第三講代詞、介詞、連詞、冠詞

1、2012初三英語語法講義（三）代詞、介詞、連詞、冠詞 （教 師）一、代詞1.定義：為避免重復(fù)而用來代替前文提到的名詞的詞2.分類：共八類，分別為人稱代詞（主格和賓格）、物主代詞（形容詞性和名詞性）、反身代詞（-self）、指示代詞（this, that, these, those), 疑問代詞(wh-)，不定代詞(some,any及其與thing，body構(gòu)成的復(fù)合詞等等），相互代詞(each other, one another)和關(guān)系代詞。3.人稱代詞的重難點(diǎn)：1）不同人稱代詞的順序問題a.單數(shù)人稱代詞并列作主語和賓語時，其順序?yàn)? you,he/she and I；you ,him/he

2、r and me（賓格）b.復(fù)數(shù)人稱代詞作主語和賓語時，其順序?yàn)椋簑e,you and they; （主格）；us，you and them注意： 在下列情況中，第一人稱放在前面。a. 在承認(rèn)錯誤，承擔(dān)責(zé)任時。 It was I and John that made her angry. (我和約翰) b. 在長輩對晚輩，長官對下屬說話時，如長官為第一人稱。 I and you try to finish it.（我和你）2) it 的特別用法a.作形式主語或賓語Its necessary to buy that dictionary. I consider it important to a

3、sk the teacher. (不用that) b. it表示時間，天氣，季節(jié)，距離，還可以指代上文內(nèi)容。It rains all the year. Professor Lee gave us a lecture yesterday. It was of great interest.3) 人稱代詞單獨(dú)使用時，常用賓格而不是主格。- Id like to stay here for another week. - Me too. （I）4. 物主代詞的重難點(diǎn)：1) 形容詞性物主代詞起形容詞作用，后面一定要有 （有/沒有）名詞；名詞性物主代詞相當(dāng)于名詞，后面一定沒有（有/沒有）名詞。比較：這

4、本書是我的。This is my book. This book is mine.2) 物主代詞不可與 a, an, the, this, that, these, those, some, any, several, no, each, every, such, another, which等詞一起前置修飾一個名詞，而必須用雙重所有格。3) 雙重所有格（a friend of mine 的用法）公式為：a, an, this, that +名詞+of +名詞性物主代詞e.g. How many friends of yours （你的多少朋友）will come to the party?

5、5. 反身代詞的重難點(diǎn)：1) 可作賓語、同位語、表語等，但不能單獨(dú)作主語。判斷正誤: Myself drive the car. (F) I myself drive the car. (T) 2) 當(dāng)賓語代詞與主語指同一人時，賓語要用反身代詞。 You should be proud of yourself. (you)比較: Mary saw herself in the mirror. （she）（看到她自己）Mary saw her in the mirror. （she）（看到另外一人）3) oneself親自（做），相當(dāng)于personally, in person；by onese

6、lf獨(dú)自（做），相當(dāng)于alone或獨(dú)立做；for oneself 獨(dú)立（做），自己動手做，相當(dāng)于without being helped或者“為自己”b. You should go to see him yourself. (you) 你應(yīng)該親自去見他。He likes to take a walk by himself. (he) 他喜歡獨(dú)自一人去散步。You should work out problem for yourself. (you) 你應(yīng)該獨(dú)立解決這個問題。4) teach oneself 自學(xué) enjoy oneself 過得愉快 dress oneself 自己穿衣服 c

7、ant help oneself 情不自禁 help oneself to 隨便吃/請自便 talk / speak to oneself 自言自語6.指示代詞的重難點(diǎn)：1）this, these常指時間，空間離說話者較近人或物；that，those常指時間，空間離說話者較遠(yuǎn)人或物。2) that, those用來代替前面說過的事物以免重復(fù)。The weather in Wuhan is much colder than that in Guangzhou in winter. (用this/that填空) The radios made in Guangzhou are better tha

