本科畢業(yè)論文-基于SWOT-AHP的我國物聯(lián)網(wǎng)產(chǎn)業(yè)發(fā)展戰(zhàn)略分析

1、基于SWOT-AHP的我國物聯(lián)網(wǎng)產(chǎn)業(yè)發(fā)展戰(zhàn)略分析摘要：運用SWOT方法分析影響我國物聯(lián)網(wǎng)產(chǎn)業(yè)發(fā)展戰(zhàn)略選擇的關(guān)鍵因素，通過AHP方法分析并計算出各因素的權(quán)重，結(jié)果表明，我國物聯(lián)網(wǎng)產(chǎn)業(yè)應(yīng)采取SO發(fā)展戰(zhàn)略。為我國當前物聯(lián)網(wǎng)產(chǎn)業(yè)發(fā)展所面臨的戰(zhàn)略決策問題提供了一種客觀有效的研究思路和解決方案。關(guān)鍵詞：物聯(lián)網(wǎng)產(chǎn)業(yè)；態(tài)勢分析法；層次分析法；發(fā)展戰(zhàn)略中圖分類號:F062.9 文獻標志碼:AAnalysis on Development Strategy of China Internet of Things Industry Based on SWOT-AHP MethodGAO Xingrong, CHEN

2、 Yubao, YU Yang(Chongqing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Chongqing 40065, China)Abstract：The paper analyzes qualitatively the key factors which influences the strategic choice of Chinas Internet of Things（IOT）Development by SWOT, and analyzes and calculates the weight of each factor by

3、AHP. The results show that Chinas IOT industry should take the SO development strategy. The study provides an objective and effective research idea and solution for the current development of Chinas IOT industry facing the strategic selection of the problems. Key words: IOT industry; SWOT; AHP; deve

4、lopment strategic物聯(lián)網(wǎng)是指通過射頻識別(RFID)、紅外感應(yīng)器、全球定位系統(tǒng)、激光掃描器等信息傳感設(shè)備，按約定的協(xié)議把物品與互聯(lián)網(wǎng)連接起來進行信息交換和通信，以實現(xiàn)智能化識別、定位、跟蹤、監(jiān)控和管理的一種網(wǎng)絡(luò)1。物聯(lián)網(wǎng)發(fā)展已經(jīng)被美國列為振興經(jīng)濟的兩大工具之一，被歐盟定位成使歐洲領(lǐng)先全球的基礎(chǔ)戰(zhàn)略。2010年10月18日，中國共產(chǎn)黨第十七屆中央委員會第五次全體會議通過的中共中央關(guān)于制定國民經(jīng)濟和社會發(fā)展第十二個五年規(guī)劃的建議中指出，要推進物聯(lián)網(wǎng)研發(fā)應(yīng)用。因此，探討物聯(lián)網(wǎng)產(chǎn)業(yè)是具有全局性的重要工作。目前，我國多數(shù)學(xué)者對物聯(lián)網(wǎng)產(chǎn)業(yè)的研究大部分集中在產(chǎn)業(yè)現(xiàn)狀和政策保障措施上，缺乏對物

5、聯(lián)網(wǎng)產(chǎn)業(yè)發(fā)展戰(zhàn)略的研究。本文擬運用SWOT方法定性分析影響我國物聯(lián)網(wǎng)產(chǎn)業(yè)發(fā)展的關(guān)鍵因素，再運用AHP方法對各因素進行定量分析，得出各因素的權(quán)重，并以此為基礎(chǔ)提出我國物聯(lián)網(wǎng)產(chǎn)業(yè)的發(fā)展戰(zhàn)略。1 研究方法SWOT方法又稱態(tài)勢分析法，憑借其分析直觀、使用簡單等優(yōu)點被廣泛運用于組織制定發(fā)展戰(zhàn)略中2。然而，SWOT分析法無法區(qū)分各分析因素的優(yōu)先級，其可靠性和科學(xué)性取決于參與者的能力與專業(yè)知識等3。層次分析法（Analytic Hierarchy Process，簡稱AHP）是一種定性與定量相結(jié)合的方法，其先將與決策有關(guān)的元素分解一個多層次（目標層、準則層、方案層等）階梯模型，然后對同一層元素兩兩比較確定各

