八年級(jí)下冊(cè)英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法總復(fù)習(xí)

1、八年級(jí)下冊(cè)英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法總復(fù)習(xí)一、現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的“完成用法 ”和 “未完成用法 ”1.現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的 完成用法 現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的 完成用法 指的是動(dòng)作發(fā)生在過(guò)去某一時(shí)刻并已結(jié)束，但該動(dòng)作對(duì)現(xiàn)在產(chǎn)生了影響，與現(xiàn)在情況具有因果關(guān)系。例如：He has turned off the light. 他已把燈關(guān)了。(動(dòng)作結(jié)束于過(guò)去，但說(shuō)明的是現(xiàn)在的情況-燈現(xiàn)在不亮了。)現(xiàn)在完成時(shí) 完成用法 的特點(diǎn)是動(dòng)作不延續(xù)，因此，該時(shí)態(tài)只能與表示不定的過(guò)去時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)(如： already，yet，before，recently 等 )、頻度時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)(如：never，ever，once 等 )、包括現(xiàn)在時(shí)刻在內(nèi)的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)(如：this

2、 morning month year.， today 等) 連用。例如：Have you found your pen yet ？你已找到你的鋼筆了嗎？2.現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的 未完成用法 現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的 未完成用法 指的是動(dòng)作開始于過(guò)去某一時(shí)刻，一直延續(xù)到現(xiàn)在，或可能還要繼續(xù)下去。例如： He has lived here since 1978.自從 1978 年以來(lái)，他一直住在這兒。(動(dòng)作起始于1978 年，一直住到現(xiàn)在，可能還要繼續(xù)住下去。)I have been in the army for more than 5 years. 我在部隊(duì)已經(jīng)呆了五年多了。(動(dòng)作開始于5 年前，一直延續(xù)至今，

3、有可能還要繼續(xù)下去。)此種用法的句中常需一個(gè)表示一段時(shí)間的狀語(yǔ)(由 since 或 for 引導(dǎo) )，或表示與現(xiàn)在時(shí)刻相連的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)(如：up to now， so far 到目前為止 )等。例如： I have heard nothing from him up to now. 到目前為止我沒(méi)有他的任何消息。注意： (1) 現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的未完成用法只適用于延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞，不可用于終止性動(dòng)詞，即瞬間完成或延續(xù)時(shí)間很短的動(dòng)詞。如：come， go， arrive ， leave， join ， become，die 等。(2)現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)常見(jiàn)兩種句型：主語(yǔ) have / has beenfor 短語(yǔ) I

4、t is 一段時(shí)間since 從句例如： He has been in the League for three years.或 It is three years since he joined the League. 他入團(tuán)已三年了。3、延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞和終止性動(dòng)詞的概念英語(yǔ)中，動(dòng)詞按其動(dòng)作發(fā)生的方式、動(dòng)作發(fā)生過(guò)程的長(zhǎng)短，可分為延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞和終止性動(dòng)詞。延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞表示能夠延續(xù)的動(dòng)作，這種動(dòng)作可以延續(xù)下去或產(chǎn)生持久影響。如： learn, work, stand, lie, know,walk, keep, have, wait, watch, sing, read, sleep, live, st

5、ay等。終止性動(dòng)詞也稱 非延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞、瞬間動(dòng)詞或短暫性動(dòng)詞，表示不能延續(xù)的動(dòng)作，這種動(dòng)作發(fā)生后立即結(jié)束。如 open, close, finish, begin, come, go, arrive, reach, get to, leave, move, borrow,buy等。4、延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞的用法特征1.延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞可以用于現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)，其完成時(shí)態(tài)可與表示 段時(shí)間 的狀語(yǔ)連用。表示 段時(shí)間 的短語(yǔ)有： fortwo years, during the past three years, since last year, how long 等。如：I have learned English si

6、nce I came here. 自從我來(lái)到這兒就學(xué)英語(yǔ)了。2.延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞不能與表示短暫時(shí)間的 點(diǎn)時(shí)間 狀語(yǔ)連用。如：It raind at eight yesterday morning.( 誤 ) rain 為延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞， 而 at eight 表示 點(diǎn)時(shí)間 ，前后顯然矛盾。 如果用延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞表示一瞬間的動(dòng)作，可以借助come, begin,get 等終止性動(dòng)詞來(lái)表示。上句可改為：It began to rain at eight yesterday morning.( 正 )又如：-When did you get to know Jack?-Two years ago.-Then yo

