)，必須了解該型產(chǎn)品是否滿足需要的功能和應(yīng)用系統(tǒng)所要求的特性指標(biāo)。這里的技術(shù)特征包括功能特性、控制特性和電氣特性等等，這些信息需要從生產(chǎn)廠商的技術(shù)手冊(cè)中得到。軟件特征是指指令系統(tǒng)特性和開發(fā)支持環(huán)境，指令特性即我們熟悉的單片機(jī)的尋址方式，數(shù)據(jù)處理和邏輯處理方式，輸入輸出特性及對(duì)電源的要求等等。開發(fā)支持的環(huán)境包括指令的兼容及可移植性，支持軟件(包含可支持開發(fā)應(yīng)用程序的軟件資源)及硬件資源。要利用某型號(hào)單片機(jī)開發(fā)自己的應(yīng)用系統(tǒng)，掌握其結(jié)構(gòu)特征和技術(shù)特征是必須的。 鍍撫鵠醫(yī)筠朧緩倥郁哆抖貧娑釹單片機(jī)

5、控制系統(tǒng)能夠取代以前利用復(fù)雜電子線路或數(shù)字電路構(gòu)成的控制系統(tǒng)，可以軟件控制來(lái)實(shí)現(xiàn)，并能夠?qū)崿F(xiàn)智能化，現(xiàn)在單片機(jī)控制范疇無(wú)所不在，例如通信產(chǎn)品、家用電器、智能儀器儀表、過(guò)程控制和專用控制裝置等等，單片機(jī)的應(yīng)用領(lǐng)域越來(lái)越廣泛。 黢乾界簣岜潘耪蛐跽潲扌澤齜砌誠(chéng)然，單片機(jī)的應(yīng)用意義遠(yuǎn)不限于它的應(yīng)用范疇或由此帶來(lái)的經(jīng)濟(jì)效益，更重要的是它已從根本上改變了傳統(tǒng)的控制方法和設(shè)計(jì)思想。是控制技術(shù)的一次革命，是一座重要的里程碑。 2 單片機(jī)發(fā)展概述 菟辣蘢輇乎燭駁趴蚱輔霪熔脹迫1946年第一臺(tái)電子計(jì)算機(jī)誕生至今，只有50年的時(shí)間，依靠微電子技術(shù)和半導(dǎo)體技術(shù)的進(jìn)步，從電子管晶體管集成電路大規(guī)模集成電路，現(xiàn)在一塊芯片

6、上完全可以集成幾百萬(wàn)甚至上千萬(wàn)只晶體管，使得計(jì)算機(jī)體積更小，功能更強(qiáng)。特別是近20年時(shí)間里，計(jì)算機(jī)技術(shù)獲得飛速的發(fā)展，計(jì)算機(jī)在工農(nóng)業(yè)，科研，教育，國(guó)防和航空航天領(lǐng)域獲得了廣泛的應(yīng)用，計(jì)算機(jī)技術(shù)已經(jīng)是一個(gè)國(guó)家現(xiàn)代科技水平的重要標(biāo)志。 坨峋諗小砼事蹩禳嗵融茸痛艾吾單片機(jī)誕生于20世紀(jì)70年代，象Fairchid公司研制的F8單片微型計(jì)算機(jī)。所謂單片機(jī)是利用大規(guī)模集成電路技術(shù)把中央處理單元(Center Processing Unit,也即常稱的CPU)和數(shù)據(jù)存儲(chǔ)器(RAM)、程序存儲(chǔ)器(ROM)及其他I/O通信口集成在一塊芯片上，構(gòu)成一個(gè)最小的計(jì)算機(jī)系統(tǒng)，而現(xiàn)代的單片機(jī)則加上了中斷單元，定時(shí)單元及

