畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)基于單片機(jī)的籃球比賽計(jì)時(shí)計(jì)分器設(shè)計(jì)

1、單片機(jī)原理及系統(tǒng)課程設(shè)計(jì)報(bào)告基于單片機(jī)的籃球比賽計(jì)分計(jì)時(shí)器設(shè)計(jì)摘 要本系統(tǒng)是采用單片機(jī)at89c51作為本設(shè)計(jì)的核心原件。利用7段共陰led作為顯示器件。在此設(shè)計(jì)中共接入了2個(gè)7段共陰led顯示器，用于記錄得分和比賽時(shí)間，顯示范圍可以達(dá)到0到99分，基本滿足賽程需求。計(jì)分按照倒計(jì)時(shí)，每次計(jì)時(shí)時(shí)間為12分鐘，當(dāng)時(shí)間暫停和開始計(jì)時(shí)時(shí)給出報(bào)警。計(jì)時(shí)是倒計(jì)時(shí)，采用定時(shí)/計(jì)數(shù)0中斷，計(jì)分采用查詢的方式，查詢是否有鍵按下，如若有則跳轉(zhuǎn)到相應(yīng)的計(jì)分子程序進(jìn)行相應(yīng)的計(jì)分。關(guān)鍵詞：at89c51；led顯示；定時(shí)計(jì)數(shù)器 abstractthis system is designed by single chip

2、 microcomputer at89c51 as the core components. use 7 with yin led as a display device. in the design of the communist party of china access to the two 7 with yin led displays, used to record scores and game time, showing the range can reach 0 to 99 points, basic meet schedule requirements. graded ac

3、cording to the countdown, timing time of 12 minutes every time, when the time to stop and start the time alarm. timing is the countdown, using the timer/counter interrupt 0, the score with the method of query, the query whether there is a button press, if there are program to jump to the correspondi

4、ng gauge molecules score accordingly.keywords: at89c51,led display ,timing counter1 引言1.1 設(shè)計(jì)要求（1）能記錄整個(gè)賽程的比賽時(shí)間；（2）能隨時(shí)刷新甲、乙兩隊(duì)在整個(gè)過程中的比分，輸入錯(cuò)誤時(shí)能夠糾正比分；（3）中場(chǎng)交換比賽場(chǎng)地時(shí)，能交換甲、乙兩隊(duì)比分的位置。1.2 設(shè)計(jì)方法本系統(tǒng)采用單片機(jī)at89c51作為本設(shè)計(jì)的核心元件。利用7段共陽led作為顯示器件。在此設(shè)計(jì)中共接入了8個(gè)7段共陽led顯示器，其中4個(gè)用于記錄ab隊(duì)的分?jǐn)?shù)，每隊(duì)2個(gè)led顯示器顯示范圍可達(dá)到099分，足夠滿足賽程需要，另外4個(gè)led顯示器

5、則用來記錄賽程時(shí)間，其中2個(gè)用于顯示分鐘，2個(gè)用于顯示秒鐘。賽程計(jì)時(shí)采用倒計(jì)時(shí)方式。即比賽前將時(shí)間設(shè)置好，即12分鐘，比賽開始時(shí)啟動(dòng)計(jì)時(shí)，直至計(jì)時(shí)到零為止。本設(shè)計(jì)中設(shè)立了10個(gè)按鍵，其中8個(gè)用于設(shè)置兩隊(duì)的比分，1個(gè)用于交換場(chǎng)地，1個(gè)用于啟動(dòng)和暫停等功能。2 設(shè)計(jì)方案及原理2.1 器件選擇系統(tǒng)在設(shè)計(jì)的過程中主要選取了以下一些器件：?jiǎn)纹瑱C(jī)：at89c51 ，顯示器件：7段共陰led顯示器，按鍵11個(gè)，上拉電阻2個(gè)，10k歐電阻2個(gè)，330pf電容2個(gè)，晶振一個(gè)。2.2 芯片引腳介紹（1）at89c51介紹目前在單片機(jī)系統(tǒng)中，應(yīng)用比較廣泛的微處理器芯片主要為8xc5x系列單片機(jī)。該系列單片機(jī)均采用標(biāo)

