常見相近詞英語語法

1、Each和Every的區(qū)別 each與every都有“每個(gè)”的意思，但二者含義及語法功能不同，主要區(qū)別是：1. each既可用作形容詞，又可用作代詞，在句中可以 作定語, 主語、賓語、同位語、狀語等。e.g. Each student has his own dictionary . （形容詞，定語） Each has hi s good point . （代詞，主語） Our head teacher had a talk with each of us . （代詞，賓語） The students each have a desk . （代詞，同位語） The children can h

2、ave a bag each . （副詞，狀語） 2. each與every都可用作形容詞，在句中作定語，但each更強(qiáng)調(diào)個(gè)人或個(gè)別，every更強(qiáng)調(diào)全體或全 部。比較： E.g. I know each number of your family . I know every number of your family . 3. each指兩個(gè)或兩個(gè)以上的人或事物中的“每個(gè)”；every是指許多人或事物的“全體”，與all的意 思相近。試譯： 這條街上每邊都有很多商店。 誤There are many shops on every side of the street . 正There a

3、re many shops on each side of the street . 我給她父母每人 一件禮物。 誤I gave a present to every one of her parents . 正I gave a present to each of her parents . 4. 指上下文提到過的確定數(shù)目中的“每一個(gè)”時(shí)，要用each；如果上下文沒有提及時(shí)，不能用each，要 用everyone等。試譯： 我認(rèn)為這三個(gè)答案個(gè)個(gè)都正確。 誤I think ever y answer of the three is right . 正I think each of the th

4、ree answers is right . 我看見人人都忙著工作。 誤I saw each was busy with his work . 正I saw everyone was busy with his work. Water pollution is caused by waste from factories and cities. Oceans are able to clean themselves ,but certain seas,once they become dirty,are not able to do so.水的污染是由于工廠和城市的廢物而引起的。大洋能夠自身清

5、除污染，但是某些海域一旦被污染，卻沒有自身清污能力 Clean作動(dòng)詞時(shí)意為“打掃，弄干凈”。Please clean the blackboard.清擦黑板。Please clean the windows as I can hardly see out.請把窗子擦干凈，我?guī)缀蹩床灰娡饷媪?。I must have this suit cleaned.我得把這套衣服拿去洗一下。請注意clean與 clear 作動(dòng)詞時(shí)的區(qū)別，clean意為“打掃干凈”，而 clear意為“（把不必要的東西）拿走”，“清除”。例：Clear these things from the table, please.請

6、把桌上的東西收走。Whose job is to clear snow from the road?把路上的雪清除掉的是誰的工作？We must clear the room before our guests arrived.在客人到來之前我們必須把房間騰出來。 Clear作不及物動(dòng)詞時(shí)意為“晴朗起來”。It is clearing gradually.天慢慢放晴了。We spent an hour in the airports waiting for the weather to clear.我們在機(jī)場等了一個(gè)鐘頭等后天晴。clean和 clear作形容詞時(shí)意思也不一樣。Clean意為“

7、清潔的”，clear意為“清晰的”。some與any的用法區(qū)別 any一般用于疑問句或否定句中，用于never, hardly, without等詞之后，用于if / whether之后。 而some則用于肯定句中，用于建議或請求的疑問句中，用于預(yù)料會作肯定回答的疑問句中，用于表示反問的否定的疑句中。 如：1. Id been expecting _ letters the whole morning, but there werent _ for me. (全國卷) A. some; any B. many; a few C. some; one D. a few; none 【分析】答案選

8、A。前一分句是肯定句，用some，后一分句是否定名句，用any。另外，后一分句的werent顯示這是否定句，主語應(yīng)為復(fù)數(shù)，排除C和D；many一般不用于肯定句，a few一般用于肯定句，排除B。 2. Let us hope we can settle the matter without _ more trouble. (全國卷) A. any B. a little C. some D. little 【分析】答案選A。without表否定，用any。 3. Sarah has read lots of stories by American writers. Now she would

9、like to read _ stories by writers from _ countries. (全國卷) A. some; any B. some;some C. some; other D. other; other 【分析】答案選C?？隙ň渲杏胹ome表示“一些”，other作定語，意為“別的”。 4. Theres _ cooking oil left in the house. Would you go to the corner store and get _ ? (北京卷) A. little; some B. little; any C. a little; some