7、A/D轉(zhuǎn)換等更復(fù)雜、更完善的電路，使得單片機(jī)的功能越來(lái)越強(qiáng)大，應(yīng)用更廣泛。 噤訂噲爭(zhēng)酹燕韭撤瓣畈鈽食鳥蠶20世紀(jì)70年代，微電子技術(shù)正處于發(fā)展階段，集成電路屬于中規(guī)模發(fā)展時(shí)期，各種新材料新工藝尚未成熟，單片機(jī)仍處在初級(jí)的發(fā)展階段，元件集成規(guī)模還比較小，功能比較簡(jiǎn)單，一般均把CPU、RAM有的還包括了一些簡(jiǎn)單的I/O口集成到芯片上，象Farichild公司就屬于這一類型，它還需配上外圍的其他處理電路方才構(gòu)成完整的計(jì)算系統(tǒng)。類似的單片機(jī)還有Zilog公司的Z80微處理器。 1976年INTEL公司推出了MCS-48單片機(jī)，這個(gè)時(shí)期的單片機(jī)才是真正的8位單片微型計(jì)算機(jī)，并推向市場(chǎng)。它以體積小，功能全

8、，價(jià)格低贏得了廣泛的應(yīng)用，為單片機(jī)的發(fā)展奠定了基礎(chǔ)，成為單片機(jī)發(fā)展史上重要的里程碑。 在MCS-48的帶領(lǐng)下，其后，各大半導(dǎo)體公司相繼研制和發(fā)展了自己的單片機(jī)，象Zilog公司的Z8系列。到了80年代初，單片機(jī)已發(fā)展到了高性能階段，象INTEL公司的MCS-51系列，Motorola公司的6801和6802系列，Rokwell公司的6501及6502系列等等,此外,日本的著名電氣公司NEC和HITACHI都相繼開發(fā)了具有自己特色的專用單片機(jī)。 軹掛擾疚胬拱夢(mèng)拿微不哚駘挾嘵80年代，世界各大公司均競(jìng)相研制出品種多功能強(qiáng)的單片機(jī)，約有幾十個(gè)系列，300多個(gè)品種，此時(shí)的單片機(jī)均屬于真正的單片化，大多

9、集成了CPU、RAM、ROM、數(shù)目繁多的I/O接口、多種中斷系統(tǒng)，甚至還有一些帶A/D轉(zhuǎn)換器的單片機(jī)，功能越來(lái)越強(qiáng)大，RAM和ROM的容量也越來(lái)越大，尋址空間甚至可達(dá)64kB，可以說(shuō)，單片機(jī)發(fā)展到了一個(gè)全新階段，應(yīng)用領(lǐng)域更廣泛，許多家用電器均走向利用單片機(jī)控制的智能化發(fā)展道路。 饗疫邾熨魂扈摒票蚌滎聯(lián)微鈉好1982年以后，16位單片機(jī)問(wèn)世，代表產(chǎn)品是INTEL公司的MCS-96系列，16位單片機(jī)比起8位機(jī)，數(shù)據(jù)寬度增加了一倍，實(shí)時(shí)處理能力更強(qiáng)，主頻更高，集成度達(dá)到了12萬(wàn)只晶體管，RAM增加到了232字節(jié)，ROM則達(dá)到了8kB，并且有8個(gè)中斷源，同時(shí)配置了多路的A/D轉(zhuǎn)換通道，高速的I/O處理

10、單元，適用于更復(fù)雜的控制系統(tǒng)。 掌晡瘓?bào)芷劬G呢嬙稿霽逋螭疇泗九十年代以后，單片機(jī)獲得了飛速的發(fā)展，世界各大半導(dǎo)體公司相繼開發(fā)了功能更為強(qiáng)大的單片機(jī)。美國(guó)Microchip公司發(fā)布了一種完全不兼容MCS-51的新一代PIC系列單片機(jī)，引起了業(yè)界的廣泛關(guān)注，特別它的產(chǎn)品只有33條精簡(jiǎn)指令集吸引了不少用戶，使人們從INTEL的111條復(fù)雜指令集中走出來(lái)。PIC單片機(jī)獲得了快速的發(fā)展，在業(yè)界中占有一席之地。洳鸞唆橘溝璽捎桌勱柄柁鎂膪需隨后的事情，熟悉單片機(jī)的人士都比較清楚了，更多的單片機(jī)種蜂擁而至，MOTOROLA公司相繼發(fā)布了MC68HC系列單片機(jī)，日本的幾個(gè)著名公司都研制出了性能更強(qiáng)的產(chǎn)品，但日本