6、準(zhǔn)mcs-51內(nèi)核，硬件資源相互兼容，品類齊全，功能完善，性能穩(wěn)定，體積小，價(jià)格低廉，貨源充足，調(diào)試和編程方便，所以應(yīng)用極為廣泛。at89c51單片機(jī)是一款低功耗，低電壓，高性能cmos 8位單片機(jī)，片內(nèi)含4kb（可經(jīng)受1000次擦寫周期）的flash可編程可反復(fù)擦寫的只讀程序存儲(chǔ)器（eprom），器件采用cmos工藝和atmei公司的高密度、非易失性存儲(chǔ)器（nuram）技術(shù)制造，其輸出引腳和指令系統(tǒng)都與mcs-51兼容。片內(nèi)的flash存儲(chǔ)器允許在系統(tǒng)內(nèi)可改編程序或用常規(guī)的非易失性存儲(chǔ)器編程器來編程。因此，at89c51是一種功能強(qiáng)，靈活性高且價(jià)格合理的單片機(jī)，可方便的應(yīng)用在各個(gè)控制領(lǐng)域，它

7、的引腳圖如圖1。 圖1 at89c51引腳圖（2）7段共陰led顯示器本設(shè)計(jì)中采用的是led顯示器7seg-mpx系列。led顯示器由于結(jié)構(gòu)簡(jiǎn)單，價(jià)格便宜，體積小，亮度高，電壓低，可靠性高，壽命長(zhǎng)，響應(yīng)速度快，顏色鮮艷，配置靈活，與單片機(jī)接口方便而得到廣泛應(yīng)用。led顯示器是由若干個(gè)發(fā)光二極管組成顯示字段的顯示部件，當(dāng)發(fā)光二極管導(dǎo)通時(shí)，相應(yīng)的一個(gè)點(diǎn)或一個(gè)筆劃發(fā)光，控制不同組合的二極管導(dǎo)通，就能顯示出各種字符。在單片機(jī)系統(tǒng)中使用最多的是如圖2所示的七段數(shù)碼顯示器。圖2 七段共陰極數(shù)碼管引腳圖（4位） 圖2中左面8個(gè)引腳分別是a,b,c,d,e,f,g,dp(小數(shù)點(diǎn))，右面是四個(gè)數(shù)碼管的位選端。例

8、如圖中“1”號(hào)引腳為低電位（共陰極）時(shí)，第一個(gè)數(shù)字顯示7段碼表示的數(shù)字或者字母。3 硬件設(shè)計(jì)3.1計(jì)分電路設(shè)計(jì)該電路采用查詢的方式設(shè)計(jì)，即當(dāng)有鍵按下時(shí)給出低電平，再用軟件查詢的方式檢查是否有低電平，如有則顯示相應(yīng)的計(jì)分。所以在設(shè)計(jì)時(shí)考慮設(shè)計(jì)相應(yīng)的上拉電阻，因?yàn)榘粹o不能直接和單片機(jī)的引腳相連。按下相應(yīng)按鍵可以達(dá)到本系統(tǒng)各個(gè)計(jì)分功能。各按鍵及對(duì)應(yīng)功能如下：reseat鍵：恢復(fù)比分和時(shí)間；a+1鍵：顯示a隊(duì)分?jǐn)?shù)加一；a+2鍵：顯示a隊(duì)分?jǐn)?shù)加二；a+3鍵：顯示a隊(duì)分?jǐn)?shù)加三；a-1鍵：顯示a隊(duì)分?jǐn)?shù)減一（防止在計(jì)分時(shí)按錯(cuò)的情況)；b隊(duì)按鍵功能同上；3.2 換場(chǎng)及暫停計(jì)時(shí)/開始計(jì)時(shí)電路設(shè)計(jì)通過利用中斷的方法

9、來實(shí)現(xiàn)換場(chǎng)及暫停計(jì)時(shí)/開始計(jì)時(shí)，用兩個(gè)按鍵：stop/start和change分別產(chǎn)生中斷來控制開始計(jì)時(shí)/暫停計(jì)時(shí)和場(chǎng)地互換功能。同樣注意，在設(shè)計(jì)電路是設(shè)計(jì)相應(yīng)的上拉電阻。3.3 計(jì)分和時(shí)間顯示電路設(shè)計(jì)計(jì)分和時(shí)間顯示采用四位七段共陰極數(shù)碼管（如圖2），用單片機(jī)的p0口用于兩個(gè)數(shù)碼管的段選，p2口低四位用于控制時(shí)間顯示的位選，p2口的高四位用以比分顯示的位選，由于采用的是共陰極數(shù)碼管，所以要有電源和上拉電阻。3.4 系統(tǒng)總體設(shè)計(jì)系統(tǒng)硬件設(shè)計(jì)根據(jù)系統(tǒng)框圖，從系統(tǒng)框圖中可以知道，該系統(tǒng)中包含了預(yù)期設(shè)計(jì)的幾個(gè)部分。而核心部分是at89c51單片機(jī)，單片機(jī)在系統(tǒng)設(shè)計(jì)程序的控制下，實(shí)現(xiàn)預(yù)期功能，連線過程中