8、n those made in Changchun. 3) that有時可代替句子或句中的一部分。 He was ill. Thats why he didnt come. 7.疑問代詞 who/whomWho put the light out before I finished my work?Whom/ who have you chosen to take part in the sports meeting?With whom did you go to the concert?8.不定代詞的重難點(diǎn)：1) 包括all, both, each, either, neither, mor

9、e, little, few, much, many, *another, *other, others, some, any, *every, *no, one以及something, anything, everything, somebody, someone, anybody, anyone, nothing , nobody, no one, none, everybody, everyone.2) 以上既可起名詞作用也可用作形容詞，但標(biāo)*的除外，他們只能作定語；“以及”后面的只能起名詞作用。3) all VS both: all指三者及三者以上; both指兩者。a. all的主謂

10、一致：all的單復(fù)數(shù)由它所修飾或指代的名詞的單復(fù)數(shù)決定。All goes (go) well. All of the students come (come). b. both一般修飾可數(shù)名詞（兩者），謂語用復(fù)數(shù)Both Mary and Mike are students. （be）We both can speak English. (speak)We are both students. 位置在名詞前，行為動詞前，be動詞之后。（前/后）4) either VS neither: either指兩者中任意一個; neither指兩者中沒有一個，全否定。 a.作主語時，謂語動詞多用單數(shù)，但

11、有時復(fù)數(shù)也可以。Either of the films is/are good. Neither of the films is/are good. b.作定語與單數(shù)名詞連用。Either film is good. Neither film is good.c.可用于下列句型，避免重復(fù)。She cant sing，neither (can) he. 5) neither VS nor a.如不同的人不做同一件事用neither。e.g. If you dont do it，neither should I.(neither/nor) b.如同一個人不做不同的事用nor，不用neither。e

12、.g. He cant sing，nor dance，nor skate.6) no one VS none:No one 一般指人，其后不能加of短語；none 既可指人也可指物，其后能加of短語。No one常用來回答who的提問；none常用來回答how many/ much的提問。 - Who told you the news? - No one. I read the newspaper. (no one/ none) -How much money have you got on you? - None.a. none of表示若干人（物）中一個也不，謂語動詞可單可復(fù)。b.在答語

13、中none可單獨(dú)使用。e.g. -Are there any pictures on the wall?-None.7) one VS that VS it: one表示泛指與前面的名詞同類的另一事物，既同名異物；that, it表示特指。that與所指名詞為同類，但不是同一個，而it 與所指名詞為同一個。e.g. I cant find my hat. I think I must buy one.(不定) (one/ that/ it)The hat you bought is bigger than that I bought.(同類但不同個) I cant find my hat. I

14、 don t know where I put it.(同一物) 8) some VS anya. some也可與單數(shù)名詞連用,意為某一（= a certain）e.g. You will be sorry for this some day. b. any可用于肯定句，含有任何的意思e.g. Here are three novels. You may read any. c. some用于肯定疑問句中：說話人認(rèn)為對方的答案會是肯定的，或期望得到肯定回答時。Would you like句式中，表委婉請求或建議，如： Would you like some coffee?9) one/ ano

15、ther/ the other / others: one the other只有兩個 some the others有三個以上others = other people/things; the others = the rest剩余的全部another 泛指另一個 a.一定范圍內(nèi)兩人(物)，一個用one，另一個用the other。b.一定范圍內(nèi)三者，一個用one，另一個用one (another)，第三個可用the other，a third。c.一定范圍內(nèi)，除去一部分人/物some，剩余的全部用the others。10) a few, little, a few, a little:

16、(a) few + 可數(shù)名詞, (a) little + 不可數(shù)名詞; a few / a little 為肯定含義，還有一點(diǎn); few / little為否定含義，沒有多少了。 固定搭配: only a few (=few) not a few (=many) quite a few (=many) *many a (=many)Generally, a mild, sunny climate, with little rain.11) 形容詞修飾復(fù)合不定代詞時，要放在不定代詞后面。 I have nothing important to deal with now.(沒有什么重要的)二、介