7、uve known each other for more than two years.-Thats right.5、終止性動(dòng)詞的用法特征1.終止性動(dòng)詞可用來(lái)表示某一動(dòng)作完成，因此可用于現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)。如：The train has arrived. 火車到了。Have you joined the computer group?你加入電腦小組了嗎？2.終止性動(dòng)詞表示的動(dòng)作極其短暫，不能持續(xù)。因此，不可與表示一段時(shí)間的狀語(yǔ)連用(只限肯定式 )。如：(1) 他死了三年了。誤： He has died for three years.正： He has been dead for three yea

8、rs.正： He died three years ago.正： It is three years since he died.正： Three years has passed since he died.(2) 他來(lái)這兒五天了。誤： He has come here for five days.正： He has been here for five days.正： He came here five days ago.正： It is five days since he came here.正： Five days has passed since he came here.(1)、

9、 (2) 句中的 die、 come 為終止性動(dòng)詞，不能與表示段時(shí)間 的狀語(yǔ)連用。那么，應(yīng)如何正確表達(dá)呢？可以采用下面的四種方法：(1)將句中終止性動(dòng)詞轉(zhuǎn)換為相應(yīng)的延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞，如上面兩例中的第一種正確表達(dá)方式。下面列舉幾例：leave be away, borrow keep, buy have, begin/start be on, die be dead, move to live in, finishjoin be in/be a member of, open sth. keep sth. open, fall ill be ill, get up be up,。 catch a co

10、ld(2)將句中表示 段時(shí)間 的狀語(yǔ)改為表示過(guò)去確定時(shí)間的狀語(yǔ)，如下面兩例中的第二種正確表達(dá)方式。(3)用句型 It is+ 段時(shí)間 +since. 表達(dá)原意，如上面兩例中的第三種正確表達(dá)方式。(4)用句型 時(shí)間 +has passed+since.表達(dá)原意，如上面兩例中的第四種正確表達(dá)方式。3.終止性動(dòng)詞可用于現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)否定式中，成為可以延續(xù)的狀態(tài)，因而可與表示一段時(shí)間的狀語(yǔ)連用。如：He hasnt left here since 1986.I havent heard from my father for two weeks.4.終止性動(dòng)詞的否定式與until/till連用，構(gòu)成 not

11、+ 終止性動(dòng)詞 +until/till .的句型，意為 直到才 。如： You cant leave here until I arrive. 直到我到了，你才能離開這里。I will not go to bed until I finish drawing the picture tonight.今天晚上直到我畫完畫，我才上床睡覺(jué)。5.終止性動(dòng)詞可以用于when 引導(dǎo)的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句中，但不可以用于while 引導(dǎo)的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句中。when 表示的時(shí)間是 點(diǎn)時(shí)間 ( 從句謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用終止性動(dòng)詞)，也可以是 段時(shí)間 ( 從句謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞)。而 while 表示的是一個(gè)較長(zhǎng)的時(shí)間或過(guò)程，從句

12、謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞。如：When we reached London, it was twelve oclock.(reach 為終止性動(dòng)詞 )Please look after my daughter while/when we are away. (be away為延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞短語(yǔ))6.終止性動(dòng)詞完成時(shí)不可與how long 連用 (只限于肯定式)。如：誤： How long have you come here?正： How long have you been here?正： When did you come here?二、現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)與一般過(guò)去時(shí)的區(qū)別1. 一般過(guò)去時(shí)表示過(guò)去某個(gè)時(shí)間