10、，由于上拉電阻過多，所以選擇respack-7和respack-8兩個(gè)排阻，使整體電路簡(jiǎn)單美觀，本設(shè)計(jì)中未使用總線。系統(tǒng)原理圖如圖7：圖3 系統(tǒng)設(shè)計(jì)框圖 4 軟件設(shè)計(jì)4.1流程圖軟件設(shè)計(jì)的流程圖為下面圖4、5和6。圖4 交換場(chǎng)地流程圖 圖5得分顯示流程圖 圖6 主程序流程4.2系統(tǒng)仿真 根據(jù)電路連接圖連接電路，在keil環(huán)境下編譯鏈接裝入issue7 professional中，修改預(yù)定參數(shù)，進(jìn)行軟件仿真，點(diǎn)擊軟件執(zhí)行鍵，最終仿真成功得到圖7所示的結(jié)果： 圖7仿真圖5 總結(jié)這次課程設(shè)計(jì)對(duì)我來說試一次難得的經(jīng)歷，首先讓我對(duì)所學(xué)單片機(jī)課程有了全面的熟悉、新的認(rèn)識(shí)和深刻的理解，對(duì)于proteus軟件

11、有了更熟練的掌握，在設(shè)計(jì)過程中遇到了不少困難，經(jīng)過多次的努力和嘗試最終成功，當(dāng)然收獲遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)大于成功。電路的連接不可放過每個(gè)細(xì)節(jié)，少有疏忽就會(huì)出錯(cuò)。對(duì)電路的整體布局也相當(dāng)重要，一個(gè)好的布局對(duì)于理解和調(diào)試過程中的檢查錯(cuò)誤不可缺少，還能使整個(gè)電路美觀，便于修改和創(chuàng)新。本次設(shè)計(jì)當(dāng)中還有想到的不足之處：設(shè)計(jì)有許多可新加的擴(kuò)展功能，例如倒計(jì)時(shí)為0時(shí)給與鳴笛提醒，24秒進(jìn)攻時(shí)間的顯示，隊(duì)員犯規(guī)次數(shù)的記錄與顯示等等，由于自己的能力有限，未能在本次設(shè)計(jì)中實(shí)現(xiàn)。在這次的實(shí)踐與學(xué)習(xí)當(dāng)中，盡管區(qū)間困難多多，但我還是從中學(xué)到了很多的新知識(shí)、新技能和解決困難的方法，也最終體驗(yàn)到了經(jīng)歷困難到最終獲得成功的那種無以言表喜悅?？?/p>

12、之，本次課程設(shè)計(jì)讓我收獲頗多，也希望自己能在以后的學(xué)習(xí)當(dāng)中能堅(jiān)持這種不懈努力，迎難而上的精神。 參考文獻(xiàn)1 王思明.單片機(jī)原理及設(shè)計(jì)與應(yīng)用m.北京：科學(xué)教育出版社，20122 胡輝.單片機(jī)原理與應(yīng)用m.北京：中國水利水電出版社，20073 戴佳.51單片機(jī)c語言應(yīng)用程序設(shè)計(jì)實(shí)例精講m.北京：電子工業(yè)出版社， 2006.44 張涵.基于proteus的電路及單片機(jī)設(shè)計(jì)與仿真m.北京：電子工業(yè)出版社， 2012.7附錄：程序清單： org 0000h ljmp main org 0003h;外部中斷0 ljmp change;跳轉(zhuǎn)到換場(chǎng) org 000bh;定時(shí)計(jì)數(shù)器0中斷 ljmp time;跳