10、D. a little; any 【分析】答案選A。后句是表示請求的問句中，用some，排除B和D；由后文的意思可知，語氣是否定的，排除C。 5. I fee a bit hungry. Why dont you have _ bread? (全國卷) A. any B. some C. little D. a 【分析】答案選B。表示建議的疑問句中用some。 some和any用法 ABC 1、 some屬于肯定詞，主要用于肯定句中。 當(dāng)說話人期待肯定回答或者有意圖鼓勵(lì)說話人作肯定回答時(shí)， some可用于疑問句。 Could I have some more bread, please? 我多

11、拿一些面包可以嗎？ Would you like some more soup? 你還要點(diǎn)湯嗎？ some 與單數(shù)可數(shù)名詞搭配，表示未知的人或物，相當(dāng)于a(an) 或a certain。 There must be some job I could do. 肯定有我能做的事情。 Some book on this topic was published last year. 去年出版了有關(guān)這主題方面的書。 注意：some + 可數(shù)名詞復(fù)數(shù)中的“some”作“一些”解。 some用在基數(shù)詞和few之前，是副詞，表示“在概”或“在約”的意思，等于about。 例：There were some 4

12、0 or 50 people there.那里大約有40或50人。high 與 tall 用法區(qū)別 兩者都可表示“高”，區(qū)別如下： 1. tall 表示某物或某人從頂部到底部的距離，其反義詞是 short (矮)； high 表示某物高出地面的距離，其反義詞是 low(低)。比如：父親比兒子 tall, 但若兒子站到椅子上，則說兒子比父親 high。又如：在一張桌子上放了幾個(gè)高腳玻璃杯，一個(gè)小孩拿不到，他可能會說：Those tall glasses are too high for me to reach. (那幾個(gè)高腳玻璃杯對我來說太高了，我拿不到)。 2. 指人的高度時(shí)一般用 tall，

13、但是，若說出了人的具體高度，則也可用 high。如： She is taller than me. 她比我高。 He is six feet tall high. 他身高 6 英尺。 3. 表示細(xì)長之物(如樹、竹竿、桅桿、煙囪、塔、建筑物等)的高度時(shí)，用 high, tall 均可。如：tall high trees 高樹 tall high buildings 高樓 4. 表示抽象意義的高，一般只用 high。如：a high fever 高燒 a high price 高價(jià) high speed 高速 high temperature 高溫old的比較級和最高級形式為elder，eldes

14、t或older，oldest。兩種形式的用法區(qū)別在于：elder，eldest用于人，主要指家庭成員中“年長的”，強(qiáng)調(diào)的是長幼，而不是指具體年齡。通常作定語，且不用于than引導(dǎo)的比較結(jié)構(gòu)中。例如：MyelderbrotherisinAmerica我哥哥在美國。 myelderson我兩個(gè)兒子中年紀(jì)較大的一個(gè)；myeldestson我最大的兒子（至少有三個(gè)兒子）。older，oldest用于人或物，意為“年齡大的，老的，舊的”，強(qiáng)調(diào)的是年齡?？捎糜趖han引導(dǎo)的比較結(jié)構(gòu)中。例如：Sheisolderthanyou她比你年齡大。Myhouseisolderthanyours我的房子比你的舊。但在

15、美國英語里，不論指“老、舊”或“長、幼”，都是older和oldestmany和much的用法 （1） 看例句，分析many和much 在句中充當(dāng)?shù)木渥映煞郑?1. many have been asked, but few are able to answer.問了很多人，但很少有人能回答。 2. many hands make light work.人多好辦事。 3. We only have those seats. There are not many.我們只有那么多位子。不多。 4. Much remains to be done. 還有很多工作要做。 5. I cant leave

16、 now, I have much work to do. 我現(xiàn)在還不能走，我還有很多工作要做。 6. We only have 300 yuan . There is not much. 我們只有300元錢，不多。 總結(jié)：many和much是表示數(shù)量的不定代詞，在句中即可充當(dāng)名 詞也可充當(dāng)限定詞，可作主語、賓語、定語、表語等。意為“大多數(shù)、大量”。Many修飾或代替可數(shù)名詞，而much修飾或代替不可數(shù)名詞。（問：何為“代替”，從上面的例句找出來） （2） 用法：（請生回答）many作主語時(shí)，謂語動(dòng)詞用復(fù)數(shù)；much作主語時(shí)謂語動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)。名詞前若有the/my your/our/their/