6、因素的相對重要性。將SWOT分析法和AHP法結(jié)合起來可系統(tǒng)評估決策過程中各元素的優(yōu)先權(quán)，從而增強了SWOT分析法在戰(zhàn)略決策中的能力4。近年來，國內(nèi)外許多學(xué)者已經(jīng)在不同領(lǐng)域的決策過程中采用了AHP-SWOT分析方法，如：Kurttila等5將AHP-SWOT分析法應(yīng)用到芬蘭林業(yè)的戰(zhàn)略決策中；Shrestha等6將AHP-SWOT分析法應(yīng)用到佛羅里達中南部采用林牧復(fù)合系統(tǒng)的戰(zhàn)略決策中；Arslan等7將AHP-SWOT分析法應(yīng)用到海上液態(tài)化學(xué)品安全運輸戰(zhàn)略的制定中；李振福8運用AHP法和SWOT分析方法分析了我國在處理北極航線問題中出現(xiàn)的各種因素，提出了切實可行的解決方案；郭云等4基于企業(yè)的角度，

7、運用AHP-SWOT分析法分析了影響生態(tài)產(chǎn)業(yè)園企業(yè)戰(zhàn)略選擇的因素，討論了我國生態(tài)產(chǎn)業(yè)園企業(yè)應(yīng)采取的戰(zhàn)略。2 我國物聯(lián)網(wǎng)產(chǎn)業(yè)發(fā)展的SWOT分析2.1 優(yōu)勢2.1.1 市場規(guī)模優(yōu)勢 物聯(lián)網(wǎng)產(chǎn)業(yè)的發(fā)展不僅需要技術(shù)的推動，更需要市場需求的拉動。從如表1所示可以看出，我國物聯(lián)網(wǎng)市場潛在規(guī)模年均增長率超過50%，到2015年將達到7 500億元。物聯(lián)網(wǎng)有望在十年之內(nèi)大規(guī)模普及，發(fā)展成為下一個萬億元級的新興產(chǎn)業(yè)9。巨大的物聯(lián)網(wǎng)市場規(guī)模必將會拉動我國物聯(lián)網(wǎng)產(chǎn)業(yè)的快速發(fā)展。表1 中國物聯(lián)網(wǎng)市場規(guī)模預(yù)測 億元年份醫(yī)療電力安防交通環(huán)境金融物流其他合計2010 120280600300502001503002 000

8、20112804207804501002402305003 000201245062010005501803303508204 30020151 2001 1001 5001 00030055065012007 500年平均增長率(%)1205836518241645956注:數(shù)據(jù)來源于2010年中國物聯(lián)網(wǎng)產(chǎn)業(yè)發(fā)展報告2.1.2 標準化主導(dǎo)國優(yōu)勢 據(jù)中國RFID與物聯(lián)網(wǎng)2009年度發(fā)展報告顯示，我國與美國、韓國、德國并列為物聯(lián)網(wǎng)標準化主導(dǎo)國，在制定國際標準中享有重要話語權(quán)。國際標準化組織(ISO)技術(shù)委員會提交的報告還大量采用了我國的研究成果，如傳感器標準網(wǎng)絡(luò)部分頂層設(shè)計，包括參考模型、系統(tǒng)架

9、構(gòu)等10。這些都標志著我國在物聯(lián)網(wǎng)產(chǎn)業(yè)中擁有標準化主導(dǎo)國的優(yōu)勢。2.1.3 通信網(wǎng)絡(luò)優(yōu)勢 經(jīng)過多年的發(fā)展，我國通信網(wǎng)絡(luò)技術(shù)水平在世界上處于領(lǐng)先地位11。我國擁有全球最大的互聯(lián)網(wǎng)和移動通信網(wǎng)基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施，3G網(wǎng)絡(luò)已經(jīng)覆蓋全國所有縣城和大部分鄉(xiāng)鎮(zhèn)，光線通信普及率顯著提高12。在通信網(wǎng)絡(luò)方面的優(yōu)勢是我國物聯(lián)網(wǎng)全面擴展過程中形成國際領(lǐng)先優(yōu)勢的保障。2.2 劣勢2.2.1 缺乏關(guān)鍵技術(shù) 目前，我國物聯(lián)網(wǎng)技術(shù)問題呈現(xiàn)“兩頭弱、中間強”的態(tài)勢，即網(wǎng)絡(luò)層技術(shù)跟發(fā)達國家基本同步，但是感知層和應(yīng)用層技術(shù)跟發(fā)達國家相比存在較大的差距。在感知層方面，我國缺失RFID標識標準，超高頻段和微波頻段產(chǎn)品缺乏自主生產(chǎn)能力；我國傳