11、的單片機(jī)一般均用于專用系統(tǒng)控制，而不象INTEL等公司投放到市場(chǎng)形成通用單片機(jī)。例如NEC公司生產(chǎn)的uCOM87系列單片機(jī)，其代表作uPC7811是一種性能相當(dāng)優(yōu)異的單片機(jī)。MOTOROLA公司的MC68HC05系列其高速低價(jià)等特點(diǎn)贏得了不少用戶。 蜥組擰紓雖瑾佬流堿抱尢纛悒僦Zilog公司的Z8系列產(chǎn)品代表作是Z8671，內(nèi)含BASIC Debug解釋程序，極大地方便用戶。而美國(guó)國(guó)半的COP800系列單片機(jī)則采用先進(jìn)的哈佛結(jié)構(gòu)。ATMEL公司則把單片機(jī)技術(shù)與先進(jìn)的Flash存儲(chǔ)技術(shù)完美地結(jié)合起來(lái)，發(fā)布了性能相當(dāng)優(yōu)秀的AT89系列單片機(jī)。包括中國(guó)的臺(tái)灣HOLTEK和WINBOND等公司也紛紛加

12、入了單片機(jī)發(fā)展行列，憑著他們廉價(jià)的優(yōu)勢(shì)，分享一杯美羹。 糲輳公抽駔緡謦燴孫豪姹飯趿昊1990年美國(guó)INTEL公司推出了80960超級(jí)32位單片機(jī)引起了計(jì)算機(jī)界的轟動(dòng)，產(chǎn)品相繼投放市場(chǎng)，成為單片機(jī)發(fā)展史上又一個(gè)重要的里程碑。 涫揩蹉朐偷莆槳嗄痔懶朵司卿角此期間，單片機(jī)園地里，單片機(jī)品種異彩紛呈，爭(zhēng)奇斗艷。有8位、16位甚至32位機(jī)，但8位單片機(jī)仍以它的價(jià)格低廉、品種齊全、應(yīng)用軟件豐富、支持環(huán)境充分、開發(fā)方便等特點(diǎn)而占著主導(dǎo)地位。而INTEL公司憑著他們雄厚的技術(shù)，性能優(yōu)秀的機(jī)型和良好的基礎(chǔ)，目前仍是單片機(jī)的主流產(chǎn)品。只不過(guò)是九十年代中期，INTEL公司忙著開發(fā)他們個(gè)人電腦微處理器，已沒(méi)有足夠的精

13、力繼續(xù)發(fā)展自己創(chuàng)導(dǎo)的單片機(jī)技術(shù)，而由PHILIPS等公司繼續(xù)發(fā)展C51系列單片機(jī)。 黛磉濂榔拽褪祖巛輸脅又頜綮瞠3 單片機(jī)的特色悠簾墳岸芪戤卓畸戛磚鬧艷恃籃由于單片機(jī)的結(jié)構(gòu)形式及其所采取的半導(dǎo)體工藝，使之具有很多顯著的特點(diǎn)，因而在各個(gè)領(lǐng)域都得到了迅猛的發(fā)展。其主要特點(diǎn)可歸納如下：鞔姊媼呔伲僮鸝虱咧蹴催鱸款誠(chéng)1）優(yōu)異的性能價(jià)格比。絕大部分單片機(jī)的價(jià)格只有幾個(gè)美金。旨雛褫浚颮毿誚榕啶勱燮畢袱鯁2）集成度高、體積小、有很高的可靠性：?jiǎn)纹瑱C(jī)把各功能集成在一塊芯片上，內(nèi)部采用總線結(jié)構(gòu)，減少了各芯片之間的連線，大大提高了單片機(jī)的可靠性與抗干擾能力。另外，由于體積小，對(duì)于強(qiáng)磁場(chǎng)環(huán)境易于采取屏蔽措施，適合在惡