17、詞1. 當(dāng)介詞后直接跟動詞時，動詞用ing形式。They are frightened of going into the area.2. 意義相近的介詞的區(qū)別：1）in, after, latera. in表從現(xiàn)在開始一段時間以后,往往和一般將來時肯定句連用e.g.Hell reach here in two days b. after表以過去的某一時間為起點(diǎn)，“過之后”，其后既可接時間點(diǎn)，又可接時段。但是，如果after用于一般將來時，那么其后應(yīng)接時間點(diǎn)。He left there after two oclock that afternoon.They started to go aga

18、in after two days. I think hell come here after three oclock.c. later指“以后”、“后來”，可以指過去，也可指將來，是副詞，常常放在時間段的名詞之后。Three days later he got to Beijing.2) at, in, on表示時間的區(qū)別a. at用于表示時刻、時間的某一點(diǎn)。e.g. at noon, at present, at Christmasb. in用于表示周、月、季節(jié)、年，泛指的上午、下午、晚上。c. on表示具體的節(jié)日、幾月幾號、星期幾。on Teachers Day, on Tuesday

19、 morningd.注意：泛指一般的上午（下午）時用in，但特指某日的上午（下午）時用on。e.g. on a cold nighte.在this, last, next, every等詞前面不能再加介詞this morning, last Friday, next Sunday3) in, by , with表示“用”a. with表“用工具”后面的名詞，要加上冠詞或代詞。b. in表“用材料”后面加物質(zhì)名詞，不能加冠詞。c. by表“用手段”后面用名詞單數(shù)，不能加冠詞。She always goes to school by bike. The guard cut one boot ope

20、n with a knife.He writes in black ink.4) 表示 “排除” “包括”的介詞 初中階段,表示“排除”的介詞: but, expect, expect for. 表示 “包括”的介詞: besides.besides 除還,計(jì)算在內(nèi); except 除之外,不計(jì)算在內(nèi).I like English, math, Chinese besides P.E. 除了體育，我還喜歡英語，數(shù)學(xué)和語文。We are all Chinese except Tom in our class. 除了Tom，我們都是中國人。5) 表示地點(diǎn)，方位的介詞： on, over, unde

21、r, above, belowa. on表示在某物面上，與此物接觸。e.g. There are two maps on the wall.b. over表示在某物正上方，與此物不接觸或橫在某物上或覆蓋在某物上；under在正下方，是over的反義詞。 There is a light over Li Ming. There is a ball under the table.c. above意為 在上，強(qiáng)調(diào)“高于”；below是above的反義詞。也指溫度，海拔。We were flying above the clouds.Part of the Netherlands is below

22、the level of the sea.6) by, until (till)a. by在前（時間）；截至（到）一般和完成時連用,不可作連詞 How many English books had you read by the end of last year? b. until（till）直到為止（時間）可與多個時態(tài)連用,既可以作介詞，也可以作連詞，until和till可以通用，till一般不用于句首。在肯定句中，表示“做某事直到時間為止”，要用延續(xù)性動詞；在否定句中，表示“直到才”，可用瞬間動詞。Eg. Nothing happened until 5 oclock. （作介詞）The

23、street is full of traffic from morning till night. （作介詞）Continue in this direction until you see a sign. （作連詞）I wont stop shouting until you let me go. （作連詞）They went to other towns and waited until the water level fell again. （作連詞）7) 某些介詞的省略be busy (in) doing sth. have difficulty/ trouble doing (in

24、) sth.(in) this/ that way spend(in) doing sth.have a good time (in) doing sth. waste(in) doing sth.There is no use/good (in) doing sth.三、連詞1.定義：連接詞與詞、短語與短語、句子與句子的詞2.分類：從連詞本身的含意及其所連接的成分的性質(zhì)來看，可分為兩類：并列連詞和從屬連詞。1) 常用來并列同類性質(zhì)的詞與詞、短語與短語或分句與分句的并列連詞and, or, neither.nor, either.or, not only.but also, both.and2