13、轉(zhuǎn)到時(shí)間中斷程序 main: mov 20h,#00h ;秒 mov 21h,#0ch ;分 mov 22h,#00h ;a隊(duì)分?jǐn)?shù) mov 23h,#00h ;b隊(duì)分?jǐn)?shù); mov 30h,#00h ;秒緩沖區(qū) mov 31h,#00h mov 32h,#02h ;分緩沖區(qū) mov 33h,#01h mov 34h,#00h ;a隊(duì)分?jǐn)?shù)緩沖區(qū) mov 35h,#00h mov 36h,#00h ;b隊(duì)分?jǐn)?shù)緩沖區(qū) mov 37h,#00h mov tmod,#01h ;工作方式：16位定時(shí)/計(jì)時(shí) mov th0,#03ch ;定時(shí)初始化 mov tl0,#0b0h mov r2,#14h mov

14、ie,#83h;開int1、to中斷 mov ip,#01h;設(shè)置中斷優(yōu)先級(jí) start: lcall dispt ;比賽時(shí)間顯示 lcall dispf ;比賽分?jǐn)?shù)顯示 ;比分加減實(shí)現(xiàn)程序： jnb p1.0,aa1 ;p1.0=1,a隊(duì)加一分 jnb p1.1,aa2 ;a隊(duì)加兩分 jnb p1.2,aa3 ;a隊(duì)加三分 jnb p1.3,ad1 ;a隊(duì)減一分 jnb p1.4,ba1 ;b隊(duì)加一分 jnb p1.5,ba2 ;b隊(duì)加兩分 jnb p1.6,ba3 ;b隊(duì)加三分 jnb p1.7,bd1 ;b隊(duì)減一分 jb p3.0,start cpl tr0 ;按外取反，啟動(dòng)/暫停設(shè)置

15、ljmp startaa1: jnb p1.0,aa1 inc 22h mov a,22h ljmp storea;跳轉(zhuǎn)到分?jǐn)?shù)轉(zhuǎn)換程序aa2: jnb p1.1,aa2 mov a,22h add a,#02 mov 22h,a ljmp storeaaa3: jnb p1.2,aa3 mov a,22h add a,#03 mov 22h,a ljmp storeaad1: jnb p1.3,ad1 dec 22h mov a,22hstorea: mov b,#0ah ;a隊(duì)比分轉(zhuǎn)換成10進(jìn)制并放緩沖區(qū) div ab mov 34h,b mov 35h,a ljmp startba1: j

16、nb p1.4,ba1 inc 23h mov a,23h ljmp storebba2: jnb p1.5,ba2 mov a,23h add a,#02 mov 23h,a ljmp storebba3: jnb p1.6,ba3 mov a,23h add a,#03 mov 23h,a ljmp storebbd1: jnb p1.7,bd1 dec 23h mov a,23hstoreb: mov b,#0ah ;b隊(duì)比分轉(zhuǎn)換成10進(jìn)制并放緩沖區(qū) div ab mov 36h,b mov 37h,a ljmp start delay: mov r4,#5h ;為穩(wěn)定顯示設(shè)置的延遲dl

17、00: mov r5,#0ffhdl11: djnz r5,dl11 djnz r4,dl00 ret;時(shí)間中斷程序：time: push acc push psw mov th0,#03ch;中斷初值設(shè)定 mov tl0,#0b0h djnz r2,ret0 mov r2,#18h mov a,20h clr c dec a mov 20h,a mov a,21h cjne a,#00h,pff ;非0分跳轉(zhuǎn) mov a,20h cjne a,#00h,pff ;非0秒跳轉(zhuǎn) clr tr0 ;比賽結(jié)束復(fù)位設(shè)置 lcall delay mov 20h,#00h mov 21h,#0ch mov

18、 30h,#00h mov 31h,#00h mov 32h,#02h mov 33h,#01h ljmp ret0pff: mov a,20h cjne a,#0ffh,out mov 20h,#59 ;59秒設(shè)置 mov 30h,#09h mov 31h,#05h mov a,21h dec a mov 21h,aout: mov a,20h mov b,#0ah ;16進(jìn)制到 10進(jìn)制轉(zhuǎn)化 div ab mov 30h,b mov 31h,a mov a,21h mov b,#0ah div ab mov 32h,b mov 33h,aret0: pop psw pop acc reti