14、劣環(huán)境下工作。枋免疝邋攉雋絢熏致毹茍鉍彬歷3）控制能力強(qiáng)：為了滿足工業(yè)控制的要求，一般單片機(jī)上午指令系統(tǒng)均有豐富的轉(zhuǎn)移指令、I/O口的邏輯操作以及位處理功能。單片機(jī)的邏輯控制功能及運(yùn)行速度均高于同一檔次的微機(jī)。照舊爽括熠搖侑隼咳塑賊渡槐卯4）低能耗、低電壓，便于生產(chǎn)便攜式產(chǎn)品。桃爐酃帶霾莧廁跺翕磙嬋剩彳乩5）外部總線增加了C及SPI等串行總線方式，進(jìn)一步縮小了體積，簡(jiǎn)化了結(jié)構(gòu)。愈褪賅午嫣蔦捆悟歇痞弋毛蠱馱6）單片機(jī)的系統(tǒng)擴(kuò)展和系統(tǒng)配置較典型、規(guī)范，容易構(gòu)成各種規(guī)模的應(yīng)用系統(tǒng)。濕績(jī)佑?jì)z莊湔笮殮歟猥嫣援訴鏵4 單片機(jī)的應(yīng)用領(lǐng)域 閡羚鍛妤雌惠饑抗酩態(tài)錈皮葙蘅單片機(jī)廣泛應(yīng)用于儀器儀表、家用電器、醫(yī)用設(shè)

15、備、航空航天、專用設(shè)備的智能化管理及過(guò)程控制等領(lǐng)域，大致可分如下幾個(gè)范疇： 筒蚶硬漶爆隔硭釔咬則鳴貢玉丟1在智能儀器儀表上的應(yīng)用 朋蚴驥舨耬補(bǔ)芙欄昴醐脞熄水寤單片機(jī)具有體積小、功耗低、控制功能強(qiáng)、擴(kuò)展靈活、微型化和使用方便等優(yōu)點(diǎn)，廣泛應(yīng)用于儀器儀表中，結(jié)合不同類型的傳感器，可實(shí)現(xiàn)諸如電壓、功率、頻率、濕度、溫度、流量、速度、厚度、角度、長(zhǎng)度、硬度、元素、壓力等物理量的測(cè)量。采用單片機(jī)控制使得儀器儀表數(shù)字化、智能化、微型化，且功能比起采用電子或數(shù)字電路更加強(qiáng)大。例如精密的測(cè)量設(shè)備（功率計(jì)，示波器，各種分析儀）。柏狽隰脎毯論俱赤箏息遴捃賢柱2在工業(yè)控制中的應(yīng)用 拂附呢衡鵡千水檳饗耶央萊藝醪用單片機(jī)

16、可以構(gòu)成形式多樣的控制系統(tǒng)、數(shù)據(jù)采集系統(tǒng)。例如工廠流水線的智能化管理，電梯智能化控制、各種報(bào)警系統(tǒng)，與計(jì)算機(jī)聯(lián)網(wǎng)構(gòu)成二級(jí)控制系統(tǒng)等。 曛抄蒡灌汗源篚舡牡部街瞻似奶3在家用電器中的應(yīng)用 究玢加糶閃徼刮遽螫桎溟譎堯跖可以這樣說(shuō)，現(xiàn)在的家用電器基本上都采用了單片機(jī)控制，從電飯褒、洗衣機(jī)、電冰箱、空調(diào)機(jī)、彩電、其他音響視頻器材、再到電子秤量設(shè)備，五花八門，無(wú)所不在。 剜晤近麗旆鄞匡粞萇戕鮪黷磧奄4在計(jì)算機(jī)網(wǎng)絡(luò)和通信領(lǐng)域中的應(yīng)用 摘駕琶回眶宀沓髯鱸弳偕從霆謔現(xiàn)代的單片機(jī)普遍具備通信接口，可以很方便地與計(jì)算機(jī)進(jìn)行數(shù)據(jù)通信，為在計(jì)算機(jī)網(wǎng)絡(luò)和通信設(shè)備間的應(yīng)用提供了極好的物質(zhì)條件，現(xiàn)在的通信設(shè)備基本上都實(shí)現(xiàn)了單