10、感器工藝裝備差，產(chǎn)品質(zhì)量不高，許多高端傳感器以進口為主。在應(yīng)用層方面，我國關(guān)鍵基礎(chǔ)軟件研發(fā)技術(shù)落后，數(shù)據(jù)庫、操作系統(tǒng)等基礎(chǔ)軟件基本依賴進口。2.2.2 研發(fā)投入強度不足 研發(fā)投入強度（R&D經(jīng)費/GDP）與產(chǎn)業(yè)發(fā)展水平息息相關(guān)，研發(fā)投入強度大說明國家對該產(chǎn)業(yè)重視，從而會推動該產(chǎn)業(yè)快速發(fā)展。然而，我國物聯(lián)網(wǎng)產(chǎn)業(yè)的研發(fā)投入強度跟發(fā)達國家相比差距較大，以2012年為例，美國在物聯(lián)網(wǎng)產(chǎn)業(yè)的研發(fā)投入強度為2.82%、法國為2.02%、日本為2.14%、，而我國僅為1.72%13。研發(fā)投入強度不足將會阻礙物聯(lián)網(wǎng)在我國的發(fā)展。2.2.3 中小企業(yè)融資渠道不暢 中小企業(yè)是我國研發(fā)企業(yè)的主體14，是物聯(lián)網(wǎng)產(chǎn)業(yè)的

11、主力軍，然而由于物聯(lián)網(wǎng)產(chǎn)業(yè)是高技術(shù)和資金密集型產(chǎn)業(yè)，其發(fā)展初期投入高、風(fēng)險大，再加上當前我國風(fēng)險投資體系、社會資本供給機制尚未形成等原因造成我國物聯(lián)網(wǎng)企業(yè)融資渠道不暢、研發(fā)和生產(chǎn)受阻，舉步維艱，這將不利于我國物聯(lián)網(wǎng)產(chǎn)業(yè)的發(fā)展。2.3 機遇2.3.1 國家重視物聯(lián)網(wǎng)產(chǎn)業(yè)發(fā)展 我國已將物聯(lián)網(wǎng)的研發(fā)計劃列入國家中長期科學(xué)技術(shù)發(fā)展規(guī)劃(20062020年)等相關(guān)政策文件，全國大多數(shù)省市區(qū)也出臺了物聯(lián)網(wǎng)產(chǎn)業(yè)發(fā)展規(guī)劃，從這點可以看出國家十分重視物聯(lián)網(wǎng)產(chǎn)業(yè)的發(fā)展。2.3.2 國家創(chuàng)新戰(zhàn)略的確立 胡錦濤同志在黨的十七大報告中指出，到2020年把我國要建設(shè)成為創(chuàng)新型國家，并計劃到2050年建成創(chuàng)新強國。物聯(lián)網(wǎng)產(chǎn)

12、業(yè)是戰(zhàn)略新興產(chǎn)業(yè)，集高技術(shù)和行業(yè)應(yīng)用于一體，需要源源不斷的技術(shù)創(chuàng)新和應(yīng)用創(chuàng)新。我國國家創(chuàng)新戰(zhàn)略的確立以及創(chuàng)新強國的提出將會加大對物聯(lián)網(wǎng)產(chǎn)業(yè)的投入，完善相關(guān)的制度。國家創(chuàng)新戰(zhàn)略的確立對物聯(lián)網(wǎng)產(chǎn)業(yè)發(fā)展來說是難得的機遇。2.3.3 經(jīng)濟轉(zhuǎn)型升級 經(jīng)濟轉(zhuǎn)型升級的實質(zhì)是轉(zhuǎn)變經(jīng)濟增長方式，由原來的粗放型向精細化和集約式轉(zhuǎn)變，即用現(xiàn)代科技改造傳統(tǒng)產(chǎn)業(yè)，發(fā)展高新技術(shù)產(chǎn)業(yè)，提高經(jīng)濟發(fā)展中的科技含量。物聯(lián)網(wǎng)是高技術(shù)密集型產(chǎn)業(yè)，具有精細化、智能化等特征，利用其可以改造傳統(tǒng)產(chǎn)業(yè)，降低能源和原材料消耗、減少污染排放等。經(jīng)濟轉(zhuǎn)型升級為物聯(lián)網(wǎng)產(chǎn)業(yè)提供了廣闊的發(fā)展平臺，將會促進物聯(lián)網(wǎng)產(chǎn)業(yè)快速發(fā)展。2.4 挑戰(zhàn)2.4.1 知識