13、發(fā)生的事、存在的狀態(tài)或經(jīng)常發(fā)生的動(dòng)作。說(shuō)話的側(cè)重點(diǎn)只在于陳述一件過(guò)去的事情，不強(qiáng)調(diào)對(duì) 現(xiàn)在 產(chǎn)生的影響。如：He visited Guilin in 1998. 他 1998 年參觀過(guò)桂林。(只說(shuō)明去桂林的時(shí)間)2. 現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)表示動(dòng)作發(fā)生在過(guò)去，對(duì)現(xiàn)在造成了影響或產(chǎn)生了結(jié)果。不與確定的過(guò)去時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)連用。如：Jill has bought a new computer. 吉爾買了一臺(tái)新電腦。(著重點(diǎn)是現(xiàn)在有了一臺(tái)新電腦)3. 兩種時(shí)態(tài)的區(qū)分(1)一般過(guò)去時(shí)的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用過(guò)去式，而現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的謂語(yǔ)基本構(gòu)成是 助動(dòng)詞 have /has +過(guò)去分詞 。如：The film started at 7

14、o clockHe.has been a teacher for many years.(2)一般過(guò)去時(shí)通常與表示過(guò)去的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)連用。如：yesterday, last week, two years ago, just now, in 2002等；而現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)則常與just, already, ever, never 等副詞和these days, this week, since., for.等表示一段時(shí)間的狀語(yǔ)連用。看看以下的幾組句子，有什么區(qū)別？Have you seen the film?(A)Did you see the film?(B)說(shuō)明 你看過(guò)這部電影嗎？(A) 句強(qiáng)調(diào)的是

15、被問(wèn)者對(duì)劇情是否了解；(B) 句強(qiáng)調(diào)的是看這部電影的動(dòng)作是否發(fā)生過(guò)，并不強(qiáng)調(diào)是否知道其內(nèi)容。 How has he done it?(A)How did he do it?(B) 說(shuō)明 他是怎么做的這件事？(A) 句強(qiáng)調(diào)的是他做這件事的方式對(duì)現(xiàn)在產(chǎn)生了某種影響；(B) 句單純的詢問(wèn)做這件事的方式。 He has lived in Beijing for 8 years.(A)He lived in Beijing for 8 years.(B) 說(shuō)明 他在北京住了8 年。 (A) 句講的是到目前為止他在北京住了8 年，可能還會(huì)繼續(xù)在北京住下去。(B) 句講的是他在北京住過(guò)8 年，現(xiàn)在不在北京了

16、。三、現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)考點(diǎn)例析現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)是較難掌握、中考考查較多的時(shí)態(tài)。涉及的考點(diǎn)有：一、考查其構(gòu)成 助動(dòng)詞 have (has) +動(dòng)詞過(guò)去分詞 構(gòu)成現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)。如：1. Kates never seen Chinese films ， _ ?A. hasnt she B. has she C. isnt she D. is she析：陳述句部分含否定詞 never,簡(jiǎn)略問(wèn)句部分要用肯定式，又因Kates是 Kate has的縮寫，故選 B。2. His uncle has already posted the photos to him. ( 改為否定句 )His uncle _ posted

17、the photos to him _.析： already 常用在肯定句中，yet 常用在否定句、疑問(wèn)句中，故填hasnt, yet。3. -Ann has gone to Shanghai. -So _her parents.A. has B. had C. did D. have析： so+助 /系 /情態(tài)動(dòng)詞 +主語(yǔ) 結(jié)構(gòu)中的動(dòng)詞形式應(yīng)與前句結(jié)構(gòu)中動(dòng)詞形式保持一致，又后句的主語(yǔ)為herparents 是復(fù)數(shù) ,故選 D。二、考查其用法與標(biāo)志詞(一 )當(dāng)句中有never, ever, just, already, yet, before 等時(shí)，常用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)。如：1. -Mum, may

18、 I go out and play basketball?-_you_ your homework yet?A. Do; finishB. Are; finishingC. Did; finishD. Have; finished2. -_ you _anywhere before? -Yes, but I cant remember where I_A. Did; surf; surfedB. Have; surfed; surfedC. Did; surf; have surfedD. Have; surfed; have surfed析：據(jù) yet 和 before 可知 ,應(yīng)用現(xiàn)在完

19、成時(shí)，故1 題選 D， 2 題選 D。(二 )當(dāng)句中有 for + 段時(shí)間 或 since + 點(diǎn)時(shí)間 等時(shí)，主句常用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞必須是延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞，若是非延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞，要改為延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞或表狀態(tài)的詞(短語(yǔ) )。如：1. His brother has been to Stone Forest twice_he came to Yunnan.A. afterB. beforeC. sinceD. for析：主句用的是現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)，而從句用的是一般過(guò)去時(shí)，故選C。2.Tom_the CD player for two weeks.A. has lentB. has borrowedC. has