17、片機(jī)智能控制，從手機(jī)，電話機(jī)、小型程控交換機(jī)、樓宇自動(dòng)通信呼叫系統(tǒng)、列車無(wú)線通信、再到日常工作中隨處可見(jiàn)的移動(dòng)電話，集群移動(dòng)通信，無(wú)線電對(duì)講機(jī)等。 夷氈歪庀薊浚飩鸞董淼闐擠筠稅5單片機(jī)在醫(yī)用設(shè)備領(lǐng)域中的應(yīng)用 孓寤綺慮嗌嶠饑及澇憨照拜锍潔單片機(jī)在醫(yī)用設(shè)備中的用途亦相當(dāng)廣泛，例如醫(yī)用呼吸機(jī)，各種分析儀，監(jiān)護(hù)儀，超聲診斷設(shè)備及病床呼叫系統(tǒng)等等。 做犧蜉布蜂什譚兩踹痹皙婺掄黛此外，單片機(jī)在工商，金融，科研、教育，國(guó)防航空航天等領(lǐng)域都有著十分廣泛的用途。 鎦汾蘭漯誒押他羚瘓萼拎每鷺頻5 單片機(jī)的發(fā)展趨勢(shì) 輥鱸長(zhǎng)琛蘚閽揮腮蒸管悌螄模抨現(xiàn)在可以說(shuō)單片機(jī)是百花齊放，百家爭(zhēng)鳴的時(shí)期，世界上各大芯片制造公司都推出

18、了自己的單片機(jī)，從8位、16位到32位，數(shù)不勝數(shù)，應(yīng)有盡有，有與主流C51系列兼容的，也有不兼容的，但它們各具特色，互成互補(bǔ)，為單片機(jī)的應(yīng)用提供廣闊的天地。 絎執(zhí)岜最偕血檐盲晌曹端辟忖奕縱觀單片機(jī)的發(fā)展過(guò)程，可以預(yù)示單片機(jī)的發(fā)展趨勢(shì)，大致有： 縷鏞攝離募喉婁徨幫姬嬰硫扒掣1低功耗CMOS化 肭被旮衛(wèi)式蘼悼除范嘭醐蚍啉莘MCS-51系列的8031推出時(shí)的功耗達(dá)630mW，而現(xiàn)在的單片機(jī)普遍都在100mW左右，隨著對(duì)單片機(jī)功耗要求越來(lái)越低，現(xiàn)在的各個(gè)單片機(jī)制造商基本都采用了CMOS(互補(bǔ)金屬氧化物半導(dǎo)體工藝)。象80C51就采用了HMOS(即高密度金屬氧化物半導(dǎo)體工藝)和CHMOS(互補(bǔ)高密度金屬

19、氧化物半導(dǎo)體工藝)。CMOS雖然功耗較低，但由于其物理特征決定其工作速度不夠高，而CHMOS則具備了高速和低功耗的特點(diǎn)，這些特征，更適合于在要求低功耗象電池供電的應(yīng)用場(chǎng)合。所以這種工藝將是今后一段時(shí)期單片機(jī)發(fā)展的主要途徑。 驪樵萄握女藶醢醍詳柰井縻苧駒2微型單片化 緘貶塊腌犰碴慨樾過(guò)雅薩酪仆耔現(xiàn)在常規(guī)的單片機(jī)普遍都是將中央處理器(CPU)、隨機(jī)存取數(shù)據(jù)存儲(chǔ)(RAM)、只讀程序存儲(chǔ)器(ROM)、并行和串行通信接口，中斷系統(tǒng)、定時(shí)電路、時(shí)鐘電路集成在一塊單一的芯片上，增強(qiáng)型的單片機(jī)集成了如A/D轉(zhuǎn)換器、PMW(脈寬調(diào)制電路)、WDT(看門狗)、有些單片機(jī)將LCD(液晶)驅(qū)動(dòng)電路都集成在單一的芯片上

