計(jì)算機(jī)英語(yǔ)專業(yè)外語(yǔ)第三版unit11

1、幻燈片1第十一章Electronic Commerce(電子商務(wù))幻燈片2Section AElectronic Commercel IIntroductionl The business phenomenon that we now call electronic commerce has had an interesting history. l 我們現(xiàn)在稱之為電子商務(wù)的商業(yè)現(xiàn)象擁有有趣的歷史?；脽羝?Section AElectronic Commercel From humble beginnings in the mid-1990s, electronic commerce grew

2、 rapidly until 2000, when a major downturn occurred.l 電子商務(wù)發(fā)端于20世紀(jì)90年代中期，當(dāng)時(shí)并不顯山露水，但隨后發(fā)展迅猛，直到2000年出現(xiàn)一次大衰退?；脽羝?Section AElectronic Commercel Many people have seen news stories about the “dot-com boom” followed by the “dot-com bust” or the “dot-bomb.” Beginning in 2003, electronic commerce began to show

3、 signs of new life.l 許多人看過(guò)相關(guān)的新聞報(bào)道，先是“網(wǎng)絡(luò)公司繁榮”，繼之以“網(wǎng)絡(luò)公司不景氣”或“網(wǎng)絡(luò)炸彈”。從2003年開始，電子商務(wù)開始顯示出新生的跡象。幻燈片5Section AElectronic Commercel Although the rapid expansion and high levels of investment of the boom years are not likely to be repeated, the second wave of electronic commerce is well underway.l 盡管繁榮歲月的快速擴(kuò)張

4、和高水平投資不可能重現(xiàn)，但電子商務(wù)的第二次浪潮已然來(lái)臨?；脽羝?IIElectronic Commerce and Electronic Businessl To many people, the term “electronic commerce” means shopping on the part of the Internet called the Word Wide Web (the Web).l 對(duì)于許多人來(lái)說(shuō)，“electronic commerce”（電子商務(wù)）這個(gè)術(shù)語(yǔ)表示在稱為萬(wàn)維網(wǎng)的那一部分因特網(wǎng)上購(gòu)物?；脽羝?IIElectronic Commerce and Elect

5、ronic Businessl However, electronic commerce (or e-commerce) also includes many other activities, such as businesses trading with other businesses and internal processes that companies use to support their buying, selling, hiring, planning, and other activities.l 然而，electronic commerce（或e-commerce）也

6、包括許多其他的活動(dòng)，如一個(gè)企業(yè)與其他企業(yè)的貿(mào)易，以及公司用于支持其購(gòu)買、銷售、招聘、計(jì)劃及其他活動(dòng)的內(nèi)部過(guò)程?；脽羝?IIElectronic Commerce and Electronic Businessl Some people use the term “electronic business” (or e-business) when they are talking about electronic commerce in this broader sense. Most people use the terms “electronic commerce” and “electro

7、nic business” interchangeably.l 有些人從這種比較廣泛的意義上談?wù)撾娮由虅?wù)時(shí)，使用“electronicbusiness”（或e-business）這個(gè)術(shù)語(yǔ)。大多數(shù)人混用“electronic commerce”和“electronicbusiness”這兩個(gè)術(shù)語(yǔ)。幻燈片9IIElectronic Commerce and Electronic Businessl Here the term “electronic commerce” is used in its broadest sense and includes all business activitie

8、s conducted using electronic data transmission technologies.l “electronic commerce”這個(gè)術(shù)語(yǔ)在本文中是從最廣泛的意義上使用的，包括使用電子數(shù)據(jù)傳輸技術(shù)進(jìn)行的所有商業(yè)活動(dòng)。幻燈片10IIElectronic Commerce and Electronic Businessl The most common technologies used are the Internet and the Word Wide Web, but other technologies, such as wireless transmi

9、ssions on mobile telephone and personal digital assistant (PDA) devices, are also included.l 最常用的技術(shù)是因特網(wǎng)和萬(wàn)維網(wǎng)，但所使用的技術(shù)也包括其他技術(shù)，如通過(guò)移動(dòng)電話和個(gè)人數(shù)字助理設(shè)備進(jìn)行的無(wú)線傳輸?；脽羝?1IIICategories of Electronic Commerce l Some people find it useful to categorize electronic commerce by the types of entities participating in the tr