17、this/that/these/those/it/what等，此時(shí)不能直接用many/much，需用many of/much of. 用many ,much, many of ,much of填空： 1. the news on this page concerns the progress of the peace conference. 2. 2.We should speed up the work, for it hasnt been finished. 3. I invited all my friends, but them didnt come. （三）比較級，最高級：many/

18、much more most 造句：1.我比你多書：I have more books than you. 2.我們班上最流行的一句話是：根本停不下來?。篢he most popular sentence in our class is “can not stop doing”. 2、 few 和little的用法 用a little, a few 填空: 1. Except for datum errors, your report is very well written. 2. However busy you may be, you should take time for amuse

19、ment. （1） 總結(jié)： 1. a few/few（有一些） +可數(shù)名詞復(fù)數(shù)（肯定） a little /little+不可數(shù)名詞（肯定） 2.few/little（幾乎沒有）（否定） 方法：如何判斷否定還是肯定？（根據(jù)語境） 用a little, a few, little, few 填空: 如：Its pretty cold, there are people in the swimming pool. Its not very cold, there are people in the swimming pool. There is milk in the fridge, I need

20、 to buy some. There is milk in the fridge, I dont to buy any right now. （2） 比較級，最高級：little-less-least; few-fewer-fewest 用正確形式填空： 1. He did the work and got the money.(little/many) 2. Who makes the of the three ?(few) 3. I was given cake and biscuits than she had.(little/few) 習(xí)慣短語：a great/good many 很

21、多 as many as 和一樣多 as much as 和一樣多 as much as I know 就我所知 be too much 太過分了 many happy returns長命百歲 many a little makes a mickle積少成多be angry at+名詞(對.氣憤); be angry with+某人(生.某人的氣); be angry about+名詞或名詞化的動(dòng)名詞(對.感到氣憤)。 angry at sth.與angry about sth.的區(qū)別: angry at指在事情發(fā)生時(shí)很氣憤;而angry about則指在事情發(fā)生后已一段時(shí)間仍很氣憤。 be

22、(get) angry with sb. 生某人的氣。 如： Dont be angry with me for not having written. 別因?yàn)槲覜]有寫信而生我的氣。 The professor was angry at John for cheating in the exam. 教授對約翰考試作弊十分氣惱。 The old woman often gets angry about trivial things. 老太太常因瑣屑小事發(fā)火。nervous主要指精神緊張；tense則是緊繃的，強(qiáng)調(diào)人的神經(jīng)繃的緊，注意力高度集中；還指局勢緊張的The situation sudde

23、nly became tense.局勢突然變得緊張起來。The defendant was extremely tense.被告極為緊張。feel nervous感到緊張；發(fā)慌例句：I feel so nervous when I think of yesterday。 想到那些我仍然感到緊張。 In training, do you sometimes feel nervous?在訓(xùn)練中，你有時(shí)覺得緊張、神經(jīng)質(zhì)嗎？being的用法小結(jié) 句子中的being是不能隨便去掉的，在句子中出現(xiàn)being的情況大致分為以下 幾種： 一，being用作現(xiàn)在分詞用法。 （1） 一種用作現(xiàn)在分詞，是強(qiáng)調(diào)正在進(jìn)

24、行，尤其是在被動(dòng)語態(tài)中的使用，這個(gè)時(shí)候，being只是一個(gè)描述進(jìn)行時(shí)態(tài)的符號，如，The trees are being planted,這種用法比較簡單，我們也很好分辨。 （2） 用作現(xiàn)在分詞的時(shí)候.being用于作定語中，一般和過去分詞連用，放在被說明名詞后，表示進(jìn)行時(shí)被動(dòng)意義：( 1 )The house being built will be our new laboratory. （2）any text being（作定語，和過去分詞translated連用，放在被說明名詞any text之后） translated can also be read aloud by GT（goog