13、產(chǎn)權(quán)的法律保護尚未真正實施 由于我國對知識產(chǎn)權(quán)保護不夠，導(dǎo)致了世界其他物聯(lián)網(wǎng)高技術(shù)擁有國不愿意將高端技術(shù)產(chǎn)品出口到我國，當前我國引進的物聯(lián)網(wǎng)技術(shù)產(chǎn)品大多數(shù)是落后的，這樣就產(chǎn)生了“引進落后再引進再落后”的惡性循環(huán)。因此，我國必須要加強知識產(chǎn)權(quán)保護法律的執(zhí)法力度，大力保護知識產(chǎn)權(quán)，為我國物聯(lián)網(wǎng)產(chǎn)業(yè)提供良好的創(chuàng)新法治環(huán)境，為創(chuàng)新提供源動力。2.4.2 國內(nèi)物聯(lián)網(wǎng)企業(yè)面臨國外企業(yè)的激烈競爭 從產(chǎn)業(yè)鏈的角度看，雖然我國物聯(lián)網(wǎng)產(chǎn)業(yè)初步建立起了完整的產(chǎn)業(yè)鏈，但是還不夠完善。從表2比較中可以看出我國物聯(lián)網(wǎng)企業(yè)所面臨的嚴峻市場環(huán)境。表2 我國物聯(lián)網(wǎng)產(chǎn)業(yè)鏈各環(huán)節(jié)企業(yè)面臨的競爭區(qū)域上游（網(wǎng)絡(luò)設(shè)備提供商）中游（軟件提

14、供商）下游（運營商）國 內(nèi)上海貝爾、華為、中興、大唐等同方、用友、金蝶等中國移動、聯(lián)通、電信國 外霍尼韋爾、英特爾、德州儀器、思科等微軟、谷歌等受政策限制，競爭者較少2.4.3 個人隱私和財產(chǎn)問題物聯(lián)網(wǎng)是實體化的虛擬網(wǎng)絡(luò)，要實現(xiàn)的是更為廣泛的、更為有效的人與物的信息交流，因而其所帶來的個人隱私保護和財產(chǎn)問題（如個人出行路線、消費習(xí)慣、個體位置信息、健康狀況、個人物品的安全等）也將更為廣泛，其所造成的個人信息泄漏的程度與危害也更為嚴重，例如，如果出現(xiàn)智慧醫(yī)療技術(shù)帶來的信息泄露，或用戶使用物聯(lián)網(wǎng)控制程序系統(tǒng)導(dǎo)致私人物品受損等問題，誰負主要責(zé)任？這些涉及到個人隱私和財產(chǎn)的問題必須要得到法律的明確保護

15、，否則會阻礙物聯(lián)網(wǎng)在我國的發(fā)展。3 我國物聯(lián)網(wǎng)產(chǎn)業(yè)的SWOTAHP分析3.1 判斷矩陣確定了影響我國物聯(lián)網(wǎng)產(chǎn)業(yè)發(fā)展戰(zhàn)略的關(guān)鍵因素后，下一步需要對各因素的相對重要性作出判斷。我們利用AHP中的19的比例標度(如表3)，邀請物聯(lián)網(wǎng)專家對SWOT組中的要素進行兩兩比較，再對4個SWOT組進行兩兩比較；然后運用De1phi方法，通過三輪信息反饋取得一致結(jié)果如表4和表5所示。表3 比例標度及其含義標度含義1表示兩個元素相比，具有同樣的重要性3表示兩個元素相比，前者比后者稍重要5表示兩個元素相比，前者比后者明顯重要7表示兩個元素相比，前者比后者強烈重要9表示兩個元素相比，前者比后者極端重要2、4、6、8表