25、）引導(dǎo)從句的連詞叫做從屬連詞，分連接代詞和連接副詞兩種。3.重難點(diǎn)：1）or在非否定句中表“或者”，在否定句中代替ande.g. Are you a teacher or a student? I dont like reading or writing. 2) 當(dāng)either.or., neither.nor, not only., but also.并列主語時，謂語動詞與最靠近的主語在人稱和數(shù)方面保持一致，即就近原則。Either his parents or he himself is (be) at home now.Neither my classmates nor I am (be

26、) reading now. Not only her friends but also Lucy was (be) here yesterday. 3) 當(dāng)連接兩個并列主語時，謂語動詞與 as well as 前面的主語一致；謂語動詞與not onlybut also 與后面的主語一致。My parents as well as my elder sister enjoy classical music. Not only my parents but also my elder sister enjoys classical music.4) that用于引導(dǎo)陳述句轉(zhuǎn)化而來的賓語從句，可以

27、（可以/不可以?）省去。 She says that she likes watching TV very much.5) because 和 so 不能同時出現(xiàn)在一個句子；though /although 不能和but 連用。6) if, whether連接由一般疑問句轉(zhuǎn)化過來的賓語從句。They are wondering if they can get the money back. 四、冠詞: 定冠詞the，不定冠詞a, an1.要用the的特別情況:1) 兩人或物進(jìn)行比較時特定的比較級前。He is the taller of the two children in his fami

28、ly.2）only, very, same 修飾名詞時。Thats the very thing Ive been looking for. 3) 用在形容詞、動名詞、過去分詞前表示一類人或物或某種抽象概念。the rich (poor, old, young, sick, dead, new, blind, wounded); the true; the living ;the dying; the unexpected; the unknown;4) 用在單數(shù)名詞前表示某一類人或事物。 The whale is in danger of becoming extinct.5) 慣用語: i

29、n the day, in the morning (afternoon，evening), the day after tomorrow, the day before yesterday, the next morning, in the sky (water，field，country), in the dark, in the rain, in the distance, in the middle (of), in the end, on the whole（大體上，基本上）， by the way 6)用在海洋、河流、山脈、群島、某些國名等名詞前。the Atlantic; the

30、 Alps; the Yellow sea; 7)用在某些組織機(jī)構(gòu)、報刊、雜志、學(xué)校、歷史朝代、三軍、船只、飛機(jī)等名詞前。The World Trade Center, the Empire State Building, the Peoples Daily, the Times, the University of Beijing (但Beijing University), the International Climate Conference, the YHA, 8）用于姓氏復(fù)數(shù)形式前，表示“全家人，夫婦倆”。The Greens are watching TV. (Green全家)2

31、.要用不定冠詞的特別情況：1）用在可數(shù)名詞前,泛指人、事或物的類別，相當(dāng)于any。e.g. A child needs love. 2）用在某些物質(zhì)名詞前,表示 “一陣、一份、一類、一場”等 e.g. Id like an ice-cream.3）用在姓名前或+姓氏前,表示”某一個,某位”,有不肯定的意味;也可表示 “一位”,指某家庭成員。 A Mr Thomson wanted to see you. 4) 與序數(shù)詞用表 “再一,又一” She has called on the president a third time but hasnt seen him yet.5) 要用不定冠詞的

32、慣用短語: in a way; have a try; make a living; take an interest in; lend a hand; for a while; in a hurry; in a word; take a rest/bath/walk3.有些詞組中有無冠詞含義是不同的，比較：in hospital 住院in the hospital在醫(yī)院（參觀或工作）at table 在吃飯 by day 白天at the table 在桌子旁 by the day 按日計(jì)算take place 發(fā)生 in future 今后take the place of 取代 in t

33、he future 將來go to church / college/ prison /school 做禮拜/ 上大學(xué)/ 坐牢/上學(xué)go to the church/ college / prison /school 到教堂去/ 到大學(xué)去/ 到監(jiān)獄去/ 到學(xué)校去4. 表示某一類事物的方法。A cat has sharp eyes at night. Cats are loved by many people.The cat can catch the mouse.第三講 代詞、介詞、連詞、冠詞 鞏固練習(xí) （教師）I. 選擇(C ) 1. Only _ know it. A. I and heB