20、boughtD. has had析： A 、 B、 C 均為非延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞，在肯定句中不與表 段時(shí)間 的短語(yǔ)連用，故選 D 。3.I_a letter from him since he left.A. didnt receiveB. havent gotC. didnt haveD. havent heard析：據(jù) since 可知，應(yīng)排除A 、C，hear from sb.=receive/get/have a letter from sb. 意為 收到某人的來(lái)信 ，故選 B。三、考查have/has been (to, in)/have/has gone (to)的區(qū)別。 如：1. -Ha

21、ve you ever_Lintong to see the Terra Cotta Warriors?-Yes, I have.A. went toB. gone toC. been inD. been to析：據(jù)句中的 have，排除 A ， B 項(xiàng)意為 去某地了 ， C 項(xiàng)意為 一直呆在某地 ， D 項(xiàng)意為 去過(guò)某地 ，符合題意，故選 D 。2. My parents _ Shangdong for ten years.A. have been inB. have been toC. have gone toD. have been析：本題句中有 for+段時(shí)間結(jié)構(gòu)，據(jù)此可排除 C，B

22、項(xiàng)意為 去過(guò)某地，不合題意， D 項(xiàng)缺介詞，故選 A 。四、考查現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)與其他時(shí)態(tài)的聯(lián)系和區(qū)別。如：1. Suns aunt has gone there for ten years.(改成正確的句子)析：非延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞與 段時(shí)間連用時(shí)，除了把非延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞改成延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞外， 還可把動(dòng)詞改為一般過(guò)去時(shí)或借助句型Its +段時(shí)間 +since+從句進(jìn)行句子轉(zhuǎn)換。故答案為：Suns aunt has been there for ten years. /Suns aunt went there ten years ago. /Its ten years since Suns aunt went th

23、ere.2. Susan has been in this city for more than ten years.( 改為同義句 )_more than ten years _Susan _to this city.析：據(jù)上題分析，且since 引導(dǎo)的從句要用一般過(guò)去時(shí)，故填3. I wont go to the concert because I _my ticket.A. lostB. dont loseC. have lostD. is comingIt is, since, came 。析：因我丟了票的動(dòng)作發(fā)生在過(guò)去，而且對(duì)現(xiàn)在造成了我不能參加音樂(lè)會(huì)的結(jié)果，符合現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)所表示的含

24、意，故選C。(UNIT2) 過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)（注意 whenwhileas 引導(dǎo)的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句。 ）(UNIT3)被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)復(fù)習(xí)“三步曲 ”被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)是動(dòng)詞語(yǔ)態(tài)的一種形式,表示主語(yǔ)是動(dòng)作的承受者。在歷年的中考題中,都有一定數(shù)量的考查被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的題目。因此,有必要對(duì)被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)進(jìn)行系統(tǒng)復(fù)習(xí)。第一曲 :掌握被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的結(jié)構(gòu)被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)由 助動(dòng)詞 +及物動(dòng)詞的過(guò)去分詞 構(gòu)成。不同時(shí)態(tài)的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的差異主要體現(xiàn)在助動(dòng)詞be 的變化上 ,同時(shí)助動(dòng)詞be 還要在人稱和數(shù)上與主語(yǔ)保持一致?，F(xiàn)將初中階段常見(jiàn)的幾種時(shí)態(tài)的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)總結(jié)如下:1.一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài):am/is/are+done( 指及物動(dòng)詞的過(guò)去分詞,下同 )如 :En

25、glish is used all over the world.2.一般過(guò)去時(shí)的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài):was/were+done 如: The picture was painted two years ago.3.現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài):am/is/are+being+done 如 : The flowers are being watered by them now.4.現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài):have(has)+been+done 如 :The room has been cleaned.5.一般將來(lái)時(shí)的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài):will/be going to+be+done如:The work will be f