25、le translateor） voice engine。 任何被翻譯后的文字也都可以被google語音大聲的讀出來。 （3） being用于狀語，一般有逗號，翻譯時(shí)常加表示狀語的詞匯，如“由于”、“時(shí)”等：Being very tiny, ants cannot often be seen by us. （4） 還有一種現(xiàn)在分詞的用法，是用作獨(dú)立分詞結(jié)構(gòu)，含蓄的表示各種狀態(tài)：1.There are a large number of different shapes of files, each being made for some particular kind of work.（伴隨情

26、況）各種銼刀的形狀大不相同，每一種都是為特殊的一類加工而制作的。 （5） being用于介詞后“主謂”結(jié)構(gòu)中，即“介詞+名詞或代詞+being+”。這時(shí)介詞賓語是一種復(fù)合賓語。其中being為現(xiàn)在分詞。（6） 例如： 1.The pressure of a gas varies inversely as its volume, with temperature being constant.在溫度不變條件下，氣體壓力是和其體積成反比的。 二，being用作動(dòng)名詞時(shí)，“being+過去分詞”作介詞賓語或動(dòng)詞賓語的用法 1.Water has the property of dissolving

27、sugar, sugar (has)the property of being dissolved by water.（介詞賓語）水具有溶解糖的特性，糖則具有被水溶解的特性。 2.The object is at rest and resists being moved quickly.（動(dòng)詞賓語）物體靜止時(shí)，它就阻止對它的迅速移動(dòng)。 3.This compound is readily decomposed by being heated.（介詞賓語）這種化合物（通過）受熱就易分解。 4.On being heated, the two substances form a new compo

28、und.（介詞賓語）這兩種物質(zhì)一遇熱就生成新的化合物。 三，“be+being+表語”用于表示一時(shí)的表現(xiàn)（這種就適用于你提出的第一個(gè)句子） 1.He is not being modest today.他今天這樣不太謙虛。 2.They are being friendly.他們這樣做就是為了表示友好。（意譯） 3.He is being a good boy today.他今天可是個(gè)好孩子。 四、being用法小結(jié) （1）一般來說，在句中除去being短語后，句中缺少動(dòng)詞的賓語或介詞的賓語，則這個(gè)being往往作動(dòng)名詞用。除此之外，being均作現(xiàn)在分詞用。例如： Many substanc

29、es are capable of being dissolved in water.許多物質(zhì)能（被）溶于水。（句中去掉being dissolved in water，則介詞of就缺少賓語，故這個(gè)being為動(dòng)名詞短語。） （2）being作現(xiàn)在分詞時(shí)，前面有助動(dòng)詞be，后面有過去分詞，則being用于進(jìn)行時(shí)被動(dòng)態(tài)；作定語時(shí)一般位于所修飾的名詞后面（這兩種情況一般均為被動(dòng)態(tài)）；作狀語時(shí)，一般用逗號分開；用于獨(dú)立分詞結(jié)構(gòu)中，則除了用逗號以外，being短語前必有其自己的邏輯主語出現(xiàn)?，F(xiàn)把上述小結(jié)用于下句分析： The rate of heat production depends also i

30、n the power being used in the heating element, this power being measured in watts.（第一個(gè)being短語為定語，第二個(gè)being結(jié)構(gòu)為獨(dú)立分詞結(jié)構(gòu)。）熱量產(chǎn)生的速率也決定于加熱元件內(nèi)所用的功率，而該功率以瓦特計(jì)量之。 （3） 注意帶being的固定詞組“for the time being（暫時(shí)）”： 1. He will be in charge of that work for the time being.他將暫時(shí)負(fù)責(zé)那項(xiàng)工作。 2. For the time being, you cant tell hi

31、m about the news.你暫時(shí)還不能把這消息告訴他 獨(dú)立分詞結(jié)構(gòu)（帶主語的分詞結(jié)構(gòu)） 獨(dú)立分詞結(jié)構(gòu)是中國學(xué)生學(xué)習(xí)英語的難點(diǎn)。在講解時(shí)，通過句型轉(zhuǎn)換，學(xué)生容易接受。通過句型轉(zhuǎn)換，把兩個(gè)獨(dú)立的句子或者一個(gè)復(fù)合句變成一個(gè)帶獨(dú)立分詞結(jié)構(gòu)的簡單句, 在語言使用過程中，特別是書面語中，其目的就是刪繁就簡，是句子的層次多樣化。 例如： 1. If weather permits, well go for an outing this coming weekend. Weather permitting, well go for an outing this coming weekend. 如果天氣