16、示上述相鄰判斷的中間值倒數(shù)若元素與元素的重要性之比為，那么元素與元素的重要性之比為表4 SWOT組的判斷矩陣SWOT組SWOTS1257W1/2126O1/51/213T1/71/61/31表5 SWOT各組的判斷矩陣S組S1S2S3W組W1W2W3O組O1O2O3T組T1T2T3S1135W1156O1134T1125S21/313W21/513O21/313T21/213S31/51/31W31/61/31O31/41/31T31/51/313.2 一次性檢驗及排序通過用特征根，的負平均值偏離零的大小來衡量判斷矩陣元素受擾動的程度，即作為判斷矩陣不一致程度的衡量，記為，。隨機一致性比率記為

17、，即。當時，可認為判斷矩陣具有滿意的一致性，具體結(jié)果如表6所示。從計算結(jié)果來看，各組判斷矩陣具有很好的一致性，因此分析結(jié)果是可取的。表6 層次排序及一致性檢驗結(jié)果SWOT組C.R優(yōu)先級SWOT因素C.R組內(nèi)優(yōu)先級總優(yōu)先級優(yōu)勢0.060.10.599市場潛在規(guī)模0.050.6440.386標準化主導(dǎo)國0.2710.162通信網(wǎng)絡(luò)0.0850.051劣勢0.225缺乏關(guān)鍵技術(shù)0.040.6370.143研發(fā)投入不足0.2580.058中小企業(yè)融資渠道不暢0.1050.024機遇0.124國家重視0.070.6140.076創(chuàng)新型國家戰(zhàn)略的確立0.2680.033經(jīng)濟轉(zhuǎn)型升級0.1170.015挑戰(zhàn)

18、0.052知識產(chǎn)權(quán)缺乏保護0.0040.5820.030國內(nèi)企業(yè)面臨國外企業(yè)的競爭0.3090.016個人隱私和財產(chǎn)問題0.1090.006從表6中可看出，SWOT組比較，優(yōu)勢對我國物聯(lián)網(wǎng)產(chǎn)業(yè)發(fā)展戰(zhàn)略選擇的影響度遠遠大于其它3組因素，權(quán)重為0.599；影響程度最小的是威脅，權(quán)重僅為0.052。另外，SWOT各組內(nèi)比較，優(yōu)勢組內(nèi)以“市場潛在規(guī)模優(yōu)勢”的影響程度最高，權(quán)重為0.644；劣勢組內(nèi)以“缺乏關(guān)鍵技術(shù)”的影響程度最高，權(quán)重為0.637；機會組內(nèi)以“國家重視物聯(lián)網(wǎng)產(chǎn)業(yè)發(fā)展”的影響程度最高，權(quán)重為0.614；威脅組內(nèi)以“知識產(chǎn)權(quán)缺乏保護”的影響程度最高，權(quán)重為0.582。最后，對各影響因素的總

19、優(yōu)先級值進行比較，SWOT各組內(nèi)因素對我國物聯(lián)網(wǎng)產(chǎn)業(yè)發(fā)展戰(zhàn)略的影響程度從大到小依次排序為：市場潛在規(guī)模、標準化主導(dǎo)國優(yōu)勢、缺乏關(guān)鍵技術(shù)、國家重視、研發(fā)投入不足、通信網(wǎng)絡(luò)、創(chuàng)新型國家戰(zhàn)略的確立、知識產(chǎn)權(quán)缺乏保護、融資渠道不暢、國內(nèi)企業(yè)面臨國外企業(yè)的競爭、經(jīng)濟轉(zhuǎn)型升級、個人隱私和財產(chǎn)問題。4 結(jié)論通過對我國物聯(lián)網(wǎng)產(chǎn)業(yè)發(fā)展的SWOT-AHP分析，得出以下基本結(jié)論：（1）我國物聯(lián)網(wǎng)產(chǎn)業(yè)發(fā)展應(yīng)重點采取SO戰(zhàn)略，即發(fā)揮優(yōu)勢、把握機遇。應(yīng)充分利用國家高度重視物聯(lián)網(wǎng)產(chǎn)業(yè)的發(fā)展、創(chuàng)新型國家戰(zhàn)略的確立和經(jīng)濟轉(zhuǎn)型升級的機遇推動我國物聯(lián)網(wǎng)產(chǎn)業(yè)的快速發(fā)展。首先，充分發(fā)揮市場潛在規(guī)模優(yōu)勢，使其成為我國物聯(lián)網(wǎng)產(chǎn)業(yè)發(fā)展的重要