26、inished tomorrow.6.含有情態(tài)動(dòng)詞的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài):情態(tài)動(dòng)詞 +be+done 如 :Your homework must be handed in today.其它幾種特殊句型：It is said that.It is well known that.It is reported that.have sth done第二曲 :掌握主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)變被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的方法把主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)變?yōu)楸粍?dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)時(shí),應(yīng)走好以下三步: 1)主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的賓語(yǔ)變?yōu)楸粍?dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的主語(yǔ); 2)主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞由主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)形式變?yōu)楸粍?dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)形式; 3)主動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)的主語(yǔ)變?yōu)榻樵~by 的賓語(yǔ),組成介詞短語(yǔ),放在被動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞之后。 在無(wú)須

27、說(shuō)明動(dòng)作的執(zhí)行者或只強(qiáng)調(diào)動(dòng)作的承受者時(shí),by短語(yǔ)可以省略。請(qǐng)看示范:主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài):My brotherrepairedthat bike yesterday.主語(yǔ)謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞賓語(yǔ)其余部分被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài) :That bikewas repaired(by my brother) yesterday.主語(yǔ)謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞by+賓語(yǔ)其余部分對(duì)于主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)變?yōu)楸粍?dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)方法的考查,主要在句型轉(zhuǎn)換題目中出現(xiàn)。只要能夠按照上面介紹的方法去做,一般是能夠做對(duì)的。第三曲 :注意主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)變?yōu)楸粍?dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的幾種特殊句型1.含有短語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)一般來(lái)說(shuō),只有 及物動(dòng)詞才有被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)。另外 ,許多不及物動(dòng)詞加上介詞或副詞構(gòu)成的短語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞,相當(dāng)于及物

28、動(dòng)詞 ,后面也可加賓語(yǔ)。在變被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)時(shí),注意 不可丟掉后面的介詞或副詞,常見(jiàn)的這類短語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞有:take care of, lookafter, take off, look at, send for, look up等。如:The old people should be taken good care of.2.含有雙賓語(yǔ)的動(dòng)詞的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)含有雙賓語(yǔ)的主動(dòng)句改為被動(dòng)句時(shí),應(yīng)將其中一個(gè)賓語(yǔ)改為被動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)的主語(yǔ),另一個(gè)賓語(yǔ)仍保留在原處。一種情況是把間接賓語(yǔ)(指人 )變?yōu)橹髡Z(yǔ),直接賓語(yǔ)(指物 )不變。另一種情況是把直接賓語(yǔ)(指物 )變?yōu)橹髡Z(yǔ),間接賓語(yǔ)(指人 )不變 ,這時(shí) ,間接賓語(yǔ)前通常加介詞to,

29、有時(shí)加for 。如 :My father gave me a new book on my birthday.I was given a new book (by my father) on my birthday. (間接賓語(yǔ)作了主語(yǔ))A new book was given to me (by my father) on my birthday. (直接賓語(yǔ)作了主語(yǔ))3.帶有復(fù)合賓語(yǔ)的動(dòng)詞的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)帶有復(fù)合賓語(yǔ) (賓語(yǔ)和賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)足語(yǔ)不動(dòng)。同時(shí) ,如果賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)是省略)的主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)變?yōu)楸粍?dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)時(shí),只把賓語(yǔ)變?yōu)楸粍?dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的主語(yǔ)to 的動(dòng)詞不定式,變?yōu)楸粍?dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)時(shí),必須加上不定式符號(hào),原來(lái)的賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)t

30、o,這類動(dòng)詞有make, let, see, hear, watch等。如 :Wefind Englishvery useful.English is found very useful.賓語(yǔ)賓補(bǔ)I often hear himsing in his room. He is often heard to sing in his room.賓語(yǔ)賓補(bǔ)4.有的動(dòng)詞的主動(dòng)形式可以表示被動(dòng)意義,這類動(dòng)詞有 : wash, sell, smell, taste, sound, feel 等。如 :The books sell well.The food tastes good.以上四種情況在中考題目中經(jīng)常

31、出現(xiàn),同學(xué)們?cè)谂龅筋愃祁}目時(shí),應(yīng)首先分析屬于哪種情況,然后再根據(jù)掌握的知識(shí)來(lái)做題。二、被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)考點(diǎn)歸納1. 主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)改為被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)時(shí)，被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)應(yīng)和主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的時(shí)態(tài)保持一致。如：We speak English .（改為被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)）English _ _ by us.分析此句主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)為一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)態(tài)，被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)也應(yīng)用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)態(tài)，因此，答案應(yīng)是is spoken。2. 注意被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的謂語(yǔ)結(jié)構(gòu)。一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)是：am / is / are + p.p ；一般過(guò)去時(shí)是：was / were + p.p ；現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)是：have / has / been + p.p；現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)是：am / is / are / +