19、;時(shí)間顯示程序：dispt: mov r0,#30h mov r3,#08h ;數(shù)碼管為共陰極 mov a,r3 playt: mov p2,a mov a,r0 ;查字形碼 mov dptr,#tabel movc a,a+dptr mov p0,a ;輸出字形碼 lcall dl1 mov p2,#00h； mov a,r3 rr a ;循環(huán)右移點(diǎn)亮對(duì)應(yīng)的led jb acc.7,ld1 inc r0 mov r3,a ljmp playtld1: ret ;比分顯示程序： dispf: mov r0,#34h mov r3,#80h mov a,r3 playf: mov p2,a mo

20、v a,r0 mov dptr,#tabel movc a,a+dptr mov p0,a；輸出字形碼 lcall dl1 mov p2,#00h；共陰極 mov a,r3 rr a jb acc.3,ld1 inc r0 mov r3,a ljmp playf ajmp ld1dl1: mov r7,#05hdl: mov r6,#0ffhdl6: djnz r6,dl6 djnz r7,dl ret ;交換場(chǎng)地程序：change: push psw push acc jb p3.2 qu ;檢查按鍵是否被按下 mov a,22h xch a,23h mov 22h,a mov a,34h

21、xch a,36h mov 34h,a mov a,35h xch a,37h mov 35h,aqu: pop acc pop psw reti tabel: db 0c0h,0f9h,0a4h,0b0h,99h db 92h,82h,0f8h,80h,90h endg an employment tribunal claiemployment tribunals sort out disagreements between employers and employees.you may need to make a claim to an employment tribunal if: y

22、ou dont agree with the disciplinary action your employer has taken against you your employer dismisses you and you think that you have been dismissed unfairly.for more information about dismissal and unfair dismissal, seedismissal.you can make a claim to an employment tribunal, even if you haventapp

23、ealedagainst the disciplinary action your employer has taken against you. however, if you win your case, the tribunal may reduce any compensation awarded to you as a result of your failure to appeal.remember that in most cases you must make an application to an employment tribunal within three month

24、s of the date when the event you are complaining about happened. if your application is received after this time limit, the tribunal will not usually accept i.if you are worried about how the time limits apply to you, take advice from one of the organisations listed underfurther help.employment trib

25、unals are less formal than some other courts, but it is still a legal process and you will need to give evidence under an oath or affirmation.most people find making a claim to an employment tribunal challenging. if you are thinking about making a claim to an employment tribunal, you should get help

26、 straight away from one of the organisations listed underfurther help.if you are being represented by a solicitor at the tribunal, they may ask you to sign an agreement where you pay their fee out of your compensation if you win the case. this is known as adamages-based agreement. in england and wal

27、es, your solicitor cant charge you more than 35% of your compensation if you win the case.if you are thinking about signing up for a damages-based agreement, you should make sure youre clear about the terms of the agreement. it might be best to get advice from an experienced adviser, for example, at

28、 a citizens advice bureau. to find your nearest cab, including those that give advice by e-mail, click onnearest cab.for more information about making a claim to an employment tribunal, seeemployment tribunals.the (lack of) air up there watch mcayman islands-based webb, the head of fifas anti-racism

29、 taskforce, is in london for the football associations 150th anniversary celebrations and will attend citys premier league match at chelsea on sunday.i am going to be at the match tomorrow and i have asked to meet yaya toure, he told bbc sport.for me its about how he felt and i would like to speak t

30、o him first to find out what his experience was.uefa hasopened disciplinary proceedings against cskafor the racist behaviour of their fans duringcitys 2-1 win.michel platini, president of european footballs governing body, has also ordered an immediate investigation into the referees actions.cska sa

31、id they were surprised and disappointed by toures complaint. in a statement the russian side added: we found no racist insults from fans of cska.age has reached the end of the beginning of a word. may be guilty in his seems to passing a lot of different life became the appearance of the same day; ma

32、y be back in the past, to oneself the paranoid weird belief disillusionment, these days, my mind has been very messy, in my mind constantly. always feel oneself should go to do something, or write something. twenty years of life trajectory deeply shallow, suddenly feel something, do it.一字開頭的年齡已經(jīng)到了尾聲

33、?；蛟S是愧疚于自己似乎把轉(zhuǎn)瞬即逝的很多個(gè)不同的日子過成了同一天的樣子；或許是追溯過去，對(duì)自己那些近乎偏執(zhí)的怪異信念的醒悟，這些天以來，思緒一直很凌亂，在腦海中不斷糾纏?？傆X得自己自己似乎應(yīng)該去做點(diǎn)什么，或者寫點(diǎn)什么。二十年的人生軌跡深深淺淺，突然就感覺到有些事情，非做不可了。the end of our life, and can meet many things really do?而窮盡我們的一生，又能遇到多少事情是真正地非做不可？during my childhood, think lucky money and new clothes are necessary for new yea