20、戰(zhàn)略舉措。為了保證這一優(yōu)勢的實現(xiàn)，應(yīng)該采取“國家引導(dǎo)、企業(yè)主導(dǎo)”的策略，即國家出臺相關(guān)的產(chǎn)業(yè)政策，鼓勵和引導(dǎo)更多的企業(yè)參與到物聯(lián)網(wǎng)產(chǎn)業(yè)的發(fā)展中來，使企業(yè)成為市場的主導(dǎo)者。其次，我國要積極參與到國際物聯(lián)網(wǎng)標準的制定中，進一步鞏固和發(fā)揮我國標準化主導(dǎo)國的優(yōu)勢，實現(xiàn)技術(shù)的跨越式發(fā)展。（2）我國物聯(lián)網(wǎng)產(chǎn)業(yè)在采取SO戰(zhàn)略時應(yīng)減輕劣勢和威脅所帶來的不良影響。國家應(yīng)進一步加大物聯(lián)網(wǎng)研發(fā)投入，拓寬中小企業(yè)的融資渠道，鼓勵更多的企業(yè)（特別是中小企業(yè)）、高校和科研機構(gòu)參與到物聯(lián)網(wǎng)的技術(shù)研發(fā)當中來，建立產(chǎn)學(xué)研合作體系，提高我國物聯(lián)網(wǎng)產(chǎn)業(yè)的自主研發(fā)能力，突破核心技術(shù)。同時還應(yīng)注意物聯(lián)網(wǎng)技術(shù)的應(yīng)用推廣，完善相關(guān)法律法規(guī)

21、，加強執(zhí)法力度，使知識產(chǎn)權(quán)、個人隱私和財產(chǎn)得到有效保護。另外，需要注意的是物聯(lián)網(wǎng)產(chǎn)業(yè)發(fā)展戰(zhàn)略不是一成不變的，其構(gòu)建是一個動態(tài)的過程，要根據(jù)國際競爭環(huán)境的不斷變化而不斷地更新。參考文獻：1 胡向東. 物聯(lián)網(wǎng)研究與發(fā)展綜述 J.數(shù)字通信,2010(2):17-212 ROBERT G DYSON. Strategic development and SWOT analysis at the university of warwick J.European Journal of Operational Research,2004(152):631-6403 EDWARD BERNROIDER. Fa

22、ctors in SWOT analysis applied to Micro,small-to-medium,and large software enterprisesAn Austrian study J.European Management Journal,2002,20(5):562-5734 郭云,高麗,馮南平.基于SWOT AHP的我國生態(tài)產(chǎn)業(yè)園企業(yè)戰(zhàn)略分析 J.科技進步與決策,2010,1(28):63-675 MIKKO KURTTILA,MAUNOPESONEN,JYRKIKANGAS,et al. Utilizing the analytic hierarchy pro

23、cess(AHP)in SWOT analysisA hybrid method and its application to a forest-certification case J.Forest Policy and Economics,2000(1):41-526 RAM K SHRESTHA,JANAKIR R ALAVALAPATI,ROBERT S KALMBACHER. Exploring the potential for silvopasture adoption in south-central Florida:An application of SWOT-AHP met

24、hod J.Agricultural Systems,2004(81):185-1997 OZCAN ARSLAN,ISMAIL DEHAER. SWOT analysis for safer carriage of bulk liquid chemicals in tankers J.Journal of Hazardous Materials,2008(154):90l-9138 李振福. 北極航線的中國戰(zhàn)略分析 J.中國軟科學(xué),2009(1):1-79 王建宙. 從互聯(lián)網(wǎng)到“物聯(lián)網(wǎng)” N.人民日報,2009-08-24(A12)10 唐亮. 我國物聯(lián)網(wǎng)產(chǎn)業(yè)發(fā)展現(xiàn)狀與產(chǎn)業(yè)鏈分析 D.北京:

25、北京郵電大學(xué),201011 工業(yè)和信息化部研究院. 物聯(lián)網(wǎng)白皮書(2011) R.北京：工業(yè)和信息化部研究院，201112 CNNIC. 第30次中國互聯(lián)網(wǎng)絡(luò)發(fā)展狀況統(tǒng)計報告 EB/OL.2012-07-19.13 中華人民共和國國家統(tǒng)計局.中國統(tǒng)計年鑒 2013EB/OL.2013-01-18.14 王廷偉,黃魯成,羅曉梅等. 我國研發(fā)產(chǎn)業(yè)的 SWOT分析 J.科學(xué)管理研究,2010,(8):56-60請您刪除一下內(nèi)容，O(_)O謝謝！Many people have the same mixed feelings when planning a trip during Golden Wee

26、k. With heaps of time, the seven-day Chinese請您刪除一下內(nèi)容，O(_)O謝謝！National Day holiday could be the best occasion to enjoy a destination. However, it can also be the easiest way to ruin how you feel about a place and you may become more fatigued after the holiday, due to battling the large crowds. During

27、 peak season, a dream about a place can turn to nightmare without careful planning, especially if you travel with children and older people. As most Chinese people will take the holiday to visit domestic tourist destinations, crowds and busy traffic are inevitable at most places. Also to be expected

28、 are increasing transport and accommodation prices, with the possibility that there will be no rooms available. It is also common that youllwait in the line for one hour to get a ticket, and another two hours at the site, to only see a tiny bit of the place due to the crowds. Last year, 428 million

29、tourists traveled in China over the week-long holiday in October. Traveling during this period is a matter that needs thorough preparation. If you are short on time to plan the upcoming Golden Week it may not be a bad idea to avoid some of the most crowded places for now. There is always a place so

30、fascinating that everyone yearns for. Arxan is a place like this. The beauty of Arxan is everlasting regardless of the changing of four seasons. Bestowed by nature, its spectacular seasonal landscape and mountains are just beyond word. Arxan is a crucial destination for the recommended travelling ro

31、ute, China Inner Mongolia Arxan Hailar Manzhouli. It is also the joint of the four prairies across the Sino-Mongolian border, where people gravitate towards the exotic atmosphere mixed with Chinese, Russian, and Mongolia elements. As a historic site for the Yitian Battle, Arxan still embodies the sp

32、irit of Genghis Khan. Walking into Arxan, you will be amazed by a kaleidoscope of gorgeous colors all the year round - the Spring azaleas blooming red in the snow, the Summer sea wavering blue in the breeze, the Autumn leaves painted in yellow covering volcanic traces, and the Winter woods shining w

33、hite on the vast alpine snowscape. Hinggan League Arxan city is situated in the far eastern area of Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region. Its full name Haren Arxan means hot holy water in the Mongolian language. Arxan is a tourism city in the northern frontier with a blend of large forest, grand prairie

34、s, vast snowfield, heaven lake cluster, thermium, as well as volcanic cluster. It is a rare and unique ecotourism base filled with healthy sunshine, clean air and unspoiled green. Nestled close to the countrys largest virgin forest, and known for its spring and ecological environment, Arxan is marve

35、led at by many tourists as the purest land on earth. You cannot miss out the Autumn of Arxan. It is definitely the best with brightly-colored scenery full of emotions. Autumn in the northern part of the country comes earlier than the South. A September rain followed by the footprints of Autumn bring

36、s more colors to the once emerald green mountain and blooming grassland. Shutterbugs flock to see for themselves the marvel of splendid colors around the mountains and waters, many of whom have travel a long distance and even camp here only to capture a moment of the nature wonder. The silver birch

37、turns golden, while the larch is still proudly green. You will find yourself drowned in the intoxicating red of the wild fruits as well as the glamour of flowers in full blown. And your heart will be lingering on the woods as its time for the wild fruits to ripe. The picturesque Arxan in Autumn is i

38、ndeed a fairyland only exists in a dream that satisfies all your fantasies. If itrains heavily on Saturday night, some elderly Chinese will say it is because Zhinu, or the Weaving Maid, is crying on the day she met her husband Niulang, or the Cowherd, on the Milky Way. Most Chinese remember being to

39、ld this romantic tragedy when they were children on Qixi, or the Seventh Night Festival, which falls on the seventh day of the seventh lunar month, which is usually in early August. This year it falls on Saturday, August 2. Folklore Story As the story goes, once there was a cowherd, Niulang, who liv

40、ed with his elder brother and sister-in-law. But she disliked and abused him, and the boy was forced to leave home with only an old cow for company. The cow, however, was a former god who had violated imperial rules and was sent to earth in bovine form. One day the cow led Niulang to a lake where fa