32、 being + p.p ；含有情態(tài)動(dòng)詞的是：情態(tài)動(dòng)詞be + p.p。有詩(shī)曰：被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)須注意，謂語(yǔ)不離“be”“ p。.p主”謂一致別忘記，“進(jìn)行 ”易丟一個(gè) “be。”（注： p.p 過(guò)去分詞）。如：We must take good care of our eyes. （改為被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)）Our eyes must _ _ good care of.分析此句中含有情態(tài)動(dòng)詞must，那么，我們根據(jù)“情態(tài)動(dòng)詞 be+p.p. ”的公式可知，答案應(yīng)是be taken。3. 注意句中主謂語(yǔ)的一致關(guān)系。如：Tea _ （ grow） in southeast of China and India.分析

33、此句中主語(yǔ)tea 是不可數(shù)名詞，作主語(yǔ)時(shí)謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞應(yīng)用單數(shù)形式。而此句說(shuō)明的又是一自然現(xiàn)象，因此就應(yīng)用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)態(tài)。所以，答案應(yīng)是is grown 。4. 注意復(fù)合賓語(yǔ)的變化。如：They couldn” t make the cow go（.改為被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)）分析 the cow go 在句中作 make 的復(fù)合賓語(yǔ)。一般情況下，變?yōu)楸粍?dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)后，賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)的結(jié)構(gòu)形式、所處位置原封不動(dòng)地保存下來(lái)，但make / have / let / see / watch / hear 等后原可省的to 要還原回來(lái)。顯然，此句中， the cow go 中省去的to 應(yīng)還原回來(lái)，因此答案應(yīng)是The cow co

34、uldn ”t be made to go.5. 注意雙賓語(yǔ)的變化。如：Mr Smith showed the students two pictures yesterday .（改為被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)）Two pictures _ _ _ the students by Mr Smith.分析變?yōu)楸粍?dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)時(shí)，雙賓語(yǔ)中的任何一個(gè)皆可變?yōu)橹髡Z(yǔ)，一般變直接賓語(yǔ)，但間接賓語(yǔ)前必須加上介詞 to 或 for。此句中顯然是把直接賓語(yǔ)變?yōu)楸粍?dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的主語(yǔ)，那么，間接賓語(yǔ)前須加上介詞to，所以答案應(yīng)是were shown to 。6. 注意短語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞中的“小詞 ”。如：The old men and the childr

35、en _ in our country.A. must take good careB. must be taken good careC. must be taken good care ofD. must take good care of分析 短語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞是一個(gè)不可分割的整體，應(yīng)當(dāng)做一個(gè)詞來(lái)看待，變成被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)后，“小詞 ”不能丟棄。 因此，此題答案應(yīng)是C。(UNIT5) 直接引語(yǔ)變間接引語(yǔ)一、句式的變化1. 陳述句變?yōu)橐?that 引導(dǎo)的賓語(yǔ)從句。 that 在口語(yǔ)中常省略She said,“ Our train will arrive in five minutes.”She said (

36、that) their train would arrive in five minutes.He said,“ I m very busy. He”said (that) he was very busy.2. 一般疑問(wèn)句變成 if/whether 引導(dǎo)的賓語(yǔ)從句 。He said,“ Can you swim,John?He” asked John if he could swim.The teacher said,“ Have you all understoodme?” The teacher asked if we had all understood him.If/whether

37、的用法主要區(qū)別點(diǎn):a. whether 可與 or (not) 連用 I don t know whether he will come or not.b.與介詞連用： We are talking about whether he will win.c.與不定式連用：I can t decide whether to go with you.3. 特殊疑問(wèn)句變?yōu)橛?who/what/when 等疑問(wèn)詞引導(dǎo)的賓語(yǔ)從句。George said,“ When will you get back from Shanghai,Mike?George asked Mike when he would g