34、r, but as the advance of the age, will be more and more found that those things are optional; junior high school, thought to have a crush on just means that the real growth, but over the past three years later, his writing of alumni in peace, suddenly found that isnt really grow up, it seems is not

35、so important; then in high school, think dont want to give vent to out your inner voice can be in the high school children of the feelings in a period, but was eventually infarction when graduation party in the throat, later again stood on the pitch he has sweat profusely, looked at his thrown a bas

36、ketball hoops, suddenly found himself has already cant remember his appearance.童年時(shí)，覺得壓歲錢和新衣服是過年必備，但是隨著年齡的推進(jìn)，會(huì)越來越發(fā)現(xiàn)，那些東西根本就可有可無；初中時(shí)，以為要有一場(chǎng)暗戀才意味著真正的成長(zhǎng)，但三年過去后，自己心平氣和的寫同學(xué)錄的時(shí)候，突然就發(fā)現(xiàn)是不是真正的成長(zhǎng)了，好像并沒有那么重要了；然后到了高中，覺得非要吐露出自己的心聲才能為高中生涯里的懵懂情愫劃上一個(gè)句點(diǎn)，但畢業(yè)晚會(huì)的時(shí)候最終還是被梗塞在了咽喉，后來再次站在他曾經(jīng)揮汗如雨的球場(chǎng)，看著他投過籃球的球框時(shí)，突然間發(fā)現(xiàn)自己已經(jīng)想不起他的容

37、顏。originally, this world, can produce a chemical reaction to an event, in addition to resolutely, have to do, and time.原來，這個(gè)世界上，對(duì)某個(gè)事件能產(chǎn)生化學(xué)反應(yīng)的，除了非做不可的堅(jiān)決，還有，時(shí)間。a persons time, your ideas are always special to clear. want, want, line is clear, as if nothing could shake his. also once seemed to be deter

38、mined to do something, but more often is he backed out at last. dislike his cowardice, finally found that there are a lot of love, there are a lot of miss, like shadow really have been doomed. those who do, just green years oneself give oneself an arm injection, or is a self-righteous spiritual.一個(gè)人的

39、時(shí)候，自己的想法總是特別地清晰。想要的，不想要的，界限明確，好像沒有什么可以撼動(dòng)自己。也曾經(jīng)好像已經(jīng)下定了決心去做某件事，但更多的時(shí)候是最后又打起了退堂鼓。嫌惡過自己的怯懦，最終卻發(fā)現(xiàn)有很多緣分，有很多錯(cuò)過，好像冥冥之中真的已經(jīng)注定。那些曾經(jīng)所謂的非做不可，只是青蔥年華里自己給自己注射的一支強(qiáng)心劑，或者說，是自以為是的精神寄托罷了。at the moment, the sky is dark, the air is fresh factor after just rained. suddenly thought of blue plaid shirt; those were broken in

40、to various shapes of stationery; from the corner at the beginning of deep friendship; have declared the end of the encounter that havent start planning. those years, those days of do, finally, like youth, will end in our life.此刻，天空是陰暗的，空氣里有著剛下過雨之后的清新因子。突然想到那件藍(lán)格子襯衫；那些被折成各種各樣形狀的信紙；那段從街角深巷伊始的友誼；還有那場(chǎng)還沒有

41、開始就宣告了終結(jié)的邂逅計(jì)劃那些年那些天的非做不可，終于和青春一樣，都將在我們的人生中謝幕。baumgartner the disappointing news: mission aborted. r plays an important role in this mission. starting at the ground, conditions have to be very calm - winds less than 2 mph, with no precipitation or humidity and limited cloud cover. the balloon, with c

42、apsule attached, will move through the lower level of the atmosphere (the troposphere) where our day-to-day weather lives. it will climb higher than the tip of mount everest (5.5 miles/8.85 kilometers), drifting even higher than the cruising altitude of commercial airliners (5.6 miles/9.17 kilometers) and into the stratosphere. as he crosses the boundary layer (called the tropopause),e can expect a lot of turbulence.the supersonic descent could happen as early as sunda.the weathethe b