41、iries took a bath on earth. Among them was Zhinu, the most beautiful fairy and a skilled seamstress. The two fell in love at first sight and were soon married. They had a son and daughter and their happy life was held up as an example for hundreds of years in China. Yet in the eyes of the Jade Emper

42、or, the Supreme Deity in Taoism, marriage between a mortal and fairy was strictly forbidden. He ordered the heaven troop to catch Zhinu back. Niulang grew desperate when he discovered Zhinu had been taken back to heaven. Driven by Niulangs misery, the cow told him to turn its hide into a pair of sho

43、es after it died. The magic shoes whisked Niulang, who carried his two children in baskets strung from a shoulder pole, off on a chase after the empress. The pursuit enraged the empress, who took her hairpin and slashed it across the sky creating the Milky Way which separated husband from wife. But

44、all was not lost as magpies, moved by their love and devotion, formed a bridge across the Milky Way to reunite the family. Even the Jade Emperor was touched, and allowed Niulang and Zhinu to meet once a year on the seventh night of the seventh month. This is how Qixi came to be. The festival can be

45、traced back to the Han Dynasty (206 BC-AD 220). Traditionally, people would look up at the sky and find a bright star in the constellation Aquila as well as the star Vega, which are identified as Niulang and Zhinu. The two stars shine on opposite sides of the Milky Way. Customs In bygone days, Qixi

46、was not only a special day for lovers, but also for girls. It is also known as the Begging for Skills Festival or Daughters Festival. In this day, girls will throw a sewing needle into a bowl full of water on the night of Qixi as a test of embroidery skills. If the needle floats on top of the water

47、instead of sinking, it proves the girl is a skilled embroiders. Single women also pray for finding a good husband in the future. And the newly married women pray to become pregnant quickly. Tradition transformed The love story of Niulang and Zhinu, and the Qixi Festival have been handed down for gen

48、erations. Yet these ancient traditions and customs are slowly dying out. Many modern Chinese, particularly youngsters, seem to know more about St Valentines Day on February 14, characterized by bouquets of roses, chocolates and romantic candlelight dinners, than they do about their home-grown day fo

49、r lovers. Even Qixi is nowadays referred to as the Chinese Valentines Day. More and more young Chinese people begin to celebrate this day in a very similar way as that in western countries. Fewer people than ever will gaze at the heavens on Saturday to pick out the two stars shining bright on either

50、 side of the Milky Way, that is, if people even know on which day Qixi falls. There are ready reminders dotted about, in the form of big ads saying Sales on Chinese Valentines Day! in shops, hotels and restaurants. But few young women will mark the festival with their boyfriends, or take part in tra

51、ditional activities to pray for cleverness. A large-scale of exhibition on the Silk Road opened to the public in the National Museum on Thursday. The exhibition displays more than 400 treasures from Shaanxi province, Gansu province and 14 other regions. It is largest scale exhibition that shows the

52、history of the Silk Road in recent years. AsAPECis going on in Beijing, the exhibit aims to show the world this brilliant section of history. The Silk Road is a series of trade and cultural transmission routes that were central to cultural interaction through regions of the Asian continent. It conne

53、cted the West and East by linking traders, merchants, pilgrims, monks, soldiers, nomads, and urban dwellers from China and India to the Mediterranean Sea during various periods of time. I met my dear hubby in 2009 the second year I was in my school and it was the first year when he came here. We bec

54、ame colleagues. And there was nothing special happening during that year. He was just a kind and humble brother graduated from the same college as me. But we did not know each other till he became my colleague and his office desk was just in front of me. There was only a glass between us. So actuall

55、y we could see each other when we both look up. But it is not the main reason that really draws us close. How we become close to each other was something seems quite natural. We went out to play badminton with other colleagues and we sometimes chatted for a while. He is a man of few words but someho

56、w sometimes will say something really humorous. Then one day, to my great surprise, I found a pot of beautiful flower on my desk. It was just the flower I had talked about with my colleague the other day, and I thought it was her who put the flower there. But the truth is not. It was the humble guy sitting in front of me. He just simply said ,”well, I caught sight of this flower and thought that its beautiful and you may like it”. I wonder why I was moved because of these simple words and present. Maybe it is the sincerity and the true self that impress me. I thanked him and some colleag