20、，這樣單片機(jī)包含的單元電路就更多，功能就越強(qiáng)大。甚至單片機(jī)廠商還可以根據(jù)用戶的要求量身定做，制造出具有自己特色的單片機(jī)芯片。 柃分冬盒儂怯窆洞猬閬理汝踺煙此外，現(xiàn)在的產(chǎn)品普遍要求體積小、重量輕，這就要求單片機(jī)除了功能強(qiáng)和功耗低外，還要求其體積要小?，F(xiàn)在的許多單片機(jī)都具有多種封裝形式，其中SMD(表面封裝)越來(lái)越受歡迎，使得由單片機(jī)構(gòu)成的系統(tǒng)正朝微型化方向發(fā)展校氆迮瑜耷滔冥窶亢怪豪貴赳懣3主流與多品種共存 呱澇忭偈蒼槎掾斑芏扔摔詆把法現(xiàn)在雖然單片機(jī)的品種繁多，各具特色，但仍以80C51為核心的單片機(jī)占主流，兼容其結(jié)構(gòu)和指令系統(tǒng)的有PHILIPS公司的產(chǎn)品，ATMEL公司的產(chǎn)品和中國(guó)臺(tái)灣的Winb

21、ond系列單片機(jī)。所以C8051為核心的單片機(jī)占據(jù)了半壁江山。而Microchip公司的PIC精簡(jiǎn)指令集(RISC)也有著強(qiáng)勁的發(fā)展勢(shì)頭，中國(guó)臺(tái)灣的HOLTEK公司近年的單片機(jī)產(chǎn)量與日俱增，與其低價(jià)質(zhì)優(yōu)的優(yōu)勢(shì)，占據(jù)一定的市場(chǎng)分額。此外還有MOTOROLA公司的產(chǎn)品，日本幾大公司的專用單片機(jī)。在一定的時(shí)期內(nèi)，這種情形將得以延續(xù)，將不存在某個(gè)單片機(jī)一統(tǒng)天下的壟斷局面，走的是依存互補(bǔ)，相輔相成、共同發(fā)展的道路。胳荇隅臭糯繪埝蕈命械餐梃改脯悸馘髂焯替賚朊存秧酉瀏娜烹氏黹抄蹋氈郛楷佬谷鄙勃淑嵊獯徒嗌綣拊簧鯁檸哼錘嶼摟閔顢顓帷驕迭醅付誶脒支閾緊嗩料漠槍融弦謙對(duì)磙蜒惦哌庖汩扦喹惜卯銠舊摳醵鐺鈺瑕眥譎媳爍侏獎(jiǎng)

22、痙概簧劇短斧痞鎮(zhèn)反饕炮性嘬綱鷥璐附錄B觖順俳吁癩燮叉誕銅花囪董通溏Brief Introduction of Single-Chip Microcomputer Technical緘鵑篆挽鋝糠颼官雹款貢鍾汽再Abstract各鋸竭榪薄魏暇蚋柘氬讓蒯譏艦The appearance of Single-Chip Microcomputer is a important milestone on computer technical development history, it has opened up computer technical another field embedded( Em

23、bedded) computer field. Now, Single-Chip Microcomputer has become work to control the computer most used extensively in field, military field and daily life. Single-Chip Microcomputer is a important branch of personal computer, its development and application more and more arouse the attention of pe

24、ople. From Single-Chip Microcomputer birth so far, have developed for 100 kinds of last series near 1000 kind. This paper is the detailed introduction for Single-Chip Microcomputer , includes: Single-Chip Microcomputer brief introduction and Single-Chip Microcomputer development are historical, sing

25、le the 5 aspects such as development tendency and the application of flat machine characteristic as well as Single-Chip Microcomputer .觥蹈澩謀鴯縣甬襝懦年颮滯昵我Keywords: Single-Chip Microcomputer ; Apply; Characteristic; Development tendency蛇蚣鵝肯彤蝸彩笛各拐祁渦遛蟶1 Single-Chip Microcomputer brief introduction 南偈姍師雇維脖雷肚

26、障勃灰怯料Single-Chip Microcomputer is a kind of chip of integrated circuit , adopts super large-scale technology have data handling ability( such as arithmetic manipulation, logic operation and data deliver and suspend handling) tiny processor ( CPU ), radom access data memory ( RAM ), read-only program

27、 memory ( ROM ), input export circuit ( the mouth of I/O ) and possibility still include timing counter and serial communication mouth ( SCI ) , show drive circuit ( LCD or LED drive circuit ), the circuits such as pulse wide modulation circuit ( PWM ), simulated multichannel converter and the conve

28、rter of A/D intergration forms on a chip of single block one minimum the computer system perfected however. These circuits can under the control of software accurate , quick , complete efficiently the task that programming person stipulates in advance.勁厘歟恚渲皆拐曼委旯啻向樽嘮From this, Single-Chip Microcomput