32、允許，周末我們?nèi)ソ加巍?2. So many people were absent. We had to put the meeting off. So many people being absent, we had to put the meeting off. 由于這么多人缺席，我們不得不把會議推遲。 3. When John had run a red light, the police arrested him. John having run a red light, the police arrested him. 約翰由于闖紅燈比警察逮捕了。 4. He rushed into

33、 the room and his face was covered with sweat. He rushed into the room, his face covered with sweat. 他滿臉是汗地沖進(jìn)房間。 獨(dú)立分詞短語中分詞的形式可以是現(xiàn)在分詞也可以是過去分詞，主要看分詞和他的邏輯主語之間是主動(dòng)關(guān)系還是被動(dòng)關(guān)系，因?yàn)榉衷~既然是一個(gè)動(dòng)詞，如果邏輯主語是這個(gè)分詞的動(dòng)作發(fā)出者，分詞用現(xiàn)在分詞形式，如果是動(dòng)作承受者，分詞用過去形式。 Exercises: Join the following pairs of sentences. Change the one in italics

34、 into a participle phrase and omit any words that might then be unnecessary: Example: He put on his shirt, but the wrong side was out. He put on his shirt, wrong side (being) out. 他套上襯衫，把它穿反了。 帶主語的分詞短語在書面語中，如果分詞短語的主語不同于句子的主語，可以在分詞短語前另加一個(gè)主語。 使用這一結(jié)構(gòu)時(shí)分詞的主語與主要?jiǎng)釉~的主語通常有密切的聯(lián)系，分詞常為being或 having。這類結(jié)構(gòu)有時(shí)可置于句末表

35、示伴隨情況或具有解釋性的作用。有一類結(jié)構(gòu)，無須用being，可在名詞前或代詞后直接加形容詞、某些副詞（如away，on，over，up等）或介詞短語。 EXERCISE：1. A little girl walked past. Her doll dragged behind her on the pavement, 2. There were 22 players in the team. The youngest was hardly more than 17years of age. 3. He remained in the hospital for two weeks. His co

36、mpany paid all his expenses. 4. Nobody had any more to say. The meeting was closed. 5. The train consists of 9 carriages. Each seats well over a hundred passengers. 6. Jones is dead. The whole affair must now be laid before Colonel Browne. 7. Her eyes were glistening with tears. She stood up and ask

37、ed the Council: What am I to do? 8. Bats are surprisingly long-lived creatures. Some have a life expectancy of around twenty years. 9. Now spring has come. We may perhaps look forward to better weather. 10. He had to put off buying a house. The bank was unable to lend him any money at that time. 11.

38、 I found I had wasted my time going to the sale, The best bargains had already been snapped up earlier in the day. 12. We decided not to visit Oxford. It was then the time of the summer vacation, and there were few students in residence. 帶with 的分詞短語和帶主語的分詞短語前有時(shí)可加介詞with，這種結(jié)構(gòu)多用于伴隨情況，with本身沒有意義 （a，b）。

39、有時(shí)這一結(jié)構(gòu)也用來表示原因（c）。 如果是指未來的動(dòng)作，名詞或代詞后可接不定式（d）。 它也可與形容詞、某些副詞或介詞短語連用( e )a) All afternoon he worked with the door locked. 整個(gè)下午他閉門工作。 b) The day was bright, with a fresh breeze blowing. 天氣晴朗，和風(fēng)習(xí)習(xí)。 c) With her mother being sick, she had to do all the housework. 由于母親病了，所有的家務(wù)都得她來做。 d) I cant go out with all

40、these dishes to wash. 有這許多碟子要洗，我出不去了。 e) They waited with the light on for half an hour. 他們開著燈等了半小時(shí)。 f) Just show the clerk a piece of paper with my name written on it. 讓那職員看一看寫著我名字的紙條就可以了. EXERCISE: Join the following pairs of sentences. Change the one in italics into a with-structure and omit any