10、ansactions or business processes.l 有些人感到根據(jù)參與交易或商業(yè)過(guò)程的實(shí)體類型對(duì)電子商務(wù)進(jìn)行分類比較有用。幻燈片12IIICategories of Electronic Commerce l The five general electronic commerce categories are business-to-consumer, business-to-business, business processes, consumer-to-consumer, and business-to-government.l 有5種一般的電子商務(wù)類型，分別是：企業(yè)

11、對(duì)消費(fèi)者電子商務(wù)、企業(yè)對(duì)企業(yè)電子商務(wù)、商業(yè)過(guò)程、消費(fèi)者對(duì)消費(fèi)者電子商務(wù)和企業(yè)對(duì)政府電子商務(wù)?；脽羝?3IIICategories of Electronic Commerce l The three categories that are most commonly used are:l Consumer shopping on the Web, often called business-to-consumer (or B2C)l 最常用的3種類型是：l 消費(fèi)者在網(wǎng)上購(gòu)物，常稱為企業(yè)對(duì)消費(fèi)者（或B2C）電子商務(wù)幻燈片14IIICategories of Electronic Commerce

12、 l Transactions conducted between businesses on the Web, often called business-to-business (or B2B)l 企業(yè)之間在網(wǎng)上進(jìn)行的交易，常稱為企業(yè)對(duì)企業(yè)（或B2B）電子商務(wù)幻燈片15IIICategories of Electronic Commerce l Transactions and business processes that companies, governments, and other organizations undertake on the Internet to suppor

13、t selling and purchasing activities.l 公司、政府及其他機(jī)構(gòu)為支持買賣活動(dòng)而在因特網(wǎng)上采取的交易與商業(yè)過(guò)程幻燈片16IIICategories of Electronic Commerce l Figure 11A-1 shows the three main elements of electronic commerce. The figure presents a rough approximation of the relative size of these elements. l 該圖顯示了對(duì)這些要素相對(duì)規(guī)模的粗略估計(jì)?；脽羝?7IIICatego

14、ries of Electronic Commerce l In terms of dollar volume and number of transactions, B2B electronic commerce is much greater than B2C electronic commerce. l 就美元值和交易數(shù)量而言，B2B電子商務(wù)比B2C電子商務(wù)大得多?；脽羝?8IIICategories of Electronic Commerce l However, the number of supporting business processes is greater than

15、the number of all B2C and B2B transactions combined. l 然而，支持商業(yè)過(guò)程的數(shù)量比所有B2C和B2B交易加在一起的數(shù)量還要多?；脽羝?9IIICategories of Electronic Commerce l The large oval in Figure 11A-1 that represents the business processes that support selling and purchasing activities is the largest element of electronic commerce.l 圖

16、11A-1中表示支持買賣活動(dòng)的商業(yè)過(guò)程的大橢圓形代表電子商務(wù)的最大要素。幻燈片20IIICategories of Electronic Commerce l Some researchers define a fourth category of electronic commerce, called consumer-to-consumer (or C2C), which includes individuals who buy and sell items among themselves. l 有些研究人員還界定了另外一種電子商務(wù)，稱為消費(fèi)者對(duì)消費(fèi)者（或C2C）電子商務(wù)。這種電子商務(wù)指

17、個(gè)人之間買賣物品?；脽羝?1IIICategories of Electronic Commerce l For example，C2C electronic commerce occurs when a person sells an item through a Web auction site to another person.l 例如，一個(gè)人通過(guò)拍賣網(wǎng)站向另一個(gè)人出售一件物品便是C2C電子商務(wù)。幻燈片22IIICategories of Electronic Commerce l Finally, some researchers also define a category of

18、electronic commerce called business-to-government (or B2G); l 最后，有些研究人員還界定了一種稱為企業(yè)對(duì)政府（或B2G）的電子商務(wù)。幻燈片23IIICategories of Electronic Commerce l this category includes business transactions with government agencies, such as paying taxes and filing required reports.l 這種類型的電子商務(wù)包括企業(yè)與政府機(jī)構(gòu)的交易，如交稅和填寫規(guī)定的報(bào)表?；脽羝?