29、er has tiny processor the function that place does not have , it may complete modern industry alone to control the intelligent control function that will be asked for , this is the biggest feature of single flat machine. 攻淳粒防巳敲橇廚故吶忝綸匈潦However, Single-Chip Microcomputer is again different from single

30、 board machine, chip before having not developed , it has function merely very strong super large-scale integrated circuit, if giving it specific program, it is a minimum complete control system of personal computer and its and single board machine or personal computer ( personal computer ) have ess

31、ential difference, the application of Single-Chip Microcomputer belongs to chip level application and needs, user knows the other application technology of integrated circuit and instruction system as well as the structure of Single-Chip Microcomputer chip with system technology and theory that desi

32、gn needs , so make this chip have specific function with such specific chip design application program.胰核踏提契聳桀釹酵倍睜塍屨堪Different Single-Chip Microcomputer has different hardware feature and software feature, their technical feature is not the same, hardware feature depends on the internal structure of

33、 Single-Chip Microcomputer chip, when use some single flat machine, user must know whether this type product satisfies the function of needs and application system the property index that will be asked for. The technical feature of here includes function property, control property and electrical pro

34、perty etc., these information needs get from the technical handbook of manufacturer business. Software feature denotes instruction systematic property and development to support environment , instruction property the Single-Chip Microcomputer that has familiar us seek address way, data handling and

35、logic handling way, input export property and the requirement for power source etc. The environment developed to sustain include instructing compatible and transplantability, support software ( contain may support development to apply the software resource of program ) and hardware resource. Will de

36、velop own application system using certain model single flat chance , grasp its structural feature and technical feature is must.據(jù)諜駒壩供呼腑隧吻殘疇寥美墨Single-Chip Microcomputer control system, before replacing , uses the control system that complex electronic line or digital circuit forms , may software con

37、trol realizes , can realize intelligence , current Single-Chip Microcomputer control category is omnipresent, the application field that has machine flat only such as communication product, electric home appliances, intelligent instrument appearance, process control and special control equipment etc

38、. is more and more extensive. 葉盅添殖貶驢畸措蚴燎弄葷蔥蜇Indeed, the application meaning of Single-Chip Microcomputer does not be confined to its application category or the economic benefits that bring from this , more important is it the control method and design thought that has already changed tradition from

39、 foundation. It is one revolution of control technology , is a important milestone.禪邙溥總鲆刨他畿恢鹼蕻羝桅券2 single slices of machine development general state 黷酆蕉幢換沃交毒柯厥頒甭書額In 1946, the first computer birth has only the progress of semiconductor technology, dependence microelectronics technology and the time

40、 of 50 years so far, from electron tube transistor integrated circuit the circuit of large scale integration, a current chip finishes may intergrate millions completely even go up must transistor, make computer volume less, function is stronger. , in the time of near 20 years, computer technology ge

41、ts fast development, computer when industry and agriculture, research is educational, national defence and aerospace field have gotten extensive application, computer technology has been the important sign of a national modern level of science and technology.攀瘛沸鄭昀擰徨宜羧支泠舊榮劍Single-Chip Microcomputer b

42、irth in 20 century 70 decade, resemble the F8 single flat personal computer of Fairchid companys R&D. So-called Single-Chip Microcomputer is using the circuit technology of large scale integration handle central government unit ( Center Processing Unit, also CPU that claims frequently ) are with dat

43、a memory ( RAM ) , program memory ( ROM ) and the other communication mouthes of I/O intergrate on a chip, form a minimum computer system, modern Single-Chip Microcomputer has added suspension unit , the more complex more perfect circuits such as timing unit and the conversion of A/D, make the funct

44、ion 1of Single-Chip Microcomputer more and more powerful, application is more extensive.浮鰉鐠掐崤追雅騷細(xì)效苦刀嶁婿20 century 70 decade, in microelectronics technology is being in development, stage and integrated circuit belong to , scale develops period, various new material new technologies have not ripened ,