41、words that might then be unnecessary. Examples: All afternoon he worked. The door was locked. All afternoon he worked with the door locked. John is away, Weve got more room. With John away, weve got more room. 1. Anderson was lying on the bed. All his clothes were on. 2. It was a hot, calm day. Ever

42、y object on the seas surface was visible for miles. 3. There was also a gun and a thin piece of rope. The end of the rope was tied in a circle. 4. Exams are approaching. Its a good idea to review your class notes. 5. The woodcutter was standing next to a fallen tree. Lots of small pieces of wood wer

43、e in front of him. 6. The price of gold was going up. South Africas economy was looking good. 7. We arrived at Liverpool. There was five minutes to go before the last train left. 8. She ran and ran. Beads of sweat were running down her face. 9. He walked along the river for half an hour. His dog cam

44、e after him. 10. Id like to go with you. But I have so much work to do this afternoon, so Im unable to.11. There were birds too. Their eyes were carved out of the rock and painted white. 12. Peter works in Birmingham, and Lucy travels most of the week. The house seems pretty empty. 練習(xí)答案： 1. 帶主語的分詞短語

45、部分： 1. A little girl walked past, her doll dragging behind her on the pavement. 2. There were 22 players in the team, the youngest being hardly more than 17 years of age. 3. He remained in the hospital for two weeks, his company paying all his expenses. 4. Nobody having any more to say, the meeting

46、was closed. 5. The train consists of 9 carriages, each seating well over a hundred passengers. 6. Jones being dead, the whole affair must now be laid before Colonel Browne. 7. Her eyes glistening with tears, she stood up and asked the Council: What am I to do? 8. Bats are surprisingly long-lived cre

47、atures, some having a life expectancy of around twenty years. 9. Spring having now come, we may perhaps look forward to better weather. 10. He had to put off buying a house, the bank being unable to lend him any money at that time. 11. I found I had wasted my time going to the sale, the best bargain

48、s having already been snapped up earlier in the day. 12. We decided not to visit Oxford, it being then the time of the summer vacation, and there being few students in residence. 2. 帶with 的分詞短語： 1. Anderson was lying on the bed with all his clothes on. 2. It was a hot, calm day, with every_ object o

49、n the seas surface visible for miles. 3. There was also a gun and a thin piece of rope with the end tied in a circle. 4. With exams approaching, its a good idea to review your class notes. 5. The woodcutter was standing next to a fallen tree, with lots of small pieces of wood in front of him. 6. Wit

50、h the price of gold going up, South Africas economy was looking good. 7. We arrived at Liverpool with five minutes to go before the last train left. 8. She ran and ran with heads of sweat running down her face. 9. He walked along the river for half an hour, with his dog coming after him. 10. Id like

51、 to go with you, but with so much work to do this afternoon, Im unable to. 11. There were birds too, with the eyes carved out of the rock and painted white.assure,insure 和ensure 三個(gè)詞都有“保證”的意味.assure和ensure有時(shí)可以通用,但不及ensure普通.ensure是表示“保證”最普通的動(dòng)詞.insure在表示保證的意思時(shí),與ensure完全通用,只是寫法不同,在美國英語中,人們常常偏愛insure這種寫

52、法.在表示“保險(xiǎn)”的意思上,通常不用assure,而用insure.如： I can assure you of the reliability of the information.我可以向你保證這消息是可靠的. His ability will ensure success to him.他的能力將確保他獲得成功. The building has been insured against fire.那幢建筑已經(jīng)保了火險(xiǎn).這三個(gè)動(dòng)詞的意思互有重疊,稍一不慎很容易就搞混.assure 意為向.保證,使確信；使.放心 ,其主要句型有 assure + 受詞 + of + 名詞 (或動(dòng)名詞) 和

53、 assure + 受詞 + (that) 子句：He assured his parents of his ability to pass the exam. (他向他父母保證他有能力通過考試)；I can assure (that) the medicine is perfectly safe. (我可以向你保證這藥物絕對安全).ensure 意為確保,確使,使安全：If you want to ensure that you catch the plane,take a taxi.(如果你想要確保搭上那般飛機(jī),那麼就要坐計(jì)程車).insure 主要意為 為.投保,為.保險(xiǎn)：My house is insured against fir