19、4IIICategories of Electronic Commerce l An increasing number of states have Web sites that help companies do business with state government agencies. l 數(shù)量越來(lái)越多的州建有幫助公司與州政府機(jī)構(gòu)做生意的網(wǎng)站。幻燈片25IIICategories of Electronic Commerce l For example, the CAL-Buy site makes it easy for businesses to conduct online

20、transactions with the State of California. Figure 11A-2 summarizes these five categories of electronic commerce.l 例如，CAL-Buy網(wǎng)站使企業(yè)與加利福尼亞州進(jìn)行在線交易變得容易。圖11A-2概括了以上5種電子商務(wù)?；脽羝?6 IVThe Second Wave of Electronic Commercel Economists Chris Freeman and Francisco louca describe four waves that occurred in the I

21、ndustrial Revolution in their book As Time Goes By.l 經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)家克里斯弗里曼和弗朗西斯科盧桑在他們的隨著時(shí)間流逝一書中描述了l 工業(yè)革命發(fā)生的4次浪潮?；脽羝?7 IVThe Second Wave of Electronic Commercel Many researchers predict that electronic commerce and the information revolution brought about by the Internet will go through similar waves. Those res

22、earchers agree that the second wave of electronic commerce has begun.l 許多研究人員預(yù)言，因特網(wǎng)帶來(lái)的電子商務(wù)和信息革命將經(jīng)歷類似的浪潮。這些研究人員一致認(rèn)為，電子商務(wù)的第二次浪潮已經(jīng)開始?；脽羝?8 IVThe Second Wave of Electronic Commercel The first wave of electronic commerce was primary a U.S. phenomenon. Web pages were primarily in English, particularly on

23、commerce sites. l 電子商務(wù)的第一次浪潮主要是一種美國(guó)現(xiàn)象。網(wǎng)頁(yè)主要用英語(yǔ)編寫，特別是商業(yè)網(wǎng)站的網(wǎng)頁(yè)?；脽羝?9 IVThe Second Wave of Electronic Commercel As the second wave begins, it is clear that the future of electronic commerce will be international in scope and will allow sellers to do business in many countries and in many languages. l 隨著第

24、二次浪潮的開始，很明顯，未來(lái)的電子商務(wù)將是國(guó)際范圍的，并將允許賣方在許多國(guó)家和用多種語(yǔ)言做生意。幻燈片30 IVThe Second Wave of Electronic Commercel The problems of language translation and handling currency conversion will need to be solved to allow efficient conduct of business in the second wave.l 為了在第二次浪潮中能夠高效地做生意，將需要解決語(yǔ)言翻譯和貨幣兌換問(wèn)題?；脽羝?1 IVThe Seco

25、nd Wave of Electronic Commercel In the first wave, easy access to start-up capital led to an overemphasis on creating new large enterprises to exploit electronic commerce opportunities. l 在第一次浪潮中，創(chuàng)辦資金比較容易得到，這導(dǎo)致人們過(guò)分強(qiáng)調(diào)創(chuàng)辦新的大型企業(yè)，以利用電子商務(wù)機(jī)會(huì)。幻燈片32 IVThe Second Wave of Electronic Commercel Investors were ex

26、cited about electronic commerce and wanted to participate, no matter how much it cost or how bad the underlying ideas were. l 投資者對(duì)電子商務(wù)感到興奮，而且，無(wú)論花費(fèi)多么大或基本想法多么糟糕，他們都想?yún)⑴c電子商務(wù)。幻燈片33 IVThe Second Wave of Electronic Commercel In the second wave, established companies are using their own internal funds to fi

27、nance gradual expansion of electronic commerce opportunities. l 在第二次浪潮中，已站住腳的公司使用自己的內(nèi)部資金來(lái)為逐步擴(kuò)大電子商務(wù)機(jī)會(huì)提供經(jīng)費(fèi)?；脽羝?4 IVThe Second Wave of Electronic Commercel These measured and carefully considered investments are helping electronic commerce grow more steadily, although more slowly.l 這些經(jīng)過(guò)仔細(xì)考慮的慎重投資在幫助電子商務(wù)

28、更加穩(wěn)步地發(fā)展，雖然發(fā)展的速度比以前緩慢?；脽羝?5 IVThe Second Wave of Electronic Commercel The Internet technologies used in the first wave, especially in B2C commerce, were slow and inexpensive. Most consumers connected to the Internet using dial-up modems. l 在第一次浪潮中，尤其是在B2C商務(wù)中，所使用的因特網(wǎng)技術(shù)速度慢，費(fèi)用低廉。大多數(shù)消費(fèi)者使用撥號(hào)調(diào)制解調(diào)器連接到因特網(wǎng)上?；?/p>

29、燈片36 IVThe Second Wave of Electronic Commercel The increase in broadband connections in homes is a key element in the second wave. Although these connections are more expensive, they are more than 10 times faster. l 家里寬帶連接的增加是第二次浪潮的一個(gè)關(guān)鍵要素。這些連接盡管費(fèi)用比較高，但速度快了10倍多。幻燈片37 IVThe Second Ware of Electronic C