34、. he and youC. he and ID. I and you(D ) 2. The price of a watch is higher than _ of a pen. A. it B. price C. anyD. that (D ) 3. -Do you like these computers? - No, I dont like _. A. all themB. them allC. someD. any(C ) 4. -Look, who is coming? -_ must be our English teacher. A. SheB. He C. It D. Thi

35、s(B ) 5. -How many policemen did you see? -_.A No oneB. NoneC. Not many onesD. No many(D ) 6. He ran too fast for _ to catch up with. A. everybodyB. somebodyC. nobodyD. anybody(A ) 7. Mum, do we have _ meat in the fridge？- No, we have _ left.A. enough, little B. lots of, anyC. much, many D. a few, f

36、ew(B ) 8. If you drove more carefully, your uncle would be all right and you wouldnt have hurt _. A. youB. yourself C. yours D. yourselves(B ) 9. When shall we meet next time, next Wednesday or Thursday? - _ day is OK. A. AnyB. EitherC. EveryD. Some(D ) 10. Here is a seat for _. A. both us B. us bot

37、h C. both of us D. B and C(B ) 11. -Which of your parents is a doctor? - _. Theyre _ teachers. A. Neither, all B. Neither, bothC. None, allD. None, both(B ) 12.The moonlight is coming in _ the window and the room seems quiet and beautiful.A. acrossB. through C. over D. past(B ) 13.You can study the

38、grammar _ memorizing it.A. with B. by C. in D. on(A ) 14.In the UK, smoking kills about 114,000 people each year, 300 people die every day because of smoking, and _ them many are young smokers.A. among B. betweenC. fromD. in(D ) 15. It was a great day but we did not enjoy it _ the beginning.A. on B.

39、 for C. with D. at (C ) 16. Many sportsmen are getting ready _ the 2008 Beijing Olympic Games.A. to B. with C. for D. on(C ) 17. -How soon shall we start the bicycle trip? _.A. In three days. B. After three days.C. In three days time. D. Three days later.(A ) 18. He went to Shanghai _ September, 199

40、1 and came back _ a cold morning last year.A. in; on B. on; in C. on; on D. in; in (C ) 19.I hear you have got a ticket _ the Opening Ceremony of the Beijing Olympics.Yes, I got it _ my uncle.A. of, from B. to, byC. to, fromD. or, to(D ) 20. Tom sat _ the classroom, looking at the old trees _ the cl

41、assroom.A. behind, in the front of B. at the back of, in the front ofC. behind, in front of D. at the back of, in front of (A ) 21. I dont like to sit _ Toms right. I would like to sit _ the back row.A. on; in B. in; on C. on; at D. at; on( B ) 22. Children get gifts _ Christmas and _ their birthday

42、s.A. on, on B. at, on C. in, in D. in, on (D ) 23.How do you like the two pairs of shoes?They dont fit me well. They are _ too big _ too small.A. not only; but also B. both; and C. neither; nor D. either; or(C ) 24. -What do you think of the book about Harry Potter? -I like it very much. Its _ inter

43、esting _ exciting.A. neither, nor B. not, but C. not only, but also D. either, or(C ) 25. Mary got up late this morning, _ she didnt catch the first bus.A. because B. for C. so D. or (B ) 26. -Its a long story, but there are few new words in it. -Good! _it will be hard for children.A. So B. Or C. Bu

44、t D. And (C ) 27. I hardly knew anything about it _ you told me.A. since B. after C. until D. when ( C) 28.Whats wrong with my son, doctor?n _ serious. Just a slight cold.A. Something B. AnythingC. NothingD. Everything(A ) 29. How dangerous! She was driving the car with one hand and holding an ice cream with _. A. the otherB. anotherC. othersD. other( B) 30. - Can I get you a drink?n Thats very nice of you. I have already got _. A. itB. oneC. thatD. this( C)31. Our car