38、et back from Shanghai”He said,“ Where are you going?”He asked where I was going.4. 祈使句變?yōu)閯?dòng)詞不定式。 表示命令時(shí)常用 tell;表示請(qǐng)求時(shí)常用 ask。 Dont變?yōu)?notThe teacher said to the boy,“ Open the window .The ”teacher told the boy to open the window.His father said to him,“ Don t leave the doorHisopenfather. told him” not to

39、leave the door open.5 .反意疑問(wèn)句，變?yōu)橛蒳f/whether 引導(dǎo)的賓語(yǔ)從句。She asked me,“ You have seen the film,haven t you? She” asked me if/whether I had seen the film.6. 選擇問(wèn)句，變?yōu)閣hetherorI asked him,“ Will you stay at home or go to a film tonight?I asked him whether he would stay at home or go to a film that night.”7. 直

40、接引語(yǔ)是感嘆句時(shí)，變間接引語(yǔ)時(shí)可用what或 how 引導(dǎo)，有時(shí)也可用that引導(dǎo)。She said,“ What a lovely day it is!She said” what a lovely day it was.She said that it was a lovely day.二、時(shí)態(tài)的變化附：時(shí)態(tài)不變的幾種情況：1. 如主句謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞為一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)或一般將來(lái)時(shí)，則間接引語(yǔ)中的動(dòng)詞仍保持直接引語(yǔ)的原來(lái)時(shí)態(tài)。He says,“ I m very busy today.”He says (that) he is very busy t oday.He will say,“ I have

41、watered the flowers.He will”say (that)he has watered the flowers.2. 直接引語(yǔ)如果是客觀真理，事實(shí)，格言等內(nèi)容時(shí)，變間接引語(yǔ)時(shí)，時(shí)態(tài)不變。例： He said:“ Light travels much faster than sound他.說(shuō)： “光傳播”的速度要比聲音快得多?！盚e said that light travels much faster than sound3. 直接引語(yǔ)是書信、新聞報(bào)道等相關(guān)內(nèi)容時(shí)，變間接引語(yǔ)時(shí)，時(shí)態(tài)不變。4. 直接引語(yǔ)說(shuō)的是一個(gè)人習(xí)慣的動(dòng)作時(shí)，變間接引語(yǔ)時(shí)，時(shí)態(tài)不變。5. 轉(zhuǎn)述正在進(jìn)行的對(duì)話

42、時(shí)，變間接引語(yǔ)時(shí)，時(shí)態(tài)不變。6. 直接引語(yǔ)有具體的表示過(guò)去的時(shí)間時(shí)，變間接引語(yǔ)時(shí)，時(shí)態(tài)不變。7. when 和 since 引導(dǎo)的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句時(shí)，變間接引語(yǔ)時(shí)，時(shí)態(tài)不變。否則：如主句謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞為過(guò)去時(shí)，則間接引語(yǔ)中的動(dòng)詞應(yīng)由現(xiàn)在時(shí)變?yōu)檫^(guò)去時(shí)一般現(xiàn)在時(shí) 一般過(guò)去時(shí)一般將來(lái)時(shí) 過(guò)去將來(lái)時(shí)現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí) 過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)一般過(guò)去時(shí) 過(guò)去完成時(shí)現(xiàn)在完成時(shí) 過(guò)去完成時(shí)三、時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)的變化now thenlast month the month beforetoight that night today that daythree days ago three days beforetomorrowthe next d

43、aythis week that weeknext month the next monthyesterday the day before the day after tomorrow in two days例：She said,“I went there yesterday.她說(shuō)，” “我昨天去那兒了?！盨he said that she had gone there the day before. 她說(shuō)她前一天去那兒了。四、人稱的變化直接引語(yǔ)變?yōu)殚g接引語(yǔ)相當(dāng)于把直接引語(yǔ)變?yōu)橘e語(yǔ)從句。因此直接引語(yǔ)的人稱要做相應(yīng)的變化。直接引語(yǔ)的主語(yǔ)為第一人稱時(shí)，變?yōu)殚g接引語(yǔ)要和主句的主語(yǔ)保持一致。He s