30、ommercel This increased speed not only makes Internet use more efficient, it can alter the way people use the Web.l 這種速度提高不僅提高了使用因特網(wǎng)的效率，而且可以改變?nèi)藗兪褂萌f(wàn)維網(wǎng)的方式。幻燈片38 IVThe Second Wave of Electronic Commercel In the first wave, Internet technologies were integrated into B2B transactions and internal busines

31、s processes by using bar codes and scanners to track parts, assemblies, inventories, and production status. l 在第一次浪潮中，因特網(wǎng)技術(shù)通過(guò)使用條形碼和掃描儀跟蹤零部件、庫(kù)存和生產(chǎn)狀況而結(jié)合進(jìn)B2B交易和內(nèi)部商業(yè)過(guò)程?；脽羝?9 IVThe Second Ware of Electronic Commercel In the second wave, radio-frequency identification (RFID) devices and smart cards are be

32、ing combined with biometric technologies such as fingerprint readers and retina scanners to control more items and people in a wider variety of situations. l 在第二次浪潮中，射頻識(shí)別裝置和智能卡正在與指紋讀取器、視網(wǎng)膜掃描儀等生物統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)技術(shù)結(jié)合起來(lái)，以便在更為廣泛多樣的情況下控制更多的物品和人員?；脽羝?0 IVThe Second Ware of Electronic Commercel These technologies are i

33、ncreasingly integrated with each other and with communication systems that allow companies to communicate with each other and share transaction, inventory level, and customer demand information effectively. l 這些技術(shù)正在越來(lái)越高的程度上互相整合，并與有關(guān)的通信系統(tǒng)整合，這些通信系統(tǒng)使不同的公司能夠互相通信，有效地分享交易、庫(kù)存量及顧客需求信息。幻燈片41 IVThe Second War

34、e of Electronic Commercel The use of electronic mail (or e-mail) in the first wave was as a tool for relatively unstructured communication. In the second wave, sellers are using e-mail as an integral part of their marketing and customer contact strategies.l 在第一次浪潮中，電子郵件是作為一種進(jìn)行較為松散的通信的工具使用的。在第二次浪潮中，賣

35、方是將電子郵件作為其營(yíng)銷與顧客聯(lián)系策略的不可缺少的組成部分來(lái)使用的?；脽羝?2 IVThe Second Ware of Electronic Commercel Online advertising was the main revenue source of many failed dot-com businesses in the first wave. l 在第一次浪潮中，在線廣告是許多后來(lái)倒閉了的網(wǎng)絡(luò)公司的主要收入來(lái)源?；脽羝?3 IVThe Second Ware of Electronic Commercel After a two-year dip in online adve

36、rtising activity and revenues, companies are beginning the second wave with a renewed interest in making the Internet work as an effective advertising medium. l 經(jīng)過(guò)兩年的在線廣告活動(dòng)與收入下降之后，隨著第二次浪潮的開始，一些公司又對(duì)使因特網(wǎng)成為一種有效的廣告媒介發(fā)生興趣。幻燈片44 IVThe Second Ware of Electronic Commercel Some categories of online advertisi

37、ng, such as employment services are growing rapidly and are replacing traditional advertising outlets.l 有些在線廣告類型，如招聘服務(wù)，在迅速發(fā)展，并在取代傳統(tǒng)的廣告發(fā)布渠道?；脽羝?5 IVThe Second Ware of Electronic Commercel The sale of digital products was fraught with difficulties during the first wave of electronic commerce. The musi

38、c recording industry was unable (or, some would ay, unwilling) to devise a way to distribute digital music on the Web. l 在電子商務(wù)的第一次浪潮中，數(shù)字產(chǎn)品的銷售充滿困難。音樂錄制行業(yè)無(wú)法（或者，有些人會(huì)說(shuō)，不愿）想出一種方法在網(wǎng)上分發(fā)數(shù)字音樂?；脽羝?6 IVThe Second Ware of Electronic Commercel This created an environment in which digital piracy-the theft of musical artists intellectual propertybecome rampant. The promise of electronic books was also unfulfilled. l 這導(dǎo)致了一種環(huán)境的形成，在這種環(huán)境下數(shù)字盜版盜竊音樂藝術(shù)家的知識(shí)產(chǎn)權(quán)變得十分猖獗。此外，電子圖書也未實(shí)