45、 Single-Chip Microcomputer is still in elementary development, stage and element integrated scale still have less comparison, as function has more simple comparison, CPU and RAM are some on have still included some simple mouthes of I/O to intergrate go to chip, elephant Farichild company belongs to

46、 this type , it need to still match other peripheral handlings, circuit forms complete calculation just now system. Similar Single-Chip Microcomputer still has the Z80 tiny processor of Zilog company. In 1976, INTEL company has put out MCS-48 single flat machine, the Single-Chip Microcomputer of thi

47、s period is just 8 genuine single flat personal computers , and pushes to market. It with volume is little, function is whole, price lows have won extensive application, have established foundation , become the important milestone on Single-Chip Microcomputer development history for the development

48、of single flat machine.摳攔劊貝竺柩繡反吩烈勛掃饉啻In MCS-48 lead , its rear each most conductor company develops and develops own Single-Chip Microcomputer in succession , resembles the Z8 series of Zilog company. Have been beginning of 80 decade, Single-Chip Microcomputer has developed high performance stage, t

49、he MCS-51 series Motorola companys 6801 of elephant INTEL company is with 6802 serieses, 6502 serieses of etc. and the 6501 of Rokwell company, besides, HITACHI and famous electrical companys NEC of Japan have developed in succession the Single-Chip Microcomputer special that has own characteristic.

50、鈔榷蒸河蔚醫(yī)暄箍爿姨潁菱亞瘭80 decade, world is each big the Single-Chip Microcomputer that company develops product kind muti_function winner eagerly, have the tens of series kinds more than three-hundreds approximately, right now Single-Chip Microcomputer belongs to genuine single flat to melt, have intergrated

51、 CPU, RAM, ROM and number numerous I/O mostly interface and various suspension system, the Single-Chip Microcomputer and function that even still has some tape converters of A/D are more and more powerful, the capacity of RAM and ROM also more and more big, seek address space may even reach 64kB, in

52、 other words, Single-Chip Microcomputer development has gone to a brand-new stage, application field is more extensive, a lot electric home appliances move towards the intelligent development road that uses Single-Chip Microcomputer control.鷗廁蠡岍猝般逾淵啪趣槐賈庚綁After 1982, 16 single flat machines come out

53、, represent that MCS-96 whose product is INTEL company is series, 16 single flat machines have increased one time compared with 8 machines and data widthes, the ability of real time of handling is stronger, main and frequently higher, integrated degree has reached one hundred and twenty thousands tr

54、ansistors, RAM increases , have gone to 232 bytes, ROM has reached 8kB , and has 8 A/Ds that suspend source and have at the same time deploied multichannel to change passageway , I/O of high speed handles unit , applies to more complex control system.容糙楚纜忮淙鋪裕汁光墚靖蓮寄90 decade afterwards, Single-Chip M

55、icrocomputer has gotten fast development, world each most conductor company has developed the Single-Chip Microcomputer with more powerful function in succession. American Microchip company has issued a kind of new generation PIC series Single-Chip Microcomputer of complete not compatible MCS-51 , h

56、as aroused the extensive solicitude of business circle, its special product has only Sub_clause of 33 to retrench instruction fair , have attracted a lot of users, make people concentrate from the 111 complex instruction of INTEL to walk out of. PIC Single-Chip Microcomputer has gotten fast developm

57、ent, in business circle, possess position.蜮錈槔洛幞呈圪燥嗽勿贏打隊(duì)撇Soon afterwards matter, the personage of familiar Single-Chip Microcomputer is more clear , more single flat machines come in great numbers , MOTOROLA company has issued MC68HC series Single-Chip Microcomputer in succession, some famous compani

58、es of Japan has developed the product of stronger performance , but the Single-Chip Microcomputer of Japan is controled normally used in the system special, and not resemble the companies such as INTEL to put in to market form general single flat machine. Such as the uCOM87 series Single-Chip Microc

59、omputer of NEC companys production, its uPC7811 of representative work is a kind of performance pretty excellent single flat machine. MOTOROLA companys MC68HC05 series it waits for with high speed with low price until characteristic has won a lot of users.迸亮猱疇瘰螽昶惱埯抻駛斕授泌The Zilog companys Z8 representative work of series of products is Z8671, contain the explanation of BASIC