44、aid:“ I will go to Beijing tomorrow.He said that”he would go to Beijing the next day.直接引語(yǔ)的主語(yǔ)為第二人稱時(shí)，要和主句的賓語(yǔ)保持一致。例： He said to me:“You will leave tomorrow.He”told me that I would leave the next day.直接引語(yǔ)是第三人稱為主語(yǔ)時(shí)，變間接引語(yǔ)時(shí)不變。例： He said to me:“My sister will leave tomorrow. He told” me that his sister woul

45、d leave tomorrow.He said to us:“ They want to come. He told” us that they wanted to go.五、其它變化指示代詞的變化this thatthese thoseShe said:“ I will come this morning她.說(shuō)， “我今”天上午來(lái)?！盨he said that she would go that morning.她說(shuō)她那天上午去。地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ)的變化here thereHe said,“ My sister was here three days 他ago說(shuō).： “我姐姐三天前在這兒?！盚e s

46、aid that his sister had been there three days before. 他說(shuō)他姐姐三天前去那兒。謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的變化come goShe said,“ I will come here tomorrow她.說(shuō)， “我明”天來(lái)這。 ”She said that she would go there the next day. 她說(shuō)她第二天去那兒。中考賓語(yǔ)從句常見(jiàn)錯(cuò)誤例析賓語(yǔ)從句是中考的考點(diǎn)，也是英語(yǔ)學(xué)習(xí)中的難點(diǎn)?，F(xiàn)將賓語(yǔ)從句的常見(jiàn)錯(cuò)誤作一歸納、分析。一、連接詞的錯(cuò)誤例 1： He asked _ there was a bookshop in the street?

47、 A. thatB. whatC. howD. whether錯(cuò)解： A 剖析： ask 表明了賓語(yǔ)部分含有詢問(wèn)意思。而that 不能引導(dǎo)疑問(wèn)語(yǔ)氣的句子。引導(dǎo)一般疑問(wèn)句通常用 whether 或 if 。 正解： D例 2： Tell me _ you will go with us or stay at home.A. ifB. whetherC. thatD. how錯(cuò)解： A 剖析：在引導(dǎo)賓語(yǔ)從句時(shí)，if 和 whether 通?？梢曰Q。但有些情況是不能互換的。如果從句中提出了兩種選擇，或從句中有用 whether。正解： B二、語(yǔ)序的錯(cuò)誤例 1： He wanted to know

48、_. A. when would the holiday begin C. which one did I like bestor not 結(jié)構(gòu)的時(shí)候，只能B. that he had come back from BeijingD. how he could get to the station錯(cuò)解：A 或 C 剖析：賓語(yǔ)從句的從句部分必須用陳述句語(yǔ)序，而 A 、C 為疑問(wèn)句語(yǔ)序。 正解：D 例 2：I wonder _.A. who broke the windowB. who the window brokeC. whose coat is thisD. what is the popu

49、lation of China錯(cuò)解： B 、 C 或 D 剖析： C、 D 都是疑問(wèn)句語(yǔ)序，此處需使用陳述句語(yǔ)序。B 貌似陳述句語(yǔ)序，但實(shí)際上連接詞who 同時(shí)是從句的主語(yǔ)，而the window 則應(yīng)是 broke 的賓語(yǔ)。正解： A例 3： I dontknow _.A. which room I can live C. which room I can live inB. which room can I liveD. which room can I live in錯(cuò)解： A 剖析：如果連接詞在賓語(yǔ)從句中充當(dāng)不及物動(dòng)詞后介詞的賓語(yǔ)，并被放到從句句首時(shí)，不及物動(dòng)詞后面的介詞不能少。正解：C三、時(shí)態(tài)運(yùn)用的錯(cuò)誤例 1： Long long ago, people didn tknow the earth _ round the sun.A. movingB. movedC. movesD. went錯(cuò)解： B 或 D 剖析：在學(xué)習(xí)賓語(yǔ)從句時(shí)，我們知道有一個(gè)規(guī)則：就是一般情況下主從句的時(shí)態(tài)要考慮 “一致性 ”原則。但當(dāng)賓語(yǔ)從句表示的是科學(xué)真理、格言、客觀事實(shí)或其他不受時(shí)間限制、影響，客觀存在的事物時(shí)，賓語(yǔ)從句的動(dòng)詞時(shí)態(tài)不受主句時(shí)態(tài)的限制，仍可用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)。正解：C